Thesis

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ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)

Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
People all know that in order to live and to function, we have to consume food. As
human beings, the human body have to take in nutrients. Ferriera(2018) in her article
entitled “6 Essential Nutrients and Why Your Body Needs Them”, she said that the 6
important nutrients that our body needs are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins,
minerals, and water. She also added that, there are many essential nutrients that our body
demands. Though they are numerous, they are further divided into two categories:
macronutrients and micronutrients. To differentiate these two, micronutrients are eaten in
small doses and can go a long way. Vitamins and minerals are examples of
micronutrients. Macronutrients on the other hand are eaten in large amounts and include
the primary building blocks of diet. Protein, carbohydrates and fat are examples of this.
These nutrients provide the body energy.
Protein as everyone know and as stated above, is a essential nutrient that the body
needs. Eggs and chicken, especially the chicken breast are good source of protein. In an
article entitled “20 Delicious High-Protein Foods to Eat” written by Gunnars, 2018 he
said that eggs give the body 6 grams of protein for a 1 large egg. While the chicken
breast, supplies the body with 53 grams of protein in a 1 roasted chicken without skin.
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In a study conducted by Cavite et. al.(2014) they stated that chicken broiler and
egg production are the most progressive animal enterprises in the Philippines. The poultry
industry in facet began the backyard enterprise but has shifted to the formation of very
large integrated contract farming operations. The growth of poultry industry in the
Philippines has been impressive but its problems include inefficient management and the
prevalence of many destructive poultry diseases and parasite cannot be ignored.
People consume chickens as much as they want not just because of that but also
because it will source them high amount of protein and other nutrients. According to the
inventory on chickens of the Philippine Statistics Authority, the stocks from April to June
2018 went up as high as 3.25% compared to the previous year’s stocks. Although this
was reported, the price of chickens in the market are becoming high every season.
In a research held in China, the researchers Gale and Arnade(2015) said that in
China, based on the historical prices from 2000-2014 indicates that rising feed prices and
wages tend to increase chicken prices in China. However, less than half of the
proportional increase in feed ingredient prices is passed on in rises in chicken prices.
Thus, rising production costs push China’s chicken prices higher and fluctuations in feed
ingredient prices tend to have modest impacts on chicken prices.
In the same way as China’s, in a news article written by Miraflor(2018) at Manila
Bulletin, the reason that the government see for this chicken price hike is the rise on the
price of poultry feeds. As if the increase in the prices of rice, sugar, and other food
commodities are not yet enough, consumers may face bigger headache soon as the lack of
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feeds in the country is seen to “significantly” drive up the prices of meat and poultry
products.
People who sell chicken to market need to go with the trend and sell their product
at a higher rate. If they do not do so, they will not gain the money they used to begin their
business. If vendors of poultry products demand for a higher price, the consumers will
suffer in return. It will be difficult for them to budget and at the same time the nutrients
and minerals they will intake will be lessen.
As an answer to this problem, the researchers saw that at the research of Paguia
et. al., (2014), it was said that with the continuing increase in demand of raw feed
materials that will suffice the needs of animal growers, a call for extensive search on
utilization of the cheap and quality alternative feed sources from indigenous plant species
was formulated. The development of the potential indigenous plants as sources of animal
feedstuffs might not only decrease dependency of the feed industry on expensive
imported feed ingredients but relatively reduces the production cost leading to the animal
grower’s economic efficiency. Food and Agriculture Organization (1996) the numerous
uses of Moringa oleifera as medicine, low cost water purifier (flocculant), human food
and animal feed, hedge, seed oil, fiber, its easy propagation and pan tropical cultivation
justify more intensive research into its biological and economic possibilities particularly
as useful feed ingredients and medicines.
In the study of Garzirayi (2012), feeding has great effect in poultry growth and
meat quality. This is the reason why do people who owned and take care of chickens are
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looking for cheap, locally available and less competitive substitutes for some ingredients
of poultry feeds and in particular, sources of protein. The use of Moringga oleifera as an
alternative feed is highly rich in vitamins. It is cheap but high quality as an alternative
natural source of protein. Moringga oleifera can be found anywhere and the availability is
great. The leaves of Moringa oleifera are packed with nutrients that is important to both
humans and animals. The tree bears for 30-40 years. These tree is drought tolerant nature
of the tree makes it particularly suited to those marginal areas where the cost associated
with cultivation and harvesting of other commercial crops is high. The tree is resistant to
most pest and diseases, thus making it a cheap source of feed for animals. It supports the
livestocks production under such conditions, Moringa oleifera becomes the crop of
choice to explore in broiler production.
Recent studies report that some herbs, spices and extracts may have antimicrobial,
coccidiostatic, and anthelminthic properties. Moringa oleifera is a tree with many uses,
and of great economic importance, found throughout most of the tropics. It was
incorporated into the poultry diet by nutritionists to examine its effects on weaner rabbits,
broilers , and laying hens productive performance.
Abbas (2013) stated the nutrients and minerals of moringa oleifera leaves in his
study. Moringa oleifera leaves contained 27.2% protein, 5.9% moisture, 17.1 % fat, and
38.6% carbohydrates. Anwar and Rashid noticed that on a dry matter basis, Moringa
oleifera seeds contained 34.80% protein, 7.54% fiber, 8.90% moisture, and 6.53 ash
contents.
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In the study of Gaonkar et. al. (2016), they cited that everyday huge quantity of
eggshells are generated as bio- waste around the globe. Eggshells are waste material
collected from house and fast food industries .Eggshell waste disposal contribute to
environment pollution and also the disposal includes cost, availability of disposal sites.
odour of eggshell provides site for flies and abrasiveness .
In addendum, King’ori (2011) study stated chicken eggshell is a waste material
from domestic sources such as hatcheries, poultry farm, egg product factories, homes and
restaurants. The use of eggshell in nutrition are very effective also to the field of
medicine. Eggshells can be utilized for various purposes that minimize their effect in
environmental pollution. Eggshells present healthy, balanced calcium due to its trace
amounts of other mineral and is probably the best natural source of calcium. One whole
medium sized eggshell makes about one teaspoon of powder, which yields about 750-800
mgs of elemental calcium plus other micro elements. Eggshells powder has been reported
to increase bone mineral density in people and animals with osteoporosis. In laying hens
in late production phase, eggshell powder has been found to increase egg production and
improve the quality of shells. Discarded eggshells are often used as a plant fertilizer and
effective liming sources. This is because eggshells contain calcium that raises, or
neutralizes the pH level of overly acidic soil. Chicken eggshells can be used as an
alternative soil stabilizer like lime since they have the same chemical composition. Such
stabilized soil can be used as sub-grade materials for road construction works. Eggshell
membrane consist of these needed for the production of chickens also to others.
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Bee (2011) mention that eggshells contain calcium and trace amounts of other
micro elements, i.e. magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur,
silicon, and zinc. It was further explained in King’ori’s (2011) study that eggshell calcium
is probably the best natural source of calcium than limestone or coral sources. The
composition of an eggshell is very similar to that our bones and teeth.
After all of these being said, the researchers were prompted to conduct a research
on malunggay leaves and eggshells as a possible organic additive poultry feeds. Price
hike on poultry feeds should stop because based on the researches and news report, it
causes the market to demand for a higher selling price of chickens. Also, it is alarming
that malunggay leaves and eggshells are left just to serve as pollutants to the environment
when in fact, studies proved that these two raw materials have numerous benefits. Instead
of it becoming wastes, the researchers were driven to make a research on these two.
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Framework of the Study
The framework of the study illustrates the wholeness of the study. This part is the
back bone of the research. This serves as a guide that will help the researchers thoughout
the conduct of the study. It comprises the needed and important parts that the researchers
needs to take note during the duration of the study.
This part of the study will help the researchers in the other parts of their research.
This part contains all necessary data that can be further used for completion of the whole
researcher paper. The framework will be a great help so that the concept of the research
would be visible to the researchers and to the readers that will read this research paper.
As stated by Adom et. al, (2018), the overall aim of a framework of the study is to
make research findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical constructs in the
research fields and ensures generalizability. This assist in stimulating research wwhile
ensuring the extension of knowledgeby providing bith direction and impetus to the
research inquiry. This also enhance the emepiricism and rigor of a research.
The framework of the study holds the path of the research and where would the
study revolve. This particular study would focus on the use of moringa oleifera or
malunggay leaves and eggshells as an alternative poultry feeds. This study would also
highlight the effects of using saw raw products to the weight and growth performance of
the young
Significant
Difference
Weight and 8
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Growth
Performance
Commercial Moringa
Oleifera Eggshell
feeds
Effects
Replicates
Young
Broiler
R
e Efficacy
T
p of Moringa Oleifera r
l
(Malunggay) e
i
and a
c
t
a Eggshells m
t as an e
e n
Alternative
s t
Poultry
Feeds
Fig 1. Conceptual Framework

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Commercial feeds
In the study of Zakeri and Taghinejad-Roudbaneh (2013) they have stated that the
physical form of feed (mash, pellet and crumble) is a crucial factor in meat yield of
broiler. Different types of feed forms have been evolved in broiler production at the
present time. Various feed forms pellet, mash or crumbke that to be supplied to broiler are
the most important factor which directly influence the cost of mixed feed and production
performance of broiler. The major objective of poultry feeding is the conversion of
feedstuff iinto human food. Mash is a form of complete feed that is finely ground and
mixed so that birds cannot easily separate out ingredient;each mouthful provides a well
balanced diet. However, ground feed is not so palatable and does not retain their nutritive
value so well as ungrounded feed. [Mendes et al., 1995] showed that birds fed mash diets
had a better feed conversion efficiency that those given the pellet. [Proudfoot and Hulan,
1982] observed that the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) was significantly
higher for broiler fed on crumble-pellet or ground crumble-pellet form diet than for birds
fed on mash.
Alternative Feeds
Gadziraya(2014) in his study stated that there has been a decline in
chicken production in most of the developing countries.The limited availability and high
cost of cost of stock feeds that have not concomitantly with producer prices are partly
responsible for the decline. Small holder farmers have been using leaf meals as protein
sources in order to alleviate feed limitations in poultry production because Protein
sources are expensive and hence unaffordable to small holder farmer.

