The mean is the most common measure of central tendency used by researchers and people in

all kinds of professions. It is the measure of central tendency that is also referred to as the
average. A researcher can use the mean to describe the data distribution of variables measured
as intervals or ratios. These are variables that include numerically corresponding categories or
ranges (like race, class, gender, or level of education), as well as variables measured
numerically from a scale that begins with zero (like household income or the number of children
within a family).

A mean is very easy to calculate. One simply has to add all the data values or "scores" and then
divide this sum by the total number of scores in the distribution of data. For example, if five
families have 0, 2, 2, 3, and 5 children respectively, the mean number of children is (0 + 2 + 2 +
3 + 5)/5 = 12/5 = 2.4. This means that the five households have an average of 2.4 children.
 The median is the value at the middle of a distribution of data when those data are organized
from the lowest to the highest value. This measure of central tendency can be calculated for
variables that are measured with ordinal, interval or ratio scales.

Calculating the median is also rather simple. Let’s suppose we have the following list of
numbers: 5, 7, 10, 43, 2, 69, 31, 6, 22. First, we must arrange the numbers in order from lowest
to highest. The result is this: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 22, 31, 43, 69. The median is 10 because it is the
exact middle number. There are four numbers below 10 and four numbers above 10.

If your data distribution has an even number of cases which means that there is no exact
middle, you simply adjust the data range slightly in order to calculate the median. For example,
if we add the number 87 to the end of our list of numbers above, we have 10 total numbers in
our distribution, so there is no single middle number. In this case, one takes the average of the
scores for the two middle numbers. In our new list, the two middle numbers are 10 and 22. So,
we take the average of those two numbers: (10 + 22) /2 = 16. Our median is now 16.
 The mode is the measure of central tendency that identifies the category or score that occurs the most
frequently within the distribution of data. In other words, it is the most common score or the score that
appears the highest number of times in a distribution. The mode can be calculated for any type of data,
including those measured as nominal variables, or by name.

For example, let’s say we are looking at pets owned by 100 families and the distribution looks like this:

Animal Number of families that own it

Dog: 60
Cat: 35
Fish: 17
Hamster: 13
Snake: 3
The mode here is "dog" since more families own a dog than any other animal. Note that the mode is
always expressed as the category or score, not the frequency of that score. For instance, in the above
example, the mode is "dog," not 60, which is the number of times dog appears.

Some distributions do not have a mode at all. This happens when each category has the same frequency.
Other distributions might have more than one mode. For example, when a distribution has two scores or
categories with the same highest frequency, it is often referred to as "bimodal."