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MICROCONTROLLER
LABORATORY MANUAL
(06ESL47)
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2008
I. PROGRAMMING
1. Data Transfer - Block move, Exchange, Sorting, Finding largest element in an array
2. Arithmetic Instructions - Addition/subtraction, multiplication and division, square,
Cube – (16 bits Arithmetic operations – bit addressable)
3. Counters
4. Boolean & Logical Instructions (Bit manipulations)
5. Conditional CALL & RETURN
6. Code conversion: BCD – ASCII; ASCII – Decimal; Decimal - ASCII; HEX -
Decimal and Decimal - HEX
7. Programs to generate delay, Programs using serial port and on-Chip timer /counter
II. INTERFACING
Write C programs to interface 8051 chip to interfacing modules to develop single chip
solutions
8. Simple Calculator using 6 digit seven-segment display and Hex Keyboard interface
to 8051
9. Alphanumeric LCD panel and Hex keypad input interface to 8051
10. External ADC and Temperature control interface to 8051
11. Generate different waveforms Sine, Square, Triangular, Ramp etc. using DAC
interface to 8051; change the frequency and amplitude
12. Stepper and DC motor control interface to 8051
13. Elevator interface to 8051
Introduction
PROCESSOR used is Atmel AT89C51ED2 - micro controller that has 64Kbytes of on-
chip program memory. It is a version of 8051 with enhanced features.
AT 89C51ED2 operates at 11.0592 MHz
PROCESSOR FEATURES
4. Create a source file (using File->New), type in the assembly or C program and save this
(filename.asm/ filename.c) and add this source file to the project using either one of the
following two methods. (i) Project-Components,Environmentand Books->addfiles-> browse
to the required file -> OK “OR”
(ii) right click on the Source Group in the Project Window and the Add Files to Group
option.
5. Set the Target options using -> Project – Options for Target opens the Vision2
Options for Target – Target configuration dialog. Set the Xtal frequency as 11.0592 Mhz,
and also the Options for Target – Debug – use either Simulator / Keil Monitor- 51
driver.
If Keil Monitor- 51 driver is used click on Settings -> COM Port settings select the COM
Port to which the board is connected and select the baud rate as 19200 or 9600
(recommended). Enable Serial Interrupt option if the user application is not using on-chip
UART, to stop program execution.
6. Build the project; using Project -> Build Project. Vision translates all the user
application and links. Any errors in the code are indicated by – “Target not created” in the
Build window, along with the error line. Debug the errors. After an error free build, goto
Debug mode
7. Now user can enter into Debug mode with Debug- Start / Stop Debug session dialog. Or
by clicking in the icon.
8. The program is run using the Debug-Run command & halted using Debug-Stop
Running. Also the (reset, run, halt) icons can be used. Additional icons are
RESULT:
Before Execution: 10 locations X:8035h are filled up with data.
After Execution: 10 locations X:8041h are filled up with data from 8035h.
Algorithm
1. Initialize registers to hold count data & also the source & destination addresses.
2. Get data from source location into accumulator and transfer to the destination
location.
3. Decrement the count register and repeat step 2 till count is zero.
Note: For data transfer with overlap start transferring data from the last location of
source array to the last location of the destination array.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#27H //source address
MOV R1,#41H //destination address
MOV R3,#05H //count
BACK: MOVX A,@r0
MOV r2,a
MOVX a,@r1
MOVX @r0,a
MOV a, r2
MOVX @r1,a
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R3, BACK
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
Aliter using XCH command.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#27H //source address
MOV R1,#41H //destination address
MOV R3,#05H //count
BACK: MOVX A,@r0
MOV r2,a
MOVX a,@r1
XCH a, r2
MOVX @r1,a
XCH a, r2
MOVX @r0,a
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R3, BACK
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution: 5 locations at X:0027h & X:0041h are filled up with data.
Algorithm
1. Initialize registers to hold count data (array size) & also the source & destination
addresses.