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Moreki et. al.(2014) have stated that livestock feed costs in developing
countries are a continuing challenge. The high and increasing prices for animal feeds
have compelled researchers in developing countries to direct their attention to non-
conventional feeds, with particular emphasis on protein substitutes (Gaia, 2005). Moringa
oleifera Lam is one of the 13 species of Moringaceae, which is native to India, Red Sea
and parts of Africa including Madagascar. Of these, M. oleifera is the most widely known
(Price, 2007). Moringa oleifera is among plants that can be integrated with livestock
production to increase feed quality and availability as it can be used as a cheap protein
supplement to improve digestibility of other diets. All plant parts can be used to feed
livestock. Moringa oleifera tree contains high crude protein (CP) in the leaves (251 g/kg
DM) and negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an
alternative source of protein to ruminants (Nouala et al., 2006) and non-ruminants.
Eggshell
Chicken eggshell waste is becoming an environmental concern due to its rapidly
increasing amount and high costs to dispose it. In particular, unprocessed eggshells are
considered a problem, as the protein-rich membrane attracts rats to landfills. Moreover,
the processing of eggshells is cumbersome and expensive, thus further increasing the
likelihood that chicken eggshells will be classified as waste. It is thus of increasing
interest to find valuable applications for unprocessed eggshells (Fecheyr-Lippens D.,
2017)
According to Hincke M.,et.al,2012, the egg is composed of central yolk
surrounded by the albumen(eggwhite), eggshell membranes, calcified and cuticle. The

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eggshell forms by controlled precipitation of calcium carbonate on the outer membrane
fibres, and occurs in the extracellular space between the dilated shell membranes that
envelope the hydrated albumen and the mucosa of the uterine wall.
In the research of King’ori A.M.,2011, eggshells contain calcium and trace
amounts of other micro elements, i.e. magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, Sulphur, silicon, and zinc. The composition of eggshell is approxinmately
98.2% calcium carbonate
Malungay oleifera(Malunggay)
In the study of Olugbemi et al. (2010), Moringa oleifera tree has probably been
one of the most underutilized tropical plants. It is a natural source of protein with great
potential. Studies revealed that it has a relatively high content crude protein of up to 28%.
While Yameogo et al, (2008) stated that Moringa oleifera leaves contained 27.2% protein,
5.9% moisture, 17.1% fat, and 38.6% carbohydrates. It has a low level of anti-nutrients in
the leave of moringa oleifera.
Abbas et al, (2013) study stated that the nutrients and minerals of moringa oleifera
leaves in the study of Abbas contains different percentage of nutrients. Moringa oleifera
leaves contained 27.2% protein, 5.9% moisture, 17.1 % fat, and 38.6% carbohydrates.
Anwar and Rashid noticed that on a dry matter basis, Moringa oleifera seeds contained
34.80% protein, 7.54% fiber, 8.90% moisture, and 6.53 ash contents.
According to the study of Daba M. (2016) Moringa oleifera is known as
“horseradish tree” or “drumstick tree”, native to India, is one of the best useful tree and
an enormous amount of benefits in the world. Numerous Research reports have appeared
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in different national and international scientific journals by studying its nutritional and
medicinal properties of Moringa over the past decades. Different reports show that due to
its multipurpose uses Moringa tree has recently grown attention in Ethiopia. Moringa
oleifera is a tree that is sometimes called a “Miracle Tree” because of all its parts are used
for nutritional, pharmacological properties. Moringa is a very valuable food crop (it is
highly nutritive, grows very fast and drought resistant) and even beyond food it serves
many benefits in developing countries such as having an ability to be used for some crafts
(due to being a tree) and cleaning water. The Moringa tree can also play an important role
in soil and water conservation and mitigating climate change.
According to Villafuerte and Villafurte-Abonal (2009) research reports, Moringa
contains full of vitamins and nutrients and therefore it is good to have as food for human
consumption and as food for animal’s consumption. Also it was reported that seeds
Moringa contain about between 30-40% oil, 82% unsaturated fatty acids and 13%
saturate fats.
According to Dawit et al.(2016) Moringa has multipurpose use, well adapted and
significant economic importance, as it has vital nutritional, industrial, and medicinal
applications. As reported by researchers in different countries, all parts of Moringa
oleifera (leaves, fruits, immature pods, and flowers) are combined into the traditional
food for human consumption.
Fernandez et. al(2012) Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the herbs
containing bioceutical agents that could substitute synthetic growth enhancers and
supplements in broiler and other livestock production. Some of the published studies
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pertaining to its potential involved the study of Lannaon (2007). He reported that
performance of Starbro broilers given with Malunggay (M. oleifera) leaf decoction,
revealed the improvement of feed consumption, daily weight gain, final weight and profit
compared to the control group. Furthermore, Du et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of
dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera on growth performance, blood
characteristics and immune response of Arbor acres strain broilers. It was found out that
increasing supplementation of Moringa oleifera
According to Meshram (2014) the Phytochemical screening of the Moringa
oleifera have shown the presence of phenols, flavonoids and saponins in the leaves and
seeds, alkaloids in the seeds, while tannins and phytosterols were absent in both seeds
and leaves.
Fig. 2.
Phytochemical Analysis of Moringa oleifera
As stated by Laxman (2016) Moringa is the sole genus in the flowering plant
family Moringaceae. This genus comprises 13 species, all of which are trees that grow in
tropical and sub-tropical climates. Every part of the Moringa oleifera tree, from the roots
to the leaves has beneficial properties. The plant was reported to contain various amino
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acids, Moringa Oleifera as highly potent anti- inflammatory (Ezeamuzle et al., 1996), and
hepatoprotective (Pari and Kumar, 2002). The leaves of the tree have been reported to
have an antioxidant activity due to the higher amount of polyphenols (Moyo el at., 2012;
Sreelatha and Padma, 2009). The leaf extract was found to regulate cholesterol level in
rats (Ghasi et al., 2000) The major component of essential oil in the Moringa leaf were
pentacosane, hexacosane, E- phytol and 1-(2,3,6trimethylphenyl) -2-butanone. The rapid
growth of human and livestock population creates increasing demands for food and
nutrition security. Therefore, the alternative feed resources must be identified and
evaluated (Olugbemi et al., 2010). Plant products have been used by humans for centuries
as sources of food and traditional medicine to treat diseases. Natural medicinal products
originating from herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for farm animals.
The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic,
ellagic and ferulic acid) and flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and rutin) in moringa.
Moringa oleifera leaves are a rich source of vitamins. Its leaf meal may be a promising
source of natural antioxidants for broiler meat. It also possesses antimicrobial activity due
to its principle component pterygospermin. The use of affordable alternative plant
materials that possess medicinal properties which can be used to replace the expensive
modern antibiotics in developing countries becomes a necessity. The nutritional and
medicinal property of Moringa oleifera leaves suggest it as a good option for the
replacement. Moringa oleifera leaf is rich in vitamins (especially vitamin A), amino
acids, energy, crude protein, low levels of tannins, trypsin and amylase inhibitors
(Makkar and Becker, 1996; 1997).

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Broiler Chicken
Broiler Chickens(Gallus Gallus Domesticus) is any chicken that is bred and raised
specifically for meat production.Many typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish
skin.Most commercial broilers reach slaughter-weight between four and seven weeks of
age,although slower growing breeds reach slaughter-weight at approximately 14 weeks of
age. The breeding stock(Broiler-Breeders)grow to maturity and beyond but also have
welfare issues related to the frustration of a high freeding motivation and beak
trimming.Broilers are usually grown as mixed-sex flocks in large sheds under intensive
conditions.
In the research of Shariatmadari et.al (2012), broiler chickens production has
undergone drastic Changes and development over last few decades.Constant
improvements in nutrition and genetic selection over the last two decades have have led
to a fast growth rate in modern broiler strains.
Chickens reared for meat are called broilers or broiler chickens. They originate
from the jungle fowl of the Indian Subcontinent. The broiler industry has grown due to
consumer demand for affordable poultry meat. Breeding for particular traits and
improved nutrition have been used to increase the weight of the breast-muscle.
Commercial broiler chickens are bred to be very fast growing in order to gain weight
quickly.
Broiler chicken are birds that have been genetically modified and developed to
grow very fast within a very short period of time when given the right kind of
management. (Awobajo O.K. ,2007)

