ECE 551 Smart Electric North Carolina State University Spring 2019

Distribution Systems Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Homework One Solution

Load Characteristics

Problem One (10 points)

For each transformer determine the following (assuming a demand interval of 1 hour):
(a) Maximum Diversified Demand (kW)
Diversified Demand (or Coincident Demand): Demand of a composite group of related
loads over a specific period of time

Transformer 1: Sum of #1 - #6 and find the max kW of the day. The answer is 24.9 kW.

Transformer 2: Sum of #7 - #10 and find the max kW of the day. The answer is 10.5 kW

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ECE 551 Smart Electric North Carolina State University Spring 2019
Distribution Systems Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

(b) Maximum Noncoincident Demand (kW)

Noncoincident Demand: Demands of a group of loads with no restriction on interval to
which each demand is applicable.

Transformer 1: Find the max for #1 - #6 and then get the sum = 30.2 kW
Transformer 2: Find the max for #7 - #10 and then get the sum = 11.4 kW

(c) Load factor in percent

Load Factor (LF) = Average Demand / Maximum Demand

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Average Demand 13.9 5.7
Maximum Demand 24.9 10.5
Load Factor 55.6% 54.5%

(d) Diversity factor in percent for the loads on this transformer

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Maximum Noncoincident Demand 30.2 11.4
Maximum Diversified Demand 24.9 10.5
Diversity Factor 121% 108%

(e) Suggest a standardized transformer rating (5, 10, 15, 25, 37.5, 50, 75, 100, 167, 250, 333,
500 kVA). Also provide your reasoning regarding the selection.
Transformer size is based on the maximum diversified demand. Note that the power factor
is 0.85 lagging

Minimal Transformer 1: kVA rating = 24.9/0.92 = 27.1 kVA. Pick the 37.5 kVA
Pick 25 kVA also counts as correct. Allow for 2 hours of overloading.
Minimal Transformer 2: kVA rating = 10.5/0.92 = 11.4 kVA. Pick the 15 kVA
Pick 10 kVA also counts as correct. Allow for 3 hours of overloading.
(f) Utilization factor in percent
Utilization Factor = Maximum Demand/Transformer Rating

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Maximum Demand (kVA) 27.1 11.4
Transformer Rating (kVA) 37.5 (25) 15 (10)
Utilization Factor 72.29% (108.4%) 76.18% (114%)

(g) Energy (kWh) delivered to transformer load during the 24-hour period
Energy –Integral of Power Demand
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ECE 551 Smart Electric North Carolina State University Spring 2019
Distribution Systems Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

For transformer one: 332.7 kWh; for transformer two: 137.6 kWh

For the Tap

(h) Determine the maximum diversified hourly kVA demand: 34.1 kW/0.92 = 37.1 kVA
Tap
200 200

150
kW

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time
Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Tap

(i) What is the diversity factor from the perspective of the two transformers representing
equivalent loads on the tap circuit?

Diversity Factor = (24.9 + 10.5) / 34.1 = 1.04

Note: Here please treat the two transformers as equivalent loads. When calculating the
diversity factor, the max kW seen by each transformer should be adds up as the maximum
non-coincident demand.

(j) If this is a 13200 V, 100 A rated cable, then what would be the utilization factor?
13200 ∗ 100
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 1320 𝑘𝑉𝐴
1000

37.1 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = 2.8%
1320 𝑘𝑉𝐴

Problem Two (10 points)

For three customers, the load diversity factor = 1.3.

For this residential load group configuration, then determine:

(a) Average and peak kW demand for each customer (1,2 and 3)

Given the Daily kWh Consumption, we can calculate the average demand by:
Average Demand = Daily kWh/24 hours

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ECE 551 Smart Electric North Carolina State University Spring 2019
Distribution Systems Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Given the Average Demand and the Load Factor (LF), we can calculate the Peak kW
Demand by:
Peak kW Demand = Average Demand / Load Factor (LF)

For customer 1:
Average Demand = 250 kWh / 24 hrs. = 10.4 kW
Peak kW Demand = 10.4 kW / 30% = 34.7 kW

For customer 2:
Average Demand = 300 kWh / 24 hrs. = 12.5 kW
Peak kW Demand = 12.5 kW / 20% = 62.5 kW

For customer 3:
Average Demand = 200 kWh / 24 hrs. = 8.33 kW
Peak kW Demand = 8.33 kW / 20% = 41.7 kW

(b) Maximum Noncoincident Demand in kW

Maximum Noncoincident Demand = 34.7 kW + 62.5 kW + 41.7 kW = 138.9 kW

(c) Maximum Diversified Demand in kW

Maximum Diversified Demand = Maximum Noncoincident Demand / Diversity
factor = 138.9 kW / 1.3 = 106.8 kW

(d) Average kW and kVA demand for this transformer

Average kW demand = (250 kVA + 300 kVA + 200 kVA) / 24 hrs. = 31.25 kW
Average kVA demand = 31.25 kW / 0.92 = 33.97 KVA

(e) Peak kW and kVA demand for this transformer

Peak kW demand = Maximum Diversified Demand = 106.8 kW
Peak kVA demand = 106.8 kW / 0.92 = 116.1 kVA

(f) Utilization Factor for this transformer in percent

Utilization Factor = 116.1 kVA / 100 kVA = 116%

(g) Minimum transformer size in kVA if objective is to operate below rated kVA at all
times. Assume standard sizes are: (5, 10, 15, 25, 37.5, 50, 75, 100, 167, 250, 333, 500
kVA)
Minimum transformer size in kVA is 167 kVA so the transformer can operate below
rated kVA at all times.

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