2. Get data from source location into accumulator and save in a register.
3. Get data from the destination location into accumulator.
4. Exchange the data at the two memory locations.
5. Decrement the count register and repeat from step 2 to 4 till count is zero.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#05 //count n-1 -ARRAY SIZE-n- Pass Counter
L1: MOV dptr, #9000h //array stored from address 9000h
MOV A,R0 //initialize exchange counter
MOV R1,A
L2: MOVX a, @dptr //GET NUMBER FROM ARRAY
MOV B, A //& STORE IN B
INC dptr
MOVX a, @dptr //next number in the array
CLR C //reset borrow flag
MOV R2, A //STORE IN R2
SUBB A, B //2nd - 1st no.—no compare instruction in 8051
JC NOEXCHG // JNC - FOR ASCENDING ORDER
MOV A,B //EXHANGE THE 2 NOES IN THE ARRAY
MOVX @dptr,a
DEC DPL //DEC dptr-INSTRUCTION NOT PTRESENT
MOV a,R2
MOVX @dptr,a
INC DPTR
NOEXCHG: DJNZ R1,L2 //decrement compare counter
DJNZ R0,L1 //decrement pass counter
here: SJMP here
END
Algorithm
1. Store the elements of the array from the address 9000h
2. Initialize a pass counter with array size-1 count (for number of passes).
3. Load compare counter with pass counter contents & initialize DPTR to point to the
start address of the array (here 9000h).
4. Store the current and the next array elements pointed by DPTR in registers B and r2
respectively.
5. Subtract the next element from the current element.
6. If the carry flag is set (for ascending order) then exchange the 2 numbers in the
array.
7. Decrement the compare counter and repeat through step 4 until the counter becomes
0.
8. Decrement the pass counter and repeat through step 3 until the counter becomes 0.
RESULT:
Before Execution:Unsorted Array at 9000h
4) Write an assembly language program to find the largest element in a given string of
n = 6 bytes at location 4000h. Store the largest element at location 4062h.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R3,#6 //length of the array
MOV DPTR,#4000H //starting address of the array
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV r1,a
NEXTBYTE: INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR
CLR C //reset borrow flag
MOV R2,A //next number in the array
SUBB A,R1 //OTHER Num - PREVIOUS LARGEST no.
JC skip // JNC for smallest element
MOV A,r2 //UPDATE larger number in r1
MOV R1,A
skip:DJNZ R3,NEXTBYTE
MOV DPL, #62H //LOCATION OF THE RESULT-4062H
MOV A,R1 //LARGEST NUMBER
MOVX @DPTR,A //STORE AT #4062H
OVER: SJMP OVER
END
Algorithm
1. Store the elements of the array from the address 4000h
2. Store the length of the array in r3 and set it as counter.
RESULT:
Before Execution:
2. ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM ILLUSTRATING ADDITION,
SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION .
5) Write an ALP to perform the following:
If x=0-perform w + v; else if x=1-perform w-v; else if x=2-perform w*v; elseif x=3-perform
w/v, where w & v are eight bit numbers.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0, #40H
MOVX A,@R0
MOV R1, A //R1 HAS CONDITION X
INC R0
MOVX A,@R0
MOV B, A //B HAS 1ST NUMBER-v
INC R0
MOVX A,@R0 //A HAS 2ND NUMBER-w
CJNE R1,#00,CKSUB
ADD A,B //PERFORM ADDITION
MOV B,#00 //B HAS CARRY
JNC SKIP
MOV B,#01H
SKIP:SJMP LAST
CKSUB: CJNE R1,#01,CKMUL
CLR C //RESET BORROW FLAG
SUBB A,B
MOV B,#00 //B INDICATES BORROW
JNC SKIP1
MOV B,#0FFH //FF INDICATES NEGATIVE NUMBER
SKIP1:SJMP LAST
CKMUL: CJNE R1,#02,CKDIV
MUL AB //16 bit product in AB with A having lower byte
SJMP LAST
CKDIV: CJNE R1,#03,OTHER
DIV AB //Quotient in A & remainder in B
SJMP LAST
OTHER:MOV A,#00
MOV B,#00
LAST: INC R0
MOVX @R0,A
INC R0
MOV A,B
MOVX @R0,A
HERE:SJMP HERE
END
Algorithm
1. Store the condition x in r1.
2. Load the first and second numbers to A and B registers respectively
3. Compare the contents of r1 and perform the operations add, sub, etc accordingly.
4. Store the result present in A and B registers to the appropriate memory locations.
(ii) the cube of the number X if LSB of data RAM 20h (bit address 01H) is reset.