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Young Broiler
Howard et.al, 2016 stated that, Young Broiler Chicks is an attractive
model for human obesity and childhood obesity in particular,due to its ability to
eat independently hatch,put on abdominal fat post-hatch and its similarities in
lipid metabolism.Broilers are an under-used but potentially valuable model
organism for studies of human obesity.Chickens rely on the liver for the majority
of their lipid synthesis, like humans.
Care and Management of the Experimental Broilers
About a week before the arrival of the chicks, all the facilities such as the
cages, feeders and waterers were cleaned and disinfected. Even the area where the
cage will be placed was cleaned.
The 36 three days of age broilers were brooded up for 14 days. A bulb was
turned on during day and night to keep them warm. The cage was closed
especially during night time to keep them warmer during cold nights. Old and
unused boxes were used as beddings during brooding to avoid damage to the feet
and legs of the chicks and as insulator. During brooding, feeds were put on two
feeders. For the first day until the 14 th day of brooding, before giving the broilers
with chick booster mash.
Efficacy
In the previous study of different researches about using moringa oleifera and
eggshell as an alternative feeds for broiler chicken states that there is an effect of using
organic alternative poultry feeds and commercial feeds to the growth performance and
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weight of the broiler chicks. In the study of Abbas et al.(2013), it states that the inclusion
of Moringa Oleifera leaf in amounts up to 6% in the diet of growing chicks to replace
expensive conventional protein sources has a no negative effects on the chickens.
Kakenji et al., Olugbemi et al. and Abou- Ekezz et al. agreed that the use of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal up to level of 10% had no negative effects on the productive
performanbce of chickens but, levels above that (15%-20%) are expected to produce
adverse effects. In contrast to these findings, Abbas et al. (2013) reported that level above
5% of Moringa oleifera leaf meal decreased broilers performance. Abbas and Ahmed
performed a experiment to study the effect of Moringa oleifera undecorticated seed
(MOUSP) in the broiler chicks. They concluded that 1.5% amount of MOUSP during
finisher outcomes the deleterious effect during starter period for the growth performance
of the broiler chickens. Several studies showed that animal performance could be
improved by dietary supplementation of Maoringa oleifera leaf (Mohammed et al. 2012).
The addition of Moringa oleifera leaf powder to the diets was associated with increased
weight in broilers ( Donkor et al. 2013). The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf wasc proven
to be dosage related and a higher supplementation level could lower animal performance
due to the increased concentration of anti- nutrient factors (such as saponins and phenols)
(Worku 2016).
According to the study of Melesse et al.(2013) the use of Moringa stenopetala leaf
meal in the diet of Rhode island red chicks produced significant (P<0.05) increase in the
average weight gain of the chicks. The chicks on 10-15% Moringa oleifera leaf meal
(MOLM) diet recordes similar but, significantly (p<0.05) lowers the weekly live body
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weight (WLBW) of the chicks. Stage of growth had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the
weekly weight gain of the chicks. Significant differences in WLBW were observed
between chicks fed on diet with 0% MOLM ant the rest of the treatments (Gadzirayi,
2012). The findins of the present study agreed with those of Du et al. (2007) who
reported no significant difference in the growth performance of the 3 weeks old broilers (
Arbor Acres) that were fed diet supplements with 5,10 and 20% levels of MOLM.
According to the results of the study Alok K. P. et al,2018 , different types of
commercially formulated feed increased body weight gain in T1 (quality feed), T2
(aftab feed) and T3 (mega feed) compared to T4 (control feed). Significantly higher mean
weight gain (19.06±0.89 g) was recorded in T3 (where mega feed used) over the other
treatments (p>0.05) and the lower mean weight gain (12.10±1.12 g) was recorded in T4
(where control feed used) as well as specific growth rate (T3, 1.25±0.08%, T4,
0.89±0.11%).
According to the study of Zakeri A. et al, 2013. Feed conversion ratios (FCR)
were no significant differences in 1and 2 week feed intake among the three dietary
groups. In 3-6 weeks the highest FCR were observed in mash and the lowest FCR were
observed in crumble among the entire group were significant differences (p<0.05).
There were significant differences in 1and 2 week feed intake among the three
dietary groups. In 3-6 weeks The highest feed intake were observed in pellet and the
lowest feed intake were observed in crumble and mash group. Among all of the group
were significant differences (Table5)(p<0.05).

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Average weight of birds of mash, pellet and crumble group in 1and 2 weeks of
age showed no significant differences. In 3 and 4 weeks most weight gain related to pellet
groups that were significant differences. In 5 and 6 weeks most Average weight gain were
related to crumble groups that were no significant differences (Table3 )(P<0.05).
Weight gain of birds of mash, pellet and crumble group in 1and 2 weeks of age
showed no significant differences. In 3-6 weeks most weight gain related to crumble
groups and was significant difference between mash and crumble group. But between
mash and pellet, crumble and pellet Weight gain of the birds did not differ significantly
(P<0.05).
Most of the studies have the different results about the signifant of using the
organic alternative feeds for the growth performance and weight of the chickens. But they
have a similarities on the effects of using Moringa oleifera and eggshell as an alternative
feeds for the chickens. Moringa oleifera and eggshell are both useful and effective as an
alternative food supply, it helps the people to conserve money in buying a poultry feeds.
The paradigm presented below is the overview of the study. This serves as the
guide on how the researchers will do and perform the process of the research. The
paradigm of the study presents a brief summary of the materials and methods the
researchers will need and will do. At the same time, it shows the expected output the
study will give.

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Input Process Output

36 THREE DAYS OF AGE FEEDING OF 36 YOUNG
BROILERS BROILER
USE OF ADDITIVE TO SAMPLING AND
POULTRY FEEDS
RECORDING
 Moringa oleifera
leaves(Malunggay)
ANALYSIS ON THE:
 Eggshells
a. Treatments
1. T1- commercial A. Survival Rate
poultry feeds
B. Weight Performance
2. T2-35% commercial b.1. Initil Weight EFFICACY OF
feeds and 75% b.2.Final Weight
MORINGA
alternative feeds b.3.Average Body
OLEIFERA
3. T3-50% commercial Weight
feeds and 50% b.4. Average Daily (MALUNGGAY)
alternative feeds Weight Gain AND AND
4. T4-100% alternative b.5. FCR EGGSHELLS AS AN
feeds ADDITIVE TO
C. Yield POULTRY FEEDS
MONTH/WEEKS OF
c.1. Total Sales
SAMPLING
NOV SAT SUN
3 4
10 11
17 18
24 25
DEC 1 2
3-DAY OLD BROILER
Fig. 3. Paradigm of the Study
Statement of the Problem

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The study determined the effects of the moringa oleifera leaves and eggshell as an
organic alternative poultry feeds.
Specifically, the study answered the following questions:
1. What is the survival rate of the broiler chickens?

2. What is the effect to the weight and growth performance of the broiler chickens
with the different parameters?

3. Is there a significant difference between and among the treatments on the growth
performance of broiler chicken?

4. What is the cost and return analysis of the broiler?
Definition of Terms
Some terms were used and utilized in this research. For a better understanding of
this research report, the following terms are operationally defined:
Additives. The added powedered malunggay and eggshell leaf meal in the poultry feed
formulations
Average body weight gain. It is the mean of the weight gained by the broilers
throughout the duration of the research.
Average daily weight gain. The mean of the weight gained by the broilers everyday
during the duration of the research.
Broiler. The dependent variable in the study and the medium to test the study.
Efficacy. The main objective of the study, to determine the efficacy of the raw materials
as an alternative poultry feeds.
Eggshell. A part of an egg that is utilized in the study as a raw ingredient for the
alternative feeds and n independent variable. It was utilized in the form of powder
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Feed conversion ratio. It is the amount of feeds given to the broilers.
Final weight. The weight of the broiler chicken after giving the formula end.
Initial weight. The weight of broiler chicken before giving the formula.
Moringa oleifera (Malunggay). A tropical plant which is a raw material in the study an
independent variable in the study. It is used in the form of powder.
Poultry Feeds. The food that the broilers eat during the duration of the study.
Survival rate. The percentage of the broiler chickens that ables to survive until the end
of the study.
Weight performance. The change in the weight of the broilers everyday, every week and
during the end of the course of the research.
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
The researchers are aiming to determine the effects of malunggay and eggshells as
an alternative poultry feeds. They are trying to know its efficacy compared to the
commercial poultry feed marketed in he industry. In order for them to obtain data, they
will use the experimental quantitative research design. According to Macin, experimental
research designs are the primary approach used to investigate causal (cause/ effect)
relationship and to study the relationship between one variable and another. This is a
traditional type of research that is quantitative in nature. In short, researchers use
experimental research to compare two or more groups on one or more measures. In these
design, one variable is manipulated to see if it has an effect on the other variable. She also
stated that, experimental designs are used in this way to answer the hypotheses. This
design will aid in the fulfillment of the aim of the researchers.
Sampling
The sampling was conducted on a total of 36 broilers. The broilers were
distributed equally on 12 equally measured cages. Each cage contained 3 broilers. The
sampling was done by a Complete Randomized Design. This design is the simplest in
terms of data analysis and convenience. This design relies on randomization to control for
the effects of extraneous variables. The experimenter assumes that, on average,
extraneous factors will affect treatment conditions equally; so any significant differences
between conditions can fairly be attributed to the independent variables.

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Below is the experimental set-up to show how the cages were arranged and how
the chicks were fed. The treatments were scattered and were not beside a treatments the
same with it. This is to avoid confusion during sampling.
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

T - 37.5 % maulnggay
3
T - 25 % malunggay
2
leaves, 37.5% eggshells
T - 100% commercial
1 leaves, 25% eggshells and 25% commercial
poultry feeds and 50% commercial feeds
feeds
3
T - 25 % malunggay leaves, 37.5% eggshells T - 50% moringa

2
leaves, 25% eggshells and 25% commercial

4
oleifera leaves and 50%

and 50% commercial feeds
eggshells
feeds
3
leaves, 37.5% eggshells T - 50% moringa

4
and 25% commercial T - 100% commercial

oleifera leaves and 50% 1
feeds poultry feeds

eggshells
T - 25 % malunggay
T - 50% moringa 2
4
T - 100% commercial
1 leaves, 25% eggshells
oleifera leaves and 50%
poultry feeds and 50% commercial
eggshells
feeds
Fig. 4. Experimental Set-up
Materials and Procedures
Materials
The following materials are used perform the experimental research.
Broiler
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The broiler is the main variable in the study. It will serve as the dependent
variable. The effectiveness of the formulas will be tested on the broilers through trials and
treatments. Broiler according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is the common domestic
fowl(Galls gallus) especially when young. In this study, 36 broilers will be used to
answer the main problem. The broilers are preferably 3 days old upon obtaining.
Moringa oleifera(Malunggay)
The moringa oleifera is the independent variable in this study. This raw ingredient
will be utilized as an alternative poultry feeds. In the study of Abbas(2016), he said that
Moringa oleifer is a widely grown crop in india, Ethiopia, Philippines and Sudan. The
tree is being grown in west, east and South Afria and in tropical Asia, Latin America , and
the carrabean, Florida and the Pacific Islands.
The leaves of the plant was the part that was used in the research. It was used as a
mixture for the alternative poultry feeds. It was dried under the sun and was pulverized
fine enough for the broilers to consume.
Eggshells
The eggshell is also an independent variable. This will be added to the malunggay
leaves to serve as an alternative poultry feeds. Eggshells according to the Collins
Dictionary an eggshell is the hard covering outside of an egg. According to
King’ori(2011) eggshells are of high calcium. This means feeding the chickens their own
eggshells can suppy them the calcium contents they need.

