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fYi`^X ๋f [\ f ]Xq\i% Zfdf kXdY’d XZfek\Z\ hl\ fj ]XZkfj [\jkX
\jg’Z`\% `jkf ’% fj ]XZkfj XZ\iZX [Xj Zi\e Xj \ dfk`mfj% JaK OaK
JB@BOO`NFKO ่ m\i[X[\ [X X]`idX ๋f [\ hl\ ldX g\jjfX k`e_X X
fYi`^X ๋f [\ ]Xq\i Xc^f' 9jj`d% X X]`idX ๋f [\ hl\ ldX g\jjfX k`e_X X
fYi`^X ๋f% gfi \o\dgcf [\ [`q\i X m\i[X[\ fl [\ Xgi\j\ekXi&j\ gXiX
gi\jkXi j\im` f d`c`kXi% ’ m\i[X[\`iX% X`e[X hl\ \cX XZi\[`kXjj\
"iXqfXm\cd\ek\ fl e๋f# hl\ eleZX j\i`X [\jZfY\ikX \ hl\ eX[X k`e_X
X k\d\i gfi ZXljX [X [\jfY\[`“eZ`X' 9c’d [`jjf% \ehlXekf hl\ X
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gi\jkXi f j\im` f% X X]`idX ๋f [\ hl\ Xc^l’d ]f` fYi`^X[f X ]Xq\i Xc^f
XZXii\kX efidXcd\ek\ X `dgc`ZX ๋f [\ hl\ X g\jjfX \]\Zk`mXd\ek\
f ]\q'
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[\ LKOOF?FHFA>AB fl [\ LNK?>?FHFA>AB [\ hl\ ldX g\jjfX hl\ k\e_X X
fYi`^X ๋f m\e_X X jf]i\i ld ZXjk`^f fl zdXc ่j d๋fj [\ flkifj% eX
2- G <AJ=ALG ;GEG MFA G <= J=?J9K HJAE9JA9K = K=;MF<9JA9K

_`g–k\j\ [\ [\jfY\[`“eZ`X' Ajkf% eX m\i[X[\% c\mX X kiXkXi Xj X]`i{


dX \j [\ fYi`^X ๋f e๋f Zfdf X]`idX \j gj`Zfc–^`ZXj% dXj Zfdf
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Zfdf gi\[` \j \ e๋f ’% [\ ]XZkf% X e`ZX Xck\ieXk`mX ่ fYjZliX d\kX{
]”j`ZX'
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aljk`]`ZX ๋f gXiX kXc i\XZ ๋f \ gXiX X Xgc`ZX ๋f [\ jXe \j' B้
Z_Xd ้dfj X Xk\e ๋f ef ;Xg”klcf AN gXiX f ]XZkf [\ kXc `ek\igi\kX ๋f
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kXi[\% e\jk\ ZXg”klcf'
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[X fYi`^X ๋f \d k\idfj [\ gi\m`j`Y`c`[X[\' K\ ]fjj\ m\i[X[\ hl\ X
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fl [\ k\i Zfiifdg`[f Zfd jlZ\jjf X gfc”Z`X fl f ki`YleXc% e๋f _Xm`X X
d\efi _`g–k\j\ [\ j\i XgXe_X[f fl jla\`kf X ZXjk`^f' <\ ]XZkf% e๋f _้
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gfi i\^iX% X X]`idX ๋f [\ hl\ ldX g\jjfX k\d X fYi`^X ๋f \ X
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[`“eZ`X j๋f XdYXj j`dlckXe\Xd\ek\ m\i[X[\`iXj' FX m\i[X[\% X
c`^X ๋f \eki\ \jkXj [lXj X]`idX \j ’ Xc^f dX`j ]fik\ [f hl\ `jkf3 g\cf
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gflZf fl e\e_ld j\ek`[f k\i`X ]Xq\i X]`idX \j gXik`ZlcXi\j XZ\iZX
G ;GF;=ALG <= <AJ=ALG 2.