Store your result at locations 9001, 9002, 9003h.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV DPTR,#9000H
MOVX A,@DPTR //GET NUMBER-X
MOV R0,A //STORE IN R0
MOV B,A
MUL AB //SQUARE IT-X^2
CLR C //FOR STORING RESULT
JB 01,LAST //IF BIT 01 IS SET THEN END, ELSE DO CUBE
PUSH B //STORE UPPER PART OF SQUARE
MOV B,A //B-LOWER PART OF X^2
MOV A,R0 //A-X
MUL AB //X*LOWER X^2
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR,A //STORE PARTIAL RESULT
MOV A,B
MOV R2,A //UPPER PART OF X*LOWER X^2 IN R2
POP B //GET BACK UPPER PART OF SQUARE
MOV A,R0 //A-X
MUL AB //X*UPPER X^2
ADD A,R2 //ADD TO PARTIAL RESULT
LAST:INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR,A
MOV A,B
ADDC A,#00 //ADD CARRY TO B(FOR SQUARE RESULT, C=0)
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR,A
HERE:SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
CUBE OF 56H IS 9B498 WHICH IS STORED AS 98, B4, 09 (LOWER BYTE FIRST)
To get square make the D1 bit of data memory 20h high, say FF,02,06,etc. The bit address is
01. Similarly bit address 78h correspond to D0 bit 0f data ram location 2Fh.
Algorithm
1. Store the eight bit number x in A, r0 & B registers.
2. Multiply A and B registers to obtain the square (say SQH:SQL) of the number x.
3. Check if bit 01 is set. If set go to end (storing the result), else do the cube operations.
4. The high part of the square result (SQH) is stored on the stack.
5. Multiply the low part of the square result (SQL) with x (partial cube result).
6. Store the low part of the above result at 9001h & the high part in R2.
7. Retrieve the high part of the square result (SQH) stored on the stack & multiply with
x.
8. Add the low part of the above result (SQH*X) with R2 and store in 9002h.
9. Add the high part (SQH*X) with the resulting carry and store in 9003.
RESULT:
1) Before Execution: X:08000h = 45 & X:8001 = 35
After Executuion: D:02FH =01
2) Before Execution: X:08000h = 25 & X:8001 = 35
After Executuion: D:02FH =80
3) Before Execution: X:08000h = 45 & X:8001 = 45
4. LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
8) ASSEMBLY PROGRAM ILLUSTRATING LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS (BYTE
LEVEL)
3 eight bit numbers X, NUM1 & NUM2 are stored in internal data RAM locations 20h, 21h
& 22H respectively. Write an ALP to compute the following.
IF X=0; THEN NUM1 (AND) NUM2, IF X=1; THEN NUM1 (OR) NUM2,
IF X=2; THEN NUM1 (XOR) NUM2, ELSE RES =00, RES IS 23H LOCATION
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV A, 20h //donot use #, as data ram 20h is to be accessed
MOV R1,A //X IN R1
MOV A,21H //A -NUM1
CJNE R1,#0,CKOR
ANL A, 22H
SJMP END1
CKOR:CJNE R1,#01,CKXOR
ORL A, 22H
SJMP END1
CKXOR:CJNE R1,#02,OTHER
XRL A, 22H
SJMP END1
OTHER: CLR A
END1: MOV 23H,A //STORE RESULT
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
Algorithm:
1. Point to the data RAM register 20h and store the condition x.
2. Point to 21h and 22h and move the first number to A register.
3. Compare the contents of r1 and perform the operations accordingly.
4. The result will be stored in 23H register.
RESULT:
1)Before Execution: D:020H =00, 21=0f, 22 = 12
After Execution D:023H = 02
2)Before Execution: D:020H =01, 21=0f, 22 = 12
After Execution D:023H = 1F
3)Before Execution: D:020H =02, 21=0f, 22 = 12
After Execution D:023H = 1D
4)Before Execution: D:020H =34, 21=0f, 22 = 12
After Execution D:023H = 00
The above program can also be written as shown below (using indirect addressing)
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
mov r0,#20h
MOV A,@R0 //ON CHIP DATA RAM-DONOT USE MOVX
20h = 01 =>complement of MSB of 21h location. Hence 21h is changed to A1 and 23h
location has 80h
Before Execution After Execution
Algorithm:
