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Neferefre
Neferefre Isi (fl. 25th century BC; also known as
Neferefre
Raneferef, Ranefer and in Greek as Χέρης, Cherês) was an
ancient Egyptian pharaoh, likely the fourth but also possibly Raneferef, Neferefra, Noufirre,
the fifth ruler of the Fifth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom Noufirefre, Cherês
period. He was most likely the eldest son of pharaoh
Neferirkare Kakai and queen Khentkaus II, known as prince
Ranefer before he ascended the throne.

Neferefre started a pyramid for himself in the royal necropolis

of Abusir called Netjeribau Raneferef, which means "The bas
of Neferefre are divine". The pyramid was never finished, with
a mason's inscription showing works on the stone structure
were abandoned during or shortly after the king's second year
of reign. Together with the sparsity of attestations
contemporaneous with his reign, this is taken by Egyptologists
as evidence that Neferefre died unexpectedly after two to
three years on the throne. Neferefre was nonetheless buried in
his pyramid, hastily completed in the form of a mastaba by his
second successor and presumably younger brother, pharaoh Statuette of Neferefre, painted
Nyuserre Ini. Fragments of his mummy were uncovered there, limestone[1]
showing that he died in his early twenties. Pharaoh
Reign Probably two years
Little is known of Neferefre's activities beyond laying the
or less[2] in the early
foundations of his pyramid and attempting to finish that of his
to mid
father. A single text shows that Neferefre had planned or just
25th century BC
started to build a sun temple called Hotep-Re, meaning "Ra is
[note 1] (5th Dynasty)
content" or "Ra's offering table", which possibly never
functioned as such given the brevity of the king's reign. After Predecessor Neferirkare Kakai
his death, Neferefre might have been succeeded by an (most likely) or
ephemeral and little-known pharaoh, Shepseskare, whose Shepseskare
relation with Neferefre remains highly uncertain and debated. Successor Shepseskare (most
likely) or
Nyuserre Ini
Contents Royal titulary

Sources Consort likely Khentkaus III

Contemporaneous
Children uncertain, either
Historical Menkauhor Kaiu ♂
or Shepseskare ♂
Nakhtsare ♂
Conjectural:

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Kakaibaef ♂
Family
Parents and siblings Father Neferirkare Kakai
Consort and children Mother Khentkaus II
Reign Died aged 20–23[21]
Accession to the throne Burial Pyramid of Neferefre
Reign duration Monuments Pyramid Netjeribau
Building activities Raneferef
Pyramid complex Sun temple Hotep-
Pyramid Re
Mortuary temple
Mummy of Neferefre
Sun temple
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai
Funerary cult
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources

Sources

Contemporaneous
There are very few archaeological sources contemporaneous with Neferefre, a fact which is now
seen by Egyptologists, including Miroslav Verner, to imply a very short reign.[22] In particular, as
of 2017, only one inscription dated to his rule is known. It was left by the builders of his pyramid
on a corner block at the end of the corridor leading to the pyramid substructures.[23] The
inscription was written on the fourth day of the Akhet season in the year of first occurrence of the
cattle count, an event consisting of counting the livestock throughout the country to evaluate the
amount of taxes to be levied. It is traditionally believed that such counts occurred every two years
during the Old Kingdom[24] although recent reappraisals have led Egyptologists to posit a less
regular and somewhat more frequent count.[25] Therefore, the inscription must refer to Neferefre's
first or second year on the throne, and his third year at the very latest.[note 3][26] Finally, a few
artefacts dated to Neferefre's rule or shortly after have been uncovered in his mortuary complex
and elsewhere in Abusir,[note 4] such as clay seals bearing his Horus name.[28]

Some of the Abusir Papyri discovered in Khentkhaus II's temple and dating to the mid- to late Fifth
Dynasty mention the mortuary temple and funerary cult of Neferefre. They constitute a written
source near-contemporaneous with his