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The eggshells were cleaned after being collected to remove any unwanted dirt.
Like the malunggay leaves, it was crushed and pulverized finely for the consumption of
the broilers.
Water
Water is an essential nutrient in life. In this study, water will not be used as a main
material but will be used to satisfy the water needed by the chickens. As stated in
Backyard Chicken Coops, typically, a mature chicken will drink approximately . 5 liters
of water each day in temperature weather, even as much as a 1 full liter in warmer
weather.
Poultry feeds(Commercial)
The poultry feed is also used in this study. This will be compared to the
alternative poultry feeds formula of the researchers. A poultry feed according to the
internet is a food for farm poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese and other domestic
birds.
Cage
A number of 12 cages will be used in this study. A cage is where the chickens will
be paced. 3 chicken will be placed in each cage for a trial and treatment.
Weighing Scale
The weighing schale will be used to weigh the chicken and check for any changes
in their weight for every scheduled sampling.
Vernier Caliper
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A Vernier Caliper will be used to measure the width and height of the chicken.
The wingspan will also be measured using the same tool.
Feeding trays
Each chicken will have a feeding tray. The feeding tray is what the researchs will
use in order to feed the chicken properly.
Water Dispenser
A water dispenser will be used to supply water to all the chickens. Each cage will
have 1 water dispenser.
Procedure
This procedures will be followed by the researchers and will be carried though out
the study.
Preparation of Cages and Choosing a site
The researchers prepared 12 cages of the same dimension. Each cage was
measured 1mx1m to allow the chickens to move. The researchers labeled each of the
cages according to what trial and treatment it is. Each of the cages had 1 water dispenser
and 3 feeding trays for 3 chickens. Ventilation and source of heat were also a part of
preparing the cages. The researchers placed the cages in a place that it is well ventilated
and not to hot. A bulb was used as a source of heat for the broiler. The site of the study
will preferably be a wide space to contain all cages. It is also preffered that it is away
from houses to avoid complains of foul smell and noise from the chickens. The
researchers decided to choose Brgy. Sinapangan Sur, Bangar, La Union as the research
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site because the breeze is not hot as the other considered sites and also, the site was wide
enough to be the location of the research.
Making of the Additive Poultry Feeds
The researchers gathered and collected malunggay leaves and eggshells enough to
supply 36 chickens. After doing so, the malunggay leaves were dried under the sun. The
collected eggshells were washed with cold water and removing the shell membrane is
optional. After washing it, the eggshells were left to dry. There is no need to blow dry or
bake the eggshells, air drying is enough to dry the eggshells. After the two raw
ingredients were dried, they were crushed and pulverized. For the eggshells, it is
necessary for it to be finely milled, in order to avoid choking as it is being consumed by
the fowl. As the broilers age day by day, their demand for feeds got higher so the
crushing of malunggay leaves and eggshells were done every week. Every after crushing,
next batch of malunggay leaves are dried under the sun. Also, the researchers asked their
neighbors for eggshells to aid in the supplication of the raw material
The alternative poultry feeds will be mixed with commercial feeds with the
following ratio:
a. T - 100% commercial poultry feeds

1
b.T - 25 % malunggay leaves, 25% eggshells and 50% commercial feeds

2
c.T - 37.5 % maulnggay leaves, 37.5% eggshells and 25% commercial feeds
3
d.T - 50% malunggay leaves and 50% eggshells

4
Obtaining Broilers
After all of the materials were ready, the researchers obtained the broilers. A total
of 36 broilers were needed. Each cage contained 3 broilers. The researchers got broilers
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from a poultry farm owner who sells hatched chicks. They got chickens that were all of
the same age, weight and preferably of the same size. The age of chickens were3 days
old upon obtaining. The broilers were made sure that all of them were of the same age to
avoid discrepancy when obtaing the results.
Acclimation Period
The broilers were fed with starter feeds during the acclimation period. They were
fed 3 times a day and given water three times a day also. A light bulb was used to be a
source of heat for the broilers. A used tent was used to cover the cage especially during
the cold nights. During the acclimation period the weight of the chicks during the first
day the researchers got them, at the age of 3 days old, the weight varies from 35-45
grams. The length of the chicks during this age is from 100-110 mm. The width is from
41- 44 mm. While the measure of both the left and right wing is from 40- 42 mm. At the
age of 6 days old. The weight of the chicks ranges from 50 to 90 grams. The length is
from 113- 118 mm. The width is from44-49 mm. Both the left and right wing ranges from
46-47 mm.
Feeding Process
Before subjecting the broilers to the formulated feeds, they were first brooded.
For their 3 days of age to 10 days of age, they were given Starter feeds, it was in the
brand Integra 1000. The giving of feeds with the additives started at their 11 days of age.
During the 11 days of age to 18 days of age of the broilers, they were given Broiler
Grower Feeds, Integra 2000 mixed with the malunggay leaves and eggshells. At the 19
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days of age to 26 days of age of the chickens, they were given Broiler Finisher Feeds,
Integra 3000. The Treatment 3 that does need any feeds, they were give the full formula,
mixture of malunggay leaves and eggshells.
The broilers will be fed once in the morning and once in the afternoon. No cage
was given feeds earlier than the others. They were all feed at the same time. The young
broilers will be fed with the formula at the age of 15 days old. each trial will be fed
differently. There will be 4 treatments in this study:
T -commercial poultry feeds

1
T - 25 % malunggay leaves, 25% eggshells and 50% commercial feeds

2
T - 37.5 % maulnggay leaves, 37.5% eggshells and 25% commercial feeds

3
T - 50% malunggay leaves and 50% eggshells

4
Each trial for every treatment will be fed by the formula stated above. The time of
feeding everyday will be recorded.
Sanitation
The sanitation was also one of the vital processes in this research. The cages, as
well as the feeding trays and water dispensers were sanitized. Cages were cleaned in
order for the broilers not to ingest their own waste. Feeding trays and water dispensers
were cleaned every before feeding for a reason that it accumulated dirt while it was left
unused. Cleaning time was everyday of the cages was everyday. One in the morning
before the broilers were fed and also in the afternoon, before feeding the broilers.
Parameters
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This research also had considered some parameters. Feeding time, amount of
feeds given, amount of water given and temperature were the parameters considered in
this research.
Feeding Time
The feeding time of the chickens were strictly followed. All the broilers in each
cages were fed only twice during the whole day. They were fed once in the morning,
especifically 6:00-7:00 A.M and once in the afternoon, 4:00-5:00 P.M. They were feed
all on the same time to avoid bias results on each treatment. Disregarding this parameter
can bring a discrepancy to the results obtained by the researchers. What is the cost and
return analysis of the broiler?
Amount of Feeds Given
The amount of feeds give for each cage are all in the same measurements. The
researchers made sure that no cage has a lesser or greater amount of feeds given. This
was considered as a parameter because this may cause a great effect in the results in case
it was not followed. For the 1st week, each of the cages were given 60 grams of feeds. For
the 2nd week, they were given 120 grams, 180 grams for the 3 rd week and 240 grams for
the last week. The amount of feeds given for each cage increases to suffice the needs of
the chickens as they grow each day. The increase in the amount of feeds were applied to
all the cages.
Amount of Water Given

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Like for the feeds, the amount of water were all in the same measurements for
each cage. This may also cause a drastic change in the results if water given for each cage
is not equal. The amount of water also changes for each week because the need of the
broilers also increases. The need for water changes faster for each week changes because
they need to be more hydrated than the other week because broilers also needs to be
hydrated. Lack of water especially during the hotter days of the week may cause death to
the broiler according to the supplier of the broilers.
Temperature
Temperature was also a parameter because most of the time, temperature is one of
the causes why broilers die. The researchers made sure that the temperature are fit for the
broilers to survive and not die. In the research site, the temperature ranges from 21 ⁰C-
28⁰C. For the whole duration of the conduct of the study, no broilers died because of
temperature.
Sampling
The sampling will be every Saturday. The sampling every weekend will be
conducted to see the changes in the weight and growth of the broiler. On the first
sampling day, the young broiler will be 15 days old. For the second sampling, the
samples will be 22 days old. The third sampling, the age of the broiler will be 29 days old
and for the last day of sampling, the broiler will be 36 days old. At each scheduled
sampling, the broilers will be weighed in to check for any changes in their weight and at
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the same time, they will be measured in terms of their length, width and the length of the
left and right wing to record any changes in their growth performance.
Flow Chart
The research flow chart shows the flow of the study. In the flow chart, it states the
steps the researchers must do in order to come up with the study. It contains the research
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site and the research design. It is a brief summary of the methodology of the study. It
summarizes the procedure. It contains the process and the means to perform the process.
This guides the researchers to determine the process easily.
EXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
COLLECTION OF BRGY.SINAPANGAN SUR