1. Move the condition X (from 20h location) into R0 register.
2. If X=0; then move LSB bit of 21h to carry flag and ‘AND’ Carry flag with LSB bit
of 22h. Goto step5
3. If X=1; then move MSB bit of 21h to carry flag and ‘OR’ Carry flag with MSB bit
of 22h. Goto step5
4. If X=0; then complement MSB bit of 21h and move it to carry flag. Goto step5
5. Store Carry flag at MSB bit of 23h location.
5. COUNTERS
ASSEMBLY PROGRAM ILLUSTRATING HEX UP/DOWN COUNTERS.
//counter program - hex/binary counters
10) Write an ALP to implement (display) an eight bit up/down binary (hex) counters on
watch window.
Note: to run this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu use
View-> Watch& call Stack window, in the Watches select watch 1(or 2) and
press F2 and enter a (for accumulator A)
ORG 0H
SJMP 30H
ORG 0H
MOV a,#00
BACK: ACALL DELAY
INC a //dec a for binary down counter
JNZ BACK
HERE:SJMP HERE
Algorithm:
1. Move 00 to A register
2. Call the delay subroutine for 1 second, in delay program move FFH to registers r1,
r2 and r3, loop and decrement until 0.
3. Increment A register(decremant for down counter)
RESULT: Accumulator A is incremented in BCD from 00, 01, 02…09, 10, 11,…99.
RESULT: yE is printed on the serial window each time the program is executed.
5. Transmit the characters “y” & “E” by writing into the SBUF register and waiting for
the TI flag.
RESULT: Accumulator A is incremented in binary from 00, 01,02…09,0A, 0B, …, 0F, 10,
11, …FF every 1 second (for 33MHz clock setting & every 3 seconds for 11.0598MHz)
Algorithm:
1. Set up timer0 in mode 2 operation
2. Load TH1 with 118 to generate an interrupt every 0.05msec.
3. Reset registers a, r1 & r0.
4. Repeat step 4 continuously
5. On interrupt; ISR at 000B loaction goes to step 6
6. disable timer0
7. Update r1 & r0
8. Check if 20000 interrupts (=1 sec) over. Yes –increment accumulator a.
9. enable timer & return from ISR.
Timerdelay = 12*(257-delay)/frequency
Timerdelay=0.05msec
Delay=256-((timerdelay * frequency)/12) =256-(0.05*10 -3 * 33*106)/12
=256-137.5 =118.5 //loaded in TH0
To get 1sec delay
1/0.05msec = 200*100 in the ISR
(assuming 33 MHZ crystal frequency. For 11 MHz, the calculations change).
8. CONVERSION PROGRAMS
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30h
ORG 30h
MOV DPTR,#40H //2-digit decimal number to be converted is given in data
memory 40h
MOVX A, @DPTR
ANL A, #0F0H //obtain upper decimal digit
SWAP A //bring to the units place
MOV B,#0AH //MULTIPLY tens digit with #0A-toget tens in hex
MUL AB
MOV r1,a //temporarily store the converted tens value
MOVX A,@DPTR //get the decimal number again
ANL A,#0FH //obtain the units digit
ADD A,R1 //add to the converted tens value
INC DPTR //increment data address
MOVX @DPTR,A //converted hexadecimal number in next location
HERE:SJMP HERE
END
Algorithm
1. Move the decimal data to be converted from external memory 40h to accumulator.
2. AND A reg with 0f0h and obtain the upper MSB of the decimal digit and swap the
LSB and MSB of accumulator to bring the same to units place.
3. Move 0ah to B register and multiply with A reg to convert to hex value, store the
converted tens value in r1
4. Get the LSB of the decimal number and add to the converted tens value
5. point to the next memory location and store the result (hexadecimal).
