Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis
and Interpretation of
Data
This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of the gathered data. These were
treated with statistical tools, presented in tables and figures, which were all used to answer
questions stated in the first chapter of the study.

T-TEST to Proportion
The researchers are interested if the prepared module is understandable and applicable in actual
experiments. Respondents are asked six questions which has two possible options, such as “yes” or
“no”.
Z-test for difference between two proportions is the test to use in this study that is very similar to
the single-group t-test. The formula is:

In this formula, p is the proportion of the sample choosing the YES option in the survey, π is the null
hypothesis value (the proportion expected if there is no difference between “yes” or “no”, the value
is 0.50 ), and n is the sample size (the sample size for this study is 60). The bottom portion of the
formula is called the standard error (sπ).

Table: Areas of Standard Normal Distribution (Z-table)

Then the computed z- value is compared to the critical value obtained in the z-table above that
corresponds to the outer 2.5% of the sampling distribution. With the z-test, the critical value is
always 1.74 for two tailed significance at 95% confidence level.
The second test for this study is a chi-square test. The chi-square compares frequencies obtained in
the sample to those expected according to the null hypothesis. The chi-square formula is:

Where is the summation sign, fo is the obtained frequency from the survey, and fe is the
frequency expected if the two cells were equal, therefore the value of fe is 7.

Table : Observed Frequencies from the survey

SURVEY QUESTIONS Observed Frequency (Fo) Observed Frequency (Fo)

YES NO
1. Are you familiar with 28 32
the equipments (TIG
WELDING) used?
2. The objectives of the 54 6
experiment were
perfectly clear and
understandable.
3. Do you understand the 49 11
flow of instructions in the
procedure?
4. Do you experience 58 2
difficulty in
understanding the
connections of
equipment?
5. Is the choice of words 48 12
simple and clear?
6. Do you think you are 17 43
able to perform the
experiment?

The researchers translate the survey into frequencies. Table stated the gathered observed
frequencies of YES and NO options from the survey.
Table: Chi-square test table

The table is the Chi-square table that is used to compare computed X2 to the critical value. It is a 1
degree of freedom (df) test, and chi-square for a two-tailed 1-df test is always 3.84. The z-test and
the chi-square test will always give identical results, in fact, Z2 = X2 (allowing rounding error)
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Table: Z-test and Chi-square test Calculation Results

SURVEY QUESTIONS Z-TEST (SINGLE GROUP T- CHI-SQUARE TEST

TEST)
Computed Z-Value Interpretation Decision Computed X2
1. Are you -1.124 NS Accept π 1.263
familiar with
the
equipments?
2. The 4.562 S Reject π 20.812
objectives of
the
experiment
were perfectly
clear and
understandabl
e.
3. Do you 3.942 S Reject π 15.539
understand
the flow of
instructions in
the procedure?
4. Do you 4.571 S Reject π 20.894
experience
difficulty in
understanding
the
connections of
equipment?
5. Are the 3.173 S Reject π 10.068
choice of
words simple
and clear?
6. Do you think 1.028 NS Accept π 1.057
you are able to
perform the
experiment?

Legend: CV at 2.5% = 1.74, NS - Not Significant, S- Significant, π- Null Hypothesis

The table shows the computed z-value and chi-square value. If the z-values lie on the critical value
of -1.74 to 1.74, the interpretation will be not significant. But if it is greater than or less than the
critical value, the interpretation will be significant.
Analysis of Data Gathered
1. Of the 60 respondents surveyed, 28 (46.67%) answered yes and 32 (53.33%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was not statistically significant (-
1.124, ns). With a test statistic of -1.124 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers
conclude that the majority of the respondents are not familiar to the equipment to be used.

2. Of the 60 respondents surveyed, 54 (90%) answered yes and 10 (10%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was statistically significant
(4.562, s). With a test statistic of 4.562 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers conclude
that all the respondents was able to understand the objectives of the experiment and perfectly clear
and understandable in the proposed module.

3. Of the 60 respondents surveyed, 49 (81.67%) answered yes and 11 (18.33%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was statistically significant
(3.942, s). With a test statistic of 3.942 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers conclude
that all the respondents was able to understand the objectives of the experiment and perfectly clear
and understandable.

4. Of the 60 respondents surveyed, 58 (96.67%) answered yes and 2 (3.33%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was statistically significant (-
4.571, ns). With a test statistic of 4.571 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers
conclude that majority of the respondents experienced no difficulty in understanding the
connections of equipment in following the instruction in the proposed module.

5. Of the 60 respondents surveyed, 48 (80%) answered yes and 12 (20%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was statistically significant
(3.173, s). With a test statistic of 3.173 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers conclude
that majority of the respondents find the choice of words simple and understandable in the
proposed module.

6. Of the 14 respondents surveyed, 17 (28.33%) answered yes and 43 (71.67%) answered no for the
question are you familiar with the equipment used. The difference was statistically significant
(1.028, s). With a test statistic of 1.028 and critical value of 1.74 at 5% level of significance, the
researchers have enough statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The researchers conclude
that majority of the respondents can perform the experiment using the proposed module.
Results of Research Experiments
Table : Data Gathered from Research Experiments

9mm thick carbon steel plate

Current, A Pressure, MPa Time, s
150 15 11
9mm thick carbon steel plate
Current, A Pressure, MPa Time, s
130 10 16
9mm thick carbon steel plate
Current, A Pressure, MPa Time, s
110 5 20

The table is the results of research experiments. It has been carried out in order to determine the
effect of each variables to its weld quality and duration of time to cut.