BROILERS BANGAR,LA UNION
TRANSFER OF
ACCLIMATION
BROILERS
FEEDING FORMULA
SAMPLING(WEEKLY) DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS OF DATA ANALYSIS

VARIANCE
(ANOVA)
SELLING
Fig. 5. Research Flow chart
Analysis of Data
The study entitled “The Efficacy of Moringa oleifera and Eggshell as an
alternative feeds for broiler chicken” was conducted as a randomized sampling design
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with four treatments. Data will be analyzed using Non-parametric. These are the growth
performance, and weight of the broiler chicken.
The obtained data were used to calculate the growth performance in weight of the
broilers and percentage survival. And in the study of Rash N. et; al (2014)
% Survival = 100(Final total number of broilers / Initial total number of broilers)
And in getting the body weight gain (BWG) of the broilers, the formula of Lagua
E. B. (2015) was used.
BWG = Final weight of the broilers – Initial weight of broilers
FCR= Feed Intake/week/Average body weight gain
To analyze the obtained data, the researchers will use several independent random
samples and can be used as a non-parametic alternative to the one way ANOVA.
(statsdirect.com) It is also a rank-based nonparametric rest that can be used to determine
if there are statistically significant difference between two or more groups of an
independent variable. (statistics.laerd.com)
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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In this chapter, the results in tables were presented and was further discussed for
better understanding of the outcome of the research study. The discussions were based on
the questions that the research hopes to answer.
The survival rate of the broiler.
Table 1. Mean Survival Rate of Broilers

Treatment Initial Number of Stock Final Number of Stock Survival Rate (%)
T1 3 3 100%
T2 3 3 100%
T3 3 3 100%
T4 3 2 66.67%
Table 1 shows the mean survival rate of the broilers in different formulations. This
shows that all the replicates from Treatments 1 with commercial poultry feeds, Treatment
2 with 25 % malunggay leaves, 25% eggshells and 50% commercial feeds and Treatment
3 with 37.5 % maulnggay leaves, 37.5% eggshells and 25% commercial feeds all
survived having a 100 % survirate rate. No cases of death were reported by the
researchers. This infers that broilers fed with formulations combined with commercial
feeds provide better survival performance and can still guarantee a 100% survival for the
broilers. However, Treatment 4 with 50% malunggay and 50% eggshells, one broiler died
out of 9 resulting with 66.67% survival rate.
The formulation of the commercial feeds and the additive feeds can assure a
100% survival rate for the broilers. The broilers fed with additive survived like those with
those commercially fed broilers. However, the recorded death of one broiler indicates that
pure additive feeds cannot assure a 100% survival rate for the broilers.
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In the study conducted by Al-Bahouh et. al.(2016), that there was no mortality
rate throughout the conduct of the research. It means that all of the broilers in his study
survived. This research is almost similar to the results of the result done by the
researchers. This can be be further explained by the fact that the survival of broilers were
also dependent to other parameters such as quality of water, stocking rates, temperature
and food supply.
The results imply that the broilers can able to live well with the different
formulations of malungay and egg shell as feed additives.
The growth performance of the broiler chickens with the different parameters.
Table 2. Growth Performance of the broiler chicken

Parameters T1 (g) T2 (g) T3 (g) T4 (g)
Initial Weight 360.00 360.01 359.99 363.33
Final Weight 4666.67 4056.67 4490 3016.67
Body Weight Gain 4306.67 3696.66 4130.01 2653.34
Average Daily Gain 123.05 105.62 118.00 75.81
Feed Consumption 840 840 840 840
FCR 0.79 0.91 0.81 1.27
The table above reflects that in the initial weight, there is not much difference
with the mean result in the initial weight of the broilers. The commercial feed in
treatment 1 is still more efficient in the growth performance of broiler chicken in terms of
the final weight, body weight gain and average daily gain. This was followed by broiler
chicken fed with treatment 3 with a mean of 4490.00 grams, 4130.01 grams, and 118.00
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and the least was in treatment 4 with a mean of 3016.67, 2653.34 and 75.8 grams,
respectively. While, the feed consumption of all the broiler chickens were all the same
with a mean value of 840 grams. Lastly, the food conversion ratio shows that treatment 4
has the highest mean value of 1.27, and the least was treatment1. This only shows that
broiler chickens fed with the three formulated treatments are able to grow like the
commercially fed. The growth performance of the broilers as to final weight, average
body weight gain, average daily weight feed consumption and FCR can be supported by
the study of Laxman (2016) on the phytochemical analysis of Moringa oleifera that the
presence of phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic and ferulic acid) and flavonoids
(kaempferol, quercetin and rutin) in moringa. Moringa oleifera leaves are a rich source of
vitamins. Its leaf meal may be a promising source of natural antioxidants for broiler meat.
It also possesses antimicrobial activity due to its principle component pterygospermin.
The use of affordable alternative plant materials that possess medicinal properties which
can be used to replace the expensive modern antibiotics in developing countries becomes
a necessity. The nutritional and medicinal property of Moringa oleifera leaves suggest it
as a good option for the replacement. Moringa oleifera leaf is rich in vitamins (especially
vitamin A), amino acids, energy, crude protein, low levels of tannins, trypsin and amylase
inhibitors (Makkar and Becker, 1996; 1997).
On the otherhand, the efficacy of the eggshells can be proven by the study in the
research of King’ori A.M.,2011, eggshells contain calcium and trace amounts of other
micro elements, i.e. magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur,
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silicon, and zinc. The composition of eggshell is approxinmately 98.2% calcium
carbonate.
Furthermore, the above findings demonstrate that the commercial broiler feeds are
more efficient in the performance growth of broiler due to the fact that commercial feeds
has more complete nutrients present. However, the findings also demonstrate that
treatment 3 with 75% additive and 25% commercial feeds gives a positive result that is
closely related to the commercial feeds. This implies that malunggay and eggshell can be
an effecitive feed additives on the growth performance of the broilers as to final weight,
average body weight gain, and average daily weight gain.
The analysis of variance between the growth performance of the broiler and the
different parameters.
Table 3. Analysis of variance on the initial weight of the broiler

Anova Result F Sig.
Between Groups 0.040 0.989
Initial Weight Within Groups
Total
** significant difference at 0.05 level
The mean differences of the initial weight of the broilers were analyzed using the
analysis of variance. As gleaned on the table 3, the results in initial weight of the broilers
revealed no significant difference with a result of 0.989 and a computed f value of 0.040,
between and among the different treatments on the initial weight of the broiler chicken
which had led to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This can be explained that the
selection of the weight of the broiler chicks were of the same age, same weight and that
the broilers were all fed during the acclimation time.

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As shown on the table 4, the final weight of the broiler has a computed f value of
13.035 and a sig. value of 0.002 at 0.05 level of significance which means that there is a
significant difference between and among the different treatments on the final weight of
the broiler that led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis stated that
there is no significant difference between and among the treatments of the final weight of
the broilers. This explained that the broilers fed with malunggay and eggshell as an
additive have an effect to the final weight of the broilers. The outcome can be explained
by the fact that the broilers were fed all during the same time but differ in feed ratios of
malunggay as an additives feeds.
Table 4. Analysis of variance on the final weight of the broiler

Anova Result F Sig.
Final Weight Within Groups
Total
** significant difference at 0.05 level
However, in the study of Olugbemi et al. (2010) on effects of moringa ( moringa
oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chickens, inclusion level of
MOLM did not differ significantly in terms of the final body weight of the broiler it was
concluded that broilers could be safely fed cassava with MOLM at maximum level of
5% without deleterious effects.
Result of tukey test on significant difference on final weight of the broilers.

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Table 5. Summary on the result of the Post Hoc Tukey test of the final weight of the
broiler
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 --- 0.230 0.926 0.002
T2 0.230 --- 0.482 0.029
T3 0.926 0.482 --- 0.004
T4 0.002 0.029 0.004 ---
Significant differences further analyzed using the post hoc tukey test on the final
weight of the broilers. Table shows that significant differences existed on T1 (100%
commercial feeds), T2( 50% commercial and 50% additive), T3 (25% commercial and
75% additive), T4 ( 100% additive) between T1 and T4, T2 and T4, T3 and T4, T4 and
T1, T4 and T2 and lastly T4 and T3. On the other hand, no significant difference is seen
between the treatments; T1 and T2, T1 and T3, T2 and T1, T2 and T3, T3 and T1 and
lastly, T3 and T2.
Table 6. Analysis of variance on the body weight gain of the broiler