XCH A,B
MOVX @DPTR,A //Store the remainder (in B) In tens place
XCH A,B
INC DPTR
MOVX @DPTR,A //Store the quotient (in A) in hundreds place
HERE:SJMP HERE
End
Algorithm
1. Move the hex data to be converted to accumulator.
2. Move 10 to B register and divide with A reg to convert to ascii value
3. Store the converted LSB value in r7
4. Repeat the step 2 to obtain the converted MSB value
5. Store the same in r6
Algorithm :
RESULT: The BCD code 2C at D:0050h is converted to 2 ASCII codes-43h(for 0B) & 32h
(for 02) Another Example-BA
Algorithm :
//Converts the hexadecimal byte in A into two ASCII characters.
1. Move the hexadecimal data to be converted to accumulator.
2. Get the lower nibble & call ASCII routine
3. Store the converted ASCII value
Note: For this program the input data should be only in the range 30h-39h & 41h to 46h.
Algorithm :
//Converts the ASCII characters into hexadecimal number.
1. Move the ASCII character to be converted to accumulator.
2. If character is greater than 41h,(for A-F), then subtract 07h & 30h
3. Else (i.e., for 0-9) subtract only 30h
4. Store the converted hexadecimal number.
INTERFACING PROGRAMS
Hardware Interfacing
Features of Embedded C
• C is a simple programming language and so very easy to code.
• Embedded C has most features of C-language with more stress on certain bit
manipulative instructions.
• This feature makes it easy to write program for μC and μP.
8software with a cross compiler that will convert the C program to
• Keil is a versatile
assembly language CRO
0 and thu s the program can be executed on the desi red target (say
8051).
5 P0 Dual Xout
1 P1 instructions used areDAC
Some of the bit manipulative
Symbol Operation
& Bitwise AND
| μCOR
Bitwise
~ Bitwise NOT
>> Shift Right
<< Shift Left
^ P0.0
Let initial, amplitude of the square wave be 2.5v(7F) and frequency count 100.
Output the values 00h(0ff) and 7fh(on) Values through P0.
If amplitude key is pressed then increase the voltage in steps of 0.15v(8).
If the frequency key is pressed increment the count in steps of 50. If the count
exceeds 1000 reset it back to 100.
Every time amplitude and frequency changes output the value thro P0 and note the
waveform on CRO.
#include <REG51xD2.H>
sbit Amp = P3^3; /* Port line to change amplitude */
sbit Fre = P3^2; /* Port line to change frequency */
void delay(unsigned int x) /* delay routine */
{
for(;x>0;x--);
}
main()
{
unsigned char on = 0x7f,off=0x00;
unsigned int fre = 100;
while(1)
{
if(!Amp) /* if user choice is to change amplitude */
{
while(!Amp); /* wait for key release */
on+=0x08; /* Increase the amplitude */
}
if(!Fre) /* if user choice is to change frequency */
{
if(fre > 1000) /* if frequency exceeds 1000 reset to default */
fre = 100;
Increment it in steps of 1 until a count value of FFh (5V) is reached. Every time
repeat step 1.
Decrement it in steps of 1 until a zero value is reached and repeat step 1.
Program for triangular wave:
#include <REG51xD2.H>
main()
{
unsigned char i=0;
P0 = 0x00; /* P0 as Output port */
while(1)
{
for(i=0;i<0xff;i++){ /* Generate ON pulse */
P1 = i;
P0 = i;
}
for(i=0xfe;i>0x00;i--) /* Generate OFF pulse */
{P0 = i;
P1 = i;}
}
}
#include <REG51xD2.H>
main ()
{ Unsigned char i=0;
P0 = 0x00; /* P0 as Output port */
while (1)
{
for (i=0;i<0xff;i++) /* Generate ON pulse */
{
P1 = i;
P0 = i; }
}
}
E.g.: θ = 0o
V= 2.5V +2.5Vsinθ = 2.5V
The value sent to DAC is 25.6X5V= 128.
#include <REG51xD2.H>
main()
{
static int a[13]={128,192,238,255,238,192,128,64,17,0,17,64,128};
unsigned char i=0;
P0 = 0x00; /* P0 as Output port */
while (1)
{
for(i=0;i<13;i++) /* Output different values */
{ P0 = a[i]; }
}
}
2. Stepper Motor
• Configure P0 as output.
• Apply the initial excitation of 11 to motor coils through P0.
• For clockwise motion -Rotate right once the excitation and repeat step 2.
• For anticlockwise motion -Rotate left once the excitation and repeat step 2.
