CHAPTER 4

WATER DISTRIBUTION
{ SYSTEM

LECTURED BY:
MOHD ZAMZURANEE BIN MOHD NOR
CHAPTER 4:
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
 Understand of water storage and distribution
 Understand the source of Non-Returned

Water (NRW).
 Understand the important matters related to

leaking pipes.
 Understand water distribution system

 Understand the characteristics of the storage

and balancing reservoir.

A perfect distribution system
shall comply with the following
requirements:
 Good water quality
 quantity and pressure sufficient water for all uses,
including for use in fire
 deficiency occurs at a minimum rate of not more than
15%
 cheap, durable and easily maintained
 METER PUMP

FIRE STORAGE
RESERVOIR
HYDRANT

VALVES
PIPE
COMPONENT
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Method Distribution Water
Method Distribution Water

Gravity System
Can be used if water is channeled from high
to low using the gravitational force

Treatment plant was built on a site

located on higher elevation from user

Controlled pressure is not too high to too low @ distribution

system so that it can damage and inconvenience to users

It will cause the user at the end of the distribution system

pressure less than consumers in the initial system
Pump System

Used if the primary user of pressure head or

the user is in a place higher than
the treated water source

The treated water is pumped directly into the main

pipe in the storage

Less used to distribute water to consumers

Combination of gravity & pump
It have treated water is pumped up at a
steady rate of water stored in the store high
web standards

Water distribution to consumers of storage

pool made ​by the force of gravity

Most frequently used because of factors and cost

effectiveness
 LAYOUTS OF DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
SYSTEMS

Dead end Grid iron

Ring system Radial system
system system
 Dead End System
 It is suitable for old towns
and cities having no
definite pattern of roads.

Advantages:
 Relatively cheap.

 Determination of
discharges and pressure
easier due to less number
of valves.
Disadvantages
 Due to many dead ends,
stagnation of water occurs
in pipes.
 Grid Iron System
 It is suitable for cities with
rectangular layout, where the
water mains and branches are
laid in rectangles.

 Advantages:
 Water is kept in good circulation
due to the absence of dead ends.
 In the cases of a breakdown in
some section, water is available
from some other direction.
 Disadvantages
 Exact calculation of sizes of pipes
is not possible due to provision
of valves on all branches.
 Ring System
The supply main is laid all along
the peripheral roads and sub
mains branch out from the
mains.
Thus, this system also follows
the grid iron system with the
flow pattern similar in character
to that of dead end system.
So, determination of the size of
pipes is easy.

Advantages:
•Water can be supplied to any
point from at least two directions.
Radial System
 The area is divided into
different zones. The water is
pumped into the distribution
reservoir kept in the middle
of each zone and the supply
pipes are laid radially ending
towards the periphery.

Advantages:
 It gives quick service.

 Calculation of pipe sizes is

easy.
NON-REVENUE WATER
 water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the
customer.
 Losses can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred
to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example through
theft or metering inaccuracies).
 High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of
water utilities, as well to the quality of water itself.
 NRW is typically measured as the volume of water "lost" as a
share of net water produced.
 However, it is sometimes also expressed as the volume of water
“lost” per km of water distribution network per day.
 DISTRIBUTION
PIPE

METER-UNDER- DELIVERY
REGISTRATION PIPE
(MUR)
SOURCES
OF NON-
OPERATIONAL RETURNED
USAGE WATER
CONSUMTION (NRW) RESERVOIR
OF WATER
AUTHORITY

ILLEGAL
FIRE
USAGE &
FIGHTING
SQUATTERS
 1) Distribution Pipe
- Leakage can be occurred due to several
factors, such as broken pipe, failure of
valve, ferrule, distribution pipe, sluice
valve and fire hydrant breakdown

2) Delivery Pipe
- This can be
occurred when
there are system
fails due to
breakdown of pipe,
valve, sluice valve,
fire hydrant and
poor jointing.
3) Reservoir
- Leakage also occurred in reservoir system. A
thorough maintenance is essential to avoid this.

4) Illegal Usage and

Squatters
- This can contribute to NRW since
the illegal and squatter user utlise
the water without meter.
- Moreover, thing become more
serious when this users tapping
the pipe illegally.
 5) Fire Fighting
- Water supply for fire fighting purposes
especially a roadside pipe is considered as
NRW.
- Industrial and commercial fire fighting
normally come from individual meter
which connected to sprinkler system in a
building.