Anova Result F Sig.
Body Weight
Within Groups
Gain
Total
**significant difference at 0.05 level
Table 6 illustrates the analysis of variance of average body weight gain of the
broiler. It indicates that there is highly significant differences between and among the
treatments of average body weight gain of the broilers with the result of f value with
12.574 and sig. value of 0.002 at the p(<0.05) level of significance which led to the
rejection of the null hypothesis which state that there is no significant difference between
among the treatments to the average body weight gain of the broilers. The acceptance of
the alternative hypothesis denotes that between and among the groups difference is
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visible and were varied among the different treatments. It concludes that malungay and
eggshell gives a lot of nutrients to the body of humans also, additive using malungay and
eggshell is effective in providing nutrients for the chicken.
This implies that there is a great difference on the growth performance of broiler
in terms of mass as affected by the four treatments.
Result of tukey test on significant difference on average body weight gain of the
broilers.
Table 7. Summary on the result of the Post Hoc Tukey test of to the Average body weight
gain of the broiler
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 --- 0.243 0.93 0.002
T2 0.243 --- 0.498 0.032
T3 0.93 0.498 --- 0.005
T4 0.002 0.032 0.005 ---
Table 7 display the post hoc tukey test to the average body weight gain of the
broiler. The significant differences was existed on T1(100% commercial feeds) and
T4(100% additive), T2(50% commercial and 50% additive) and T4, T3( 25% commercial
and 75% additive) and T4, T4 and T1, T4 and T2, T4 and T3 had a significant difference
between the treatments. And on the other hand, the remaining treatments had no
significant difference, T1 and T2, T1 and T3, T2 and T1, T2 and T3.
This suggests that for the body weight gain, most resulted to having significant
difference among the groups.
As what the table 8 shows, the variance on the average daily weight gain of the
broiler which is f value of 12.574 and sig. of 0.002 had a significant difference between
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and among the different treatments. This led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This
can be explicated by the point that the broilers were fed with different formulations that
may have different effects on the daily weight gain of the broiler chickens.
Table 8. Analysis of variance on the Average daily weight gain of the broiler
Anova Result F Sig.
Average Daily
Within Groups
Weight Gain
Total
**significant difference at 0.05 level
The result indicates that the addition of Moringa Oleifera on the broiler feeds was
significantly influence the broilers average daily weight gain. The results conforms to the
findings of Fernandez et al. (2002) in his study on efficacy of calcium fosfomycin for the
treatment for the experimental infections of broiler chickens with Escherichia coli
078:K80 that the average daily weight of the broiler had no effect and its significant level
is higher than p(0.05). However, on the other studies like the study of Paguia et al. (2014)
and Olugbemi et al (2010) observed the reduction in performance of broiler at inclusion
level of MOLM.
This implies that for the average daily weight gain, the addition of malunggay and
eggshells as an additive to poultry feeds is effective.
Result of tukey test on significant difference on Average daily weight gain of the
broilers
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As can be seen on table 9 to the post hoc tukey test to the average daily weight of
the broilers, treatments that resulted to having significant difference are T1 and T4, T2
and T4, T3 and T4, T4 and T1, T4 and T2 and lastly, T4 and T3. On the other hand, no
significant difference can be perceived in T1 and T2, T1 and T3, T2 and T1, T2 and T3,
T3 and T1, and lastly on T3 and T2. This entails that on the average daily weight gain of
the broilers, it resulted to having equal results.
Table 9. Summary on the result of the Post Hoc Tukey test to the Average daily weight
of the broiler
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 --- 0.244 0.93 0.002
T2 0.244 --- 0.498 0.032
T3 0.93 0.498 --- 0.005
T4 0.002 0.032 0.005 ---
Table 10. Analysis of variance on the FCR of the broiler
Anova Result F Sig.

FCR Between Groups 5.315 0.026
Within Groups
Total
**significant diffirence at 0.05 level
Table 10 shows the variance on the FCR of the broilers, it verifies that the FCR
had statistically significant difference between and among the different treatments of the
broilers. With the result of sig. value of 0.026 and f value of 5.315 which is lower to the
significant level p(0.05), this led to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
The result of present study was opposite to the outcome presented by Olugbemi
et al. (2010) who reported the low performance of the broilers at the increasing level of
MOLM. Also to the study of Paguia et al. (2014) who reported no significant difference.
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The study implies that for the Feed Consumption Ratio, it was effective and is
acceptable to be fed and given for the broiler as a part of their diet.
Result of tukey test on significant difference on FCR of the broilers
As shown on Table 11 that shows the summary on the result of the Post Hoc
Tukey, treatments that having a significant difference are T1 and T4, T3 and T4, T4 and
T1, T4 and T3. On the other hand, treatments with no significant difference T1 and T2,
T1 and T3, T2 and T1 and T2 and T3, T3 and T1, T3 and T2, T4 and T2.
Table 11. Summary on the result of the Post Hoc Tukey test to the FCR of the broiler
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 --- 0.836 0.996 0.029
T2 0.836 --- 0.921 0.095
T3 0.996 0.921 --- 0.039
T4 0.029 0.095 0.039 ---
The economical analysis of the Moringa oleifera and eggshells as an additive to
poultry feeds
Table 12. Return of Investment of using moringa oleifera and eggshell as an additive to
poultry feeds
Expenditures(PHP) T1 T2 T3 T4
Total Sales 2,081 1,387 1,999 1,095

EXPENDITURES
Cost of Chicks 315 315 315 315
Feed Cost 1058 529 256 0
Total Expenditures 1373 844 571 315
Net Income(gain) 708 543 1428 780
Return of Investment 51.57% 64.34% 250.09% 246.62%
46
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
In this table, the return of investment using moringa olefeira and eggshell as an
additive to the poultry feed was calculated in each treatment to perceive the total profit
and expenditures.
As gleaned on the table above, T1 had the highest total expenditure of Php 1,373
and total sales at Php 2,081. And, in terms to the return of investment and net income T3
was the highest with the net income of Php 1,428 and return of investment of 250.09%
While the lowest total expenditure and total sales was found at T4 with the total
expenditure of Php 315 and total sales of Php 1,095. T2 had the lowest net income of Php
708 and T1 was lowest to the return of investment at 51.57%. The net income gain of
different treatments was totaled and as aresult, T3 establish the greatest net income at Php
1,428 followed by the T4 which is nearly similar to T1 and the least net income was gain
at T2 with Php 508. The table informs that T3 was more efficient additive in terms of the
cost and return investment.
From the results on the return of investment of using moringa oleifera and
eggshell as an additive to poultry feeds, it is likewise to the economic analysis of Lagua
(2015) showed that the highest return per head of the bird was in T3 and slight difference
was observed in T1.
This implies that for the Return of Investment it exceeded to 100%. Most of the
treatments applied tends to gain profit with T3 having the highest net income. This shows
that the poultry feeds with the mixture of the malunggay leaves and eggshells can
effectively yield a poultry that will give the vendors a higher profit but with a lesser
expense.
47
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Chapter IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS

48
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations drawn
from the findings of the research.
Summary:
1. Three formulations, specifically T1(100%commercial feeds), T2(50%commercial
feeds, 25% Moringa oleifera and 25% eggshells) and especially T3(25%
commercial feeds, 37.5% Moringa oleifera and 37.5% eggshells) tends to have
100% of survival rate and only one treatment, T4(50% Moringa oleifera and 50%
eggshells) having 66.67% of survival rate.

2. The result only shows that the broiler chickens fed in Treatment 3 (T3) are able to
grow comparable to the commercial feeds.

3. Among the 6 parameters, only 1 resulted to having no significant difference which
is the initial weight and all 5 namely the final weight, body weight gain, average
daily gain, feed consumption and FCR resulted to a significant difference between
and among the treatments.

4. The cost and return analysis of the broiler chickens shows that T3 (25%
commercial feeds, 37.5% Moringa oleifera and 37.5% eggshells). Thus, it is the
best formulation to the cheap additive poultry feeds compared to the expensive
commercial feeds sold in the market and the gain from the treatments: T1=Php
708, T2=Php 543, T3=Php 1419, T4=Php780.
Conclusions:
49
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
1. Moringa oleifera(Malunggay)Leaves and Eggshells as an additive to poultry
feeds show that broilers chickens can survive even in different feed
concentrations.
2. Moringa oleifera(Malunggay)Leaves and Eggshells as an added to poultry feeds
shows that the growth performance of the broiler chickens are effective and
enhance the growth performance of the broiler chickens

3. With different concentrations, the broiler chickens significantly varied in terms of
the growth performance.

4. Moringa oleifera and eggshells as an additive feeds for broilers is economically
feasible.
Recommendations:
1. The researchers recommend that the number of broilers and replicates used for the
study must be increased.

2. Subject the broilers to other growth parameters for more efficient and productive
results.
3. The Moringa oleifera and eggshells can be used as additive to poultry feeds.
Thus, Moringa oleifera and eggshell can be added to commercial feeds in feeding
broilers.
4. Further researchers may use other concentrations to test the effectivity of the
malunggay and eggshell feed additive.
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APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letters
Republic of the Philippines

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
South Cluster – Tagudin Campus
Quirino, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Laboratory High School
Quantitative Research
Applied Research 2
September 27,2018
FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

Assistant Principal, LHS
56
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
ISPSC Tagudin Campus

Quirino, Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Ma’am:
Greetings with a breeze of love!
The undersigned researchers wish to conduct their experimental quantitative

research entitled “Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaves(Malunggay) and Eggshells as
an Alternative Poultry Feeds”.
With this matter, we humbly request your good office to allow us to conduct our
research. This study is in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the subject, Applied
Research 2.
You approval will surely bring completion and success in the pursuit of our study.
Respectfully yours,
Shane Audrey O. Lardizabal
Nelia O. Anaen
Jayrold L. Dimapasoc
Chester John P. Napoles
Noted:
Maria Denise Lou C. Aguilan

Research Adviser
Approved:
Femarie M. Capistrano,MALL
LHS Asst. Principal
57
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Republic of the Philippines

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
South Cluster – Tagudin Campus
Laboratory High School
Quantitative Research
Applied Research 2
September 27,2018
FEMARIE M. CAPISTRANO, MALL

Assistant Principal, LHS
58
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
ISPSC Tagudin Campus

Quirino, Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Ma’am:
The undersigned researchers wish to ask permission to bring gadgets such as

cellphones and laptops and use them during their vacant time for the conduct of their
experimental quantitative research entitled “Efficacy of Moringa oleifera
leaves(Malunggay) and Eggshells as an Alternative Poultry Feeds”.
With this matter, we humbly request your good office to allow us to bring gadgets
for our research. This study is in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the subject,
Applied Research 2.
You approval will surely bring completion and success in the pursuit of our study.
Respectfully yours,
Shane Audrey O. Lardizabal
Nelia O. Anaen
Jayrold Dimapasoc
Chester John Napoles
Researchers
Noted:
Maria Denise Lou C. Aguilan