PS
PS
8051µC
P0 Stepper
FRC 26pin Motor Stepper
Cable Interface Motor
Card
#include <REG51xD2.H>
void delay (unsigned int x) /* Delay Routine */
{
for(;x>0;x--);
return;
}
Main ( )
{
unsigned char Val, i;
P0=0x00;
Val = 0x11;
for (i=0;i<4;i++)
{
P0 = Val;
Val = Val<<1; /* Val= Val>>1; for clockwise direction*/
delay (500);
}
}
• Configure P1 as output port to scan the rows and P0 as input port to read the column
values.
• First select the last row by grounding that row. Scan the columns of entire row if a
key is pressed in that row then one of the column reads ‘0’.
• If now key is pressed in the selected row all 1’s is returned. So scan next row.
Repeat the action until all rows are scanned.
PS
PS
8051µC
P0 4X4
FRC 26pin Keyboard 4X4 Hex
Cable Interface keypad
Card
if(temp != 0x0f)
{
rot: temp >>= 1;
if(!CY)
{
ClrLcd();
return;
}
else
{
result += 1;
goto rot;
}
}
else
{
result -= 0x04;
rows --;
if(rows == 0)
goto again;
else
{
goto next;
}
}
}
void main()
{
P0 = 0xff;
P1 = 0x00;
InitLcd();
WriteString ("KEY PRESSED=");
while(1)
{
KeyScan();
WriteString ("KEY PRESSED=");
Display();
}
}
4. DC Motor
PS
PS
8051µC
P0
FRC 26pin DC Motor
DC
Cable Interface
Motor
P3.2(inr) Card
P3.3(dec)
#include <REG51xD2.H>
sbit inr= P3^2; //speed increment switch
sbit dcr= P3^3; //speed decrement switch
main()
{
unsigned char i=0x80;
P0 = 0x7f; /*Run the motor at half speed.*/
while (1)
{ if (!inr)
{while (!inr);
if(i>10)
i=i-10; //increase the DC motor speed
}
if(!dcr)
{
while(!dcr);
if(i<0xf0)
i=i+10; //decrease the DC motor speed
}
P0=i;
} }
• Read the numbers n1 and n2 from keyboard and display them on seven segment.
• Read the operand from the keypad if key pressed is B (+), C(-),D(*),E(/) then
respective operation is performed.
• Result is displayed on 2 digit seven segment display.
• If any time the key pressed value returned as 10h then clear the LCD.
PS
PS
8051µC
Keypad
P0
FRC 26pin
Cable
7 Seg
Display
Neg = 1;
Res = n2 - n1;
break; }
Res = n1 - n2; break;
case 2: Res = n1 * n2;
break;
case 3: Res = n1 / n2;
break; }
DispChar(NumTab[Res%10]); /* Display number */
DispChar(NumTab[Res/10]);
if(Neg) /* if negative result display '-' */
DispChar(0x0Bf);
}}
void DispChar(unsigned char ch) /* Routine to display char on 7 segment */
{
unsigned char i,tmp;
P0=0x00;
for(i=0;i<8;i++) /* for all bits */
{
tmp = ch & 0x80;
if(tmp) /* write data depending on MSB */
Dat = 1;
else
Dat = 0;
Clk = 0; /* Give Clk Pulse for synchronization */
Clk = 1;
ch = ch << 1; /* Get next bit */
}
}
void ClrLED()
{
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
DispChar(0x0ff); /* 0xff for clear segment ( see 7 segment manual for more info) */
}
unsigned char getkey()
{ unsigned char i,j,indx,t;
6. Elevator
PS
PS
8051µC
P0
FRC 26pin Elevator
Cable interface
delay(25000);
} }
CurFlr = ReqFlr; /* Update Current floor */
P0 = FClr[CurFlr]; /* Clear the indicator */
}
}
void delay(unsigned int x)
{
for(;x>0;x--);
}
7. Temperature Sensor
PS
PS
8051µC
Temp Heat
P0,P2,P3 Sensor Source
FRC 26pin Interface
Cable
The interface card has a DAC to convert the actual temperature to digital this is compared
with reference temperarture. Realay also a part of interface card will turn on and off to
indicate if the actual temperature is above or below reference.