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Zfdf f mfZXYlc้i`f efidXk`mf mXi`X[f "zk\i f [\m\i [\ % zk\i [\ %
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gXcXmiXj zfYi`^X ๋f \ z[\m\i ]fidXd ldX `dgfikXek\ jlY\jg’Z`\%
kiXq\e[f Zfej`^f Z\ikXj `dgc`ZX \j hl\ e๋f \jk๋f ljlXcd\ek\
gi\j\ek\j eXj flkiXj' <X” hl\% \dYfiX f [fd”e`f jfYi\ fj \c\d\ekfj
hl\ [`]\i\eZ`Xd \d ^\iXc Xj i\^iXj jfZ`X`j [fj j`dgc\j _้Y`kfj j\aX
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[\m\i% e๋f j\aX gfi j` jl]`Z`\ek\'
9 X]`idX ๋f [\ hl\ Xc^l’d k\d fl \jk้ jla\`kf X ldX fYi`^X ๋f
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G <AJ=ALG ;GEG MFA9G <= J=?J9K HJAE9JA9K = K=;MF<9JA9K

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^X ๋f' z=c\ k`e_X f [\m\i [\ k\i \ z\c\ k`e_X X fYi`^X ๋f [\ e\d
j\dgi\ j๋f \ogi\jj \j dlk้m\`j \eki\ j`% d\jdf j\ j๋f j\d\c_Xek\j
gfi Zfek\i\d ldX i\]\i“eZ`X `dgc”Z`kX Xfj gX[i \j [\ Zfe[lkX
\o`jk\ek\j fl j๋f ljX[Xj gXiX \okiX`i ZfeZclj \j% \d ZXjfj gXik`{
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j๋f Z\ikXd \ek\ i\^iXj3 j๋f dX`j [f hl\ _้Y`kfj Zfem\i^\ek\j fl
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d Xek\i4 j๋f ljX[Xj gXiX Zi`k`ZXi f efjjf gi–gi`f ZfdgfikXd\ekf \ f
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i”jk`Zf3 zL`e_Xj f [\m\i [\ k`iXi f Z_Xg’l % z= \iiX[f [`q\i zkl
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ZXjk`^fj gXiX X m`fcX ๋f [Xj i\^iXj4 X gi\jj๋f jfZ`Xc gf[\ kfdXi
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[\ m\i^fe_X% i\dfijf \ [\ ZlcgX' IlXe[f X gi\jj๋f ’ [X \jg’Z`\
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dXj ]fi\d [\`oX[Xj ่ Zfdle`[X[\ \d ^\iXc% j\ek`i&efj&\dfj `eZc`{
eX[fj X ZcXjj`]`ZXi Xj i\^iXj Zfdf ldX ]fidX gi`d`k`mX fl il[`{
d \ekXi [\ [`i\`kf' Hf[\dfj% ZcXif% \eZfekiXi XdYfj \jk\j k`gfj [\
gi\jj๋f jfZ`Xc j’i`X jlYaXZ\ek\ Xf hl\% eld j\ek`[f –Ym`f% ’ X d\jdX
i\^iX [\ Zfe[lkX4 gfi m\q\j% `jkf gf[\ XZfek\Z\i j\d hlXchl\i
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gi`d ้i`f \ f flkif Zfdf j\Zle[้i`f \ \ek๋f X hl\jk๋f jfYi\ j\
\jkXdfj Zfe]ifekX[fj Zfd ldX i\^iX [\ dfiXc fl Zfd [`i\`kf
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G ;GF;=ALG <= <AJ=ALG 20

gfjj`Y`c`[X[\ [\ kiX Xi ldX c`e_X \eki\ f [`i\`kf \ X dfiXc e๋f


gi\Z`jX [\ efj [\k\i' G hl\ ’ `dgfikXek\ ’ hl\ X `ej`jk“eZ`X eX
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