Research Adviser
Approved:
Femarie M. Capistrano,MALL
LHS Asst. Principal
59
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Appendix B
List of Tables
Table 13. Sampling Calendar for October
OCTOBER
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
28 29 30 31
3 days 4 days 5 days
ACCLIMATION PERIOD
Table 14. Sampling Calendar for November
NOVEMBER
1 2 3
6 days 7 days 8 days
ACCLIMATION PERIOD
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 days 10 days 11 days 12 days 13 days 14 days 15 days

INITIAL
AC C LI MAT I O N PE R I O D
SAMPLING
11 12 13 14 15 16 17

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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
1st
ST
1 W E E K O F G I V I N G T H E F O R M U LA
SAMPLING
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
2nd
ND
2 W E E K O F G I V I N G T H E F O R M U LA
SAMPLING
25 26 27 28 29 30
30 days 31 days 32 days 33 days 34 days 35 days
3RD W E E K O F G I V I N G T H E F O R M U L A
Table 15. Sampling Calendar for December
DECEMBER
1
36 days
3rd
SAMPLIN
G
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LA S T W E E K O F G I V I N G T H E F O R M U LA
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
44 days 45 days
LAST 4th &FINAL
WEEK SAMPLIN
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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
Table 16. Growth Performance of the Broiler Chicken

Ave. Feed
Treatmen Daily Consumpti
ts Initial Final Body weight Weight on FCR
0.6
1 123.33 1516.67 1393.34 39.81 840 0
0.6
1 120 1530 1410 40.29 840 0
0.5
1 116.67 1620 1503.33 42.95 840 6
0.2
360 4666.67 4306.67 123.05 840 0
1555.55 0.5
120 7 1435.556667 41.02 840 9
0.7
2 126.67 1326.67 1200 34.29 840 0
0.6
2 116.67 1336.67 1220 34.86 840 9
0.6
2 116.67 1393.33 1276.66 36.48 840 6
0.2
360.01 4056.67 3696.66 105.62 840 3
120.003 1352.22 0.6
3 3 1232.22 35.21 840 8
0.6
3 123.33 1483.33 1360 38.86 840 2
0.6
3 113.33 1516.67 1403.34 40.10 840 0
3 123.33 1490 1366.67 39.05 840 0.6
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1
0.2
359.99 4490 4130.01 118.00 840 0
119.996 1496.66 0.6
7 7 1376.67 39.33 840 1
1.3
4 123.33 766.67 643.34 18.38 840 1
0.9
4 123.33 1033.33 910 26.00 840 2
0.7
4 116.67 1216.67 1100 31.43 840 6
0.3
363.33 3016.67 2653.34 75.81 840 2
1005.55 0.9
121.11 7 884.4466667 25.27 840 5
Table 17. Anova Result of the Growth Parameters

Anova Result F Sig.
Initial weight Between 0.040 0.989

Groups
Within Groups
Total
Final weight Between 13.035 0.002
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Average body weight gain Between 12.574 0.002
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Average dailygain Between 12.574 0.002
Groups
Within Groups
Total
FCR Between 5.315 0.026
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Table 18. Post Hoc Tukey Test Result

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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable Mean Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence
Difference (I- Interval
J) Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Finalweight 1.00 2.00 203.33333 96.58001 0.230 -105.9499 512.6165
3.00 58.89000 96.58001 0.926 -250.3932 368.1732
4.00 550.00000* 96.58001 0.002 240.7168 859.2832
2.00 1.00 -203.33333 96.58001 0.230 -512.6165 105.9499
3.00 -144.44333 96.58001 0.482 -453.7265 164.8399
4.00 346.66667* 96.58001 0.029 37.3835 655.9499
3.00 1.00 -58.89000 96.58001 0.926 -368.1732 250.3932
2.00 144.44333 96.58001 0.482 -164.8399 453.7265
4.00 491.11000* 96.58001 0.004 181.8268 800.3932
4.00 1.00 -550.00000* 96.58001 0.002 -859.2832 -240.7168
2.00 -346.66667* 96.58001 0.029 -655.9499 -37.3835
3.00 -491.11000* 96.58001 0.004 -800.3932 -181.8268
averagebodyweightgain 1.00 2.00 203.33667 98.54305 0.243 -112.2329 518.9062
3.00 58.88667 98.54305 0.930 -256.6829 374.4562
4.00 551.11000* 98.54305 0.002 235.5405 866.6795
2.00 1.00 -203.33667 98.54305 0.243 -518.9062 112.2329
3.00 -144.45000 98.54305 0.498 -460.0195 171.1195
4.00 347.77333* 98.54305 0.032 32.2038 663.3429
3.00 1.00 -58.88667 98.54305 0.930 -374.4562 256.6829
2.00 144.45000 98.54305 0.498 -171.1195 460.0195
4.00 492.22333* 98.54305 0.005 176.6538 807.7929
4.00 1.00 -551.11000* 98.54305 0.002 -866.6795 -235.5405
2.00 -347.77333* 98.54305 0.032 -663.3429 -32.2038
3.00 -492.22333* 98.54305 0.005 -807.7929 -176.6538
averagedailygain 1.00 2.00 5.80667 2.81582 0.244 -3.2106 14.8239
3.00 1.68000 2.81582 0.930 -7.3373 10.6973
4.00 15.74667* 2.81582 0.002 6.7294 24.7639
2.00 1.00 -5.80667 2.81582 0.244 -14.8239 3.2106
3.00 -4.12667 2.81582 0.498 -13.1439 4.8906
4.00 9.94000* 2.81582 0.032 0.9227 18.9573
3.00 1.00 -1.68000 2.81582 0.930 -10.6973 7.3373
2.00 4.12667 2.81582 0.498 -4.8906 13.1439
4.00 14.06667* 2.81582 0.005 5.0494 23.0839
4.00 1.00 -15.74667* 2.81582 0.002 -24.7639 -6.7294
2.00 -9.94000* 2.81582 0.032 -18.9573 -0.9227
3.00 -14.06667* 2.81582 0.005 -23.0839 -5.0494
FCR 1.00 2.00 -0.38333 0.45844 0.836 -1.8514 1.0848
3.00 -0.09667 0.45844 0.996 -1.5648 1.3714
4.00 -1.64333* 0.45844 0.029 -3.1114 -0.1752
2.00 1.00 0.38333 0.45844 0.836 -1.0848 1.8514
3.00 0.28667 0.45844 0.921 -1.1814 1.7548
4.00 -1.26000 0.45844 0.095 -2.7281 0.2081
3.00 1.00 0.09667 0.45844 0.996 -1.3714 1.5648
2.00 -0.28667 0.45844 0.921 -1.7548 1.1814
4.00 -1.54667* 0.45844 0.039 -3.0148 -0.0786
4.00 1.00 1.64333* 0.45844 0.029 0.1752 3.1114
2.00 1.26000 0.45844 0.095 -0.2081 2.7281
3.00 1.54667* 0.45844 0.039 0.0786 3.0148
Table 19. Initial Sampling Records

65
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Date:November 10,2018
Total Population: 36
Treatment 1 Treatment 1 Treatment 1
Table 1 (Replicate 1) (Replicate 2) (Replicate 3) Average/mean
Sample Weight Weight Weight weight
(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 120 120 120 360
2 130 120 120 370
3 120 120 110 350
Total 370 360 350 1080
Mean 123.33 120.00 116.67 360.00
Table 2 (Replicate 1) (Replicate 2) (Replicate 3)
Sample Weight Weight Weight
(g) (g) (g)
1 120 120 120 360
2 140 110 110 360
3 120 120 120 360
Total 380 350 350 1080
Mean 126.67 116.67 116.67 360.01
(g) (g) (g)
1 130 120 130 380
2 130 110 120 360
3 110 110 120 340
Total 370 340 370 1080
Mean 123.33 113.33 123.33 359.99
(g) (g) (g)
1 120 120 120 360
2 130 120 120 370
3 120 130 110 360
Total 370 370 350 1090
Mean 123.33 123.33 116.67 363.33
Table 20. 2nd Sampling Records

Date: November 17, 2018
66
Tagudin Ilocos Sur

(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 490 390 400 1280
2 510 400 410 1320
3 500 380 390 1270
Total 1500 1170 1200 3870
Mean 500.00 390.00 400.00 1290.00
(g) (g) (g)
1 280 275 280 835
2 250 250 270 770
3 280 260 280 820
Total 810 785 830 2425
Mean 270.00 261.67 276.67 808.33
(g) (g) (g)
1 320 310 330 960
2 320 295 310 925
3 310 295 310 915
Total 950 900 950 2800
Mean 316.67 300.00 316.67 933.33
(g) (g) (g)
1 250 230 220 700
2 260 220 210 690
3 240 240 210 690
Total 750 690 640 2080
Mean 250.00 230.00 213.33 693.33
Table 21. 3rd Sampling Records

Date: November 24,2018
67
Tagudin Ilocos Sur

(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 690 550 600 1840
2 710 600 610 1920
3 700 590 590 1880
Total 2100 1740 1800 5640
Mean 700 580 600 1880.00
(g) (g) (g)
1 590 600 570 1760
2 550 595 550 1695
3 580 600 555 1735
Total 1720 1795 1675 5190
Mean 573.33 598.33 558.33 1730.00
1 585 550 580 1715

2 610 540 560 1710
3 605 540 560 1705
Total 1800 1630 1700 5130
Mean 600 543.3333333 566.6666667 1710.00
1460
1 530 410 520
2 520 390 510 1420
3 510 400 505 1415
Total 1560 1200 1535 4295
Mean 520.00 400.00 511.67 1431.67
Table 22. 4th Sampling Records