6) Operational Usage
- Water supply that used for scheduled
maintenance and upgrading the pipe
system and reservoir.
- Small amount of water.
5) Meter Under Registration
(MUR)
Occurred due to meter breakdown
or wrong meter reading.
3 main factors:
 Meter recording of flow – threshold of
accurate registration.
 Gear component failure: slowing the
meter,thus give an under recording
reading.
 Particle trapped the filter in a meter.
Factors That Influence Pipe
Leakage
 Pressure
 Land Movement
 Corrosion
 Inferior material
and workmanship
 Soil Characteristic
 Traffic Loads
 Pipeline Age
PROCEDURES ON
MEASURING LEAKING PIPE
DIRECTLY
RESERVOIR LEAKING
DELIVERY PIPE LEAKING

DISTRIBUTION PIPE

LEAKAGE
CONTROL METHOD OF
LEAKING
PRESSURE CONTROL
 PASSIVE CONTROL

ROUTINE SOUNDING

 WASTE METERING

COMBINE METERING
METHODS OF TRACKING
LEAKING
VISUAL INSPECTION
 SOUNDING INSPECTION

 LEAK NOISE SOUNDING

CONDUCTOR USAGE

GAS TRACER
DESIGN SIMPLE PIPING FOR
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM USING HAZEN
WILIAMS FORMULATION
 HL = 1128 x 109 x [Q]1.85
d4.87 100
 where:
 HL = head loss in meter of water
 L = length of pipe in meter
 Q = flow rate, m3/hour
 d = inside diameter of the pipe in millimeter
PARAMETERS FOR WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PIPES
DELIVERY PIPE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION PIPE

DEAD-END

RETICULATION PIPE
RESERVOIR
 to provide treated water storage to minimize
disruptions during the burst pipe.
 to provide treated water storage to meet the

needs of the volatile

 as the tank pressure breaker in which the

differences in the level of supply is divided into

zones.
 to provide water storage for fire fighting

purposes. Total emergency storage tank is

required to determine the size.
BALANCING TANK
 to receive and collect the treated water from the treatment
plant and then distribute them to a tank or some service.
 depends on the capacity of the treated water at treatment
plants and storage required to offset the inflows and outflows
from the reservoirs.
 the tank capacity is equal to 2-hour recharge from a minimum
load capacity of 450 m3 and a maximum of 9000 m3.
 It is most often built close to the treatment plant.
 In the event of reduction of the volume of any tank services,
water will flow from tank to tank balancing services.
 With the balancing tank in the distribution system, the flow
rate to the tank can be set limit services between the two
tanks.
 LIFE/PROFIT

RESISTENCE TO
LOCATION &
CONDITION CORROSION &
ENVIRONMENT ABRASION

SELECTION OF TANK
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL

STRUCTURAL
STRENGHT
TOTAL CAPACITY
REQUIRED
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE

STEEL FUSED
PRESTRESSED
WITH GLASS
CONCRETE
(SFG)
TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL

FIBERGLASS
GALVANISED
REINFORCED
PRESSURE
POLYESTER
STEEL (GPS)
(GRP)
 INLET PIPE

DRAINAGE OUTLET
PIPE

LEVEL
MEASURE OVERFLOW
DEVICE/LEVEL
GENERAL PIPE
INDICATOR RESERVOIR
COMPONENT
SCOUR PIPE
STAIRS

MANHOLE VENTILATOR
PIPE PIPE
INLET PIPE
 The water inlet pipe size is selected to ensure adequate inflow.
 For gravity flow, a ball valve to a size of 400 mm is used to stop the
flow when the water in the pool reaches a certain level.
 If the water inlet pipe exceeds 400 mm, altitude valves or level
sensors used in-situ, together with the butterfly valve.
 For pump inflows, bell-mouth is held.
OUTLET PIPE
 Water pipes connected out at a low level of 3 "to 1" from
the pool floor and is perpendicular to the position of the
water inlet pipe.
 Filter cover made ​of either cast iron, aluminum or
stainless steel pipes will be installed in conjunction with
a sluice valve.
 In general, more than one outlet pipe will be installed for
each pool.
OVERFLOW PIPE

 It is used to drain the water flowing out of the water if damaged.

 Sewerage pipe size is greater than the water inlet pipe.
SCOUR PIPE

 Scour water pipe or water pipe was placed at the lowest throw
on the floor of the tank / pond and the sluice valve connected to
the same chamber with overflow pipes.
 Pipe size must be large enough to empty the tank within a
period not more than 6 hours.
VENTILATORS
 Needs to vent the water is to allow air in and out independently
of the pond or tank.
 Insect nets and animals should also be installed to prevent water
contamination occurred at the pool.
MANHOLE
 Manhole is usually held on the rooftop pool near the water inlet
pipe with a locked aluminum foils.
For ponds that <7000 m3, only manhole provided, but if> 7000
m3 of void inspection will be held.
 LEVEL MEASURE
DEVICE
STAIRS

DRAINAGE