Date: December 1,2018
Table 1 Treatment 1 Treatment 1 Treatment 1 Average/mean
68
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
(Replicate 1) (Replicate 2) (Replicate 3)

(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 950 740 800 2490
2 970 750 810 2530
3 960 790 795 2545
Total 2880 2280 2405 7565
Mean 960 760 801.6666667 2521.666667
(g) (g) (g)
1 810 710 710 2230
2 770 695 695 2160
3 790 708 695 2193
Total 2370 2113 2100 6583
Mean 790 704.3333333 700 2194.333333
(g) (g) (g) (g)
1 810 810 800 2420
2 820 800 790 2410
3 810 800 780 2390
Total 2440 2410 2370 7220
Mean 813.3333333 803.3333333 790 2406.666667
1 630 640 700 1970

2 628 630 690 1948
3 629 630 680 1939
Total 1887 1900 2070 5857
Mean 629 633.3333333 690 1952.333333
Table 23. Final Sampling Records

Date:December 10, 2018
(g) (g) (g) (g)
69
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
1 1490 1530 1650 4670

2 1450 1530 1620 4600
3 1610 1530 1590 4730
Total 4550 4590 4860 14000
Mean 1516.67 1530 1620 4666.666667
(g) (g) (g)
1 1300 1350 1350 4000
2 1350 1320 1430 4100
3 1330 1340 1400 4070
Total 3980 4010 4180 12170
Mean 1326.67 1336.67 1393.33 4056.666667
(g) (g) (g)
1 1490 1400 1500 4390
2 1400 1500 1510 4410
3 1560 1650 1460 4670
Total 4450 4550 4470 13470
Mean 1483.33 1516.67 1490 4490
(g) (g) (g)
1 1200 1070 1170 3440
2 1100 1000 1190 3290
3 Deceased 1030 1290 2320
Total 2300 3100 3650 9050
Mean 766.67 1033.33 1216.67 3016.666667
Appendix C
Formula and Sample Computation

% Survival = 100(Final total number of broilers / Initial total number of broilers)
% Survival (T1) =100(3/3) %Survival (T2) =100(3/3)
=100% =100%
%Survival (T3) =100(3/3) %Survival (T4) =100(2/3)
=100% =66.67%
BWG = Final weight of the broilers – Initial weight of broilers
BWG (T1) =13900 – 1380 BWG (T2) =12170 – 1060
=12520 =11110
BWG (T3) =13470 – 1060 BWG (T4) =9050 – 860
=12410 =8190
Appendix D
Documentation
Fig 6. Broiler
Fig 7. Malunggay leaves
Fig 8.Eggshell
Fig 9. Water
Fig 10. Commercial Feed

Fig 11. Cage
Fig 12.Weighing Scale

Fig 13. Vernier Caliper
Fig 14. Water Dispenser

Fig 15. Preparation of cage and Choosing a site
Fig 16. Making of the Alternative Poultry Feeds
Fig 17. Obtaining Broilers
Fig 18. Acclimation Period
Fig 19. Feeding Process
Fig 20. Sanitation
Fig 21. Sampling
Fig. 22. Selling
Appendix E
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Nelia O. Anaen
Year and Strand: Grade 12- STEM
Cellphone No.: 0956785531
Address: Sinapangan Sur, Bangar, La Union
Place of Birth: Bangar La Union

Status:Single
Sex: Female
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Mother's Name: Zenaida Anaen
Occupation: Housewife
Father's Name: Elpidio Anaen Sr.
Occupation: Farming
SCHOOL DATA
Senior High School: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Quirino, Tagudin, Ilocos Sir
Junior High School: Donn Francisca Lacsaman de Ortega Memorial National High
Schooll
San blas, Bangar, La Union
Elementary: Sinapangan Elementary School

Sinapangan Sur, Bangar, La Union
PRINCIPLE IN LIFE:
“Nothing last forever but we can change the future”
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Jayrold L. Dimapasoc
Year and Strand: 12-STEM
Contact No: 09177854419
Address: Brgy. Alzate Bangar, La Union
Place of Birth: Navotas, Manila
Status: Single
Age: 17 Sex: Male
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Mother’s Name: Leonida L. Dimapasoc
Father’s Name: Donald A. Dimapasoc
Occupation: Seaman
Parents Address: Brgy. Alzate Bangar, La Union
SCHOOL DATA
Quirino Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Junior High School: Dona Francisca Lacsamana De Ortega Memorial National High
School
San Blas Bangar, La Union
Elementary: Caggao Elementary School
Barracca Bangar, La Union
Kaunlaran Elementary School
Caloocan City
PRINCIPLE IN LIFE:
“Relax, Take it Easy”

PERSONAL DATA
Name: Shane Audrey O. Lardizabal
Year and Strand: 12-STEM
Contact No.: 09954683904
Address: Brgy. Dardarat, Tagudin, Ilocos
Place of Birth: Manila

Status: Single
Age: 18
Sex: Female
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Mother’s Name: Sheilla O. Lardizabal
Father’s Name: Andrew L. Lardizabal
Occupation: Store Owner
Parents Address: Brgy. Dardarat, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
SCHOOL DATA

Quirino Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Junior High School: Saint Augustine’s School
Rizal, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Elementary: Saint Augustine’s School

Rizal, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
PRINCIPLE IN LIFE:
“Those who stops trying wither and those who continue with God triumphs.”
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Napoles,Chester John P.
Year and Strand: Grade-12 STEM
Cellphone Number: 09174774692/09468427435
Address: Lubnac, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Place Of Birth: Tagudin, Ilocos Sur Status: Single
Age: 18 Sex: Male
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Mother’s Name: Napoles, Mary Hazel Anne P.
Occupation: N/A
Father’s Name: Napoles, Marvin P.
Occupation: Farmer
Parent’s Address: Lubnac, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
SCHOOL BACKGROUND

Junior High School: Divine Word College Of Vigan(DWCV)

Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
Elementary: Baringcucurong Elementary School

Baringcucurong, Suyo, Ilocos sur
PRINCIPLE IN LIFE:
“Together we will,Together we win and reach the goal into the END”

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1

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)

Background of the Study

macronutrients and micronutrients. To differentiate these two, micronutrients are eaten in

These nutrients provide the body energy.

prevalence of many destructive poultry diseases and parasite cannot be ignored.

proportional increase in feed ingredient prices is passed on in rises in chicken prices.

ingredient prices tend to have modest impacts on chicken prices.

In the same way as China’s, in a news article written by Miraflor(2018) at Manila

and minerals they will intake will be lessen.

as useful feed ingredients and medicines.

choice to explore in broiler production.

broilers , and laying hens productive performance.

odour of eggshell provides site for flies and abrasiveness .

In addendum, King’ori (2011) study stated chicken eggshell is a waste material

composition of an eggshell is very similar to that our bones and teeth.

Framework of the Study

needs to take note during the duration of the study.

Fig 1. Conceptual Framework

performance of broiler. The major objective of poultry feeding is the conversion of

Gadziraya(2014) in his study stated that there has been a decline in

sources in order to alleviate feed limitations in poultry production because Protein

sources are expensive and hence unaffordable to small holder farmer.

have compelled researchers in developing countries to direct their attention to non-

alternative source of protein to ruminants (Nouala et al., 2006) and non-ruminants.

Chicken eggshell waste is becoming an environmental concern due to its rapidly

considered a problem, as the protein-rich membrane attracts rats to landfills. Moreover,

likelihood that chicken eggshells will be classified as waste. It is thus of increasing

interest to find valuable applications for unprocessed eggshells (Fecheyr-Lippens D.,

According to Hincke M.,et.al,2012, the egg is composed of central yolk

surrounded by the albumen(eggwhite), eggshell membranes, calcified and cuticle. The

eggshell forms by controlled precipitation of calcium carbonate on the outer membrane

In the research of King’ori A.M.,2011, eggshells contain calcium and trace

molybdenum, Sulphur, silicon, and zinc. The composition of eggshell is approxinmately

98.2% calcium carbonate

the leave of moringa oleifera.

According to the study of Daba M. (2016) Moringa oleifera is known as

in soil and water conservation and mitigating climate change.

According to Villafuerte and Villafurte-Abonal (2009) research reports, Moringa

significant economic importance, as it has vital nutritional, industrial, and medicinal

applications. As reported by researchers in different countries, all parts of Moringa

food for human consumption.

dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera on growth performance, blood

increasing supplementation of Moringa oleifera

According to Meshram (2014) the Phytochemical screening of the Moringa

Phytochemical Analysis of Moringa oleifera

pentacosane, hexacosane, E- phytol and 1-(2,3,6trimethylphenyl) -2-butanone. The rapid

to its principle component pterygospermin. The use of affordable alternative plant

modern antibiotics in developing countries becomes a necessity. The nutritional and

(Makkar and Becker, 1996; 1997).

age,although slower growing breeds reach slaughter-weight at approximately 14 weeks of

In the research of Shariatmadari et.al (2012), broiler chickens production has

undergone drastic Changes and development over last few decades.Constant

to a fast growth rate in modern broiler strains.

management. (Awobajo O.K. ,2007)

Howard et.al, 2016 stated that, Young Broiler Chicks is an attractive

eat independently hatch,put on abdominal fat post-hatch and its similarities in

lipid metabolism.Broilers are an under-used but potentially valuable model

of their lipid synthesis, like humans.

Care and Management of the Experimental Broilers

cage will be placed was cleaned.

with chick booster mash.

of Moringa Oleifera leaf in amounts up to 6% in the diet of growing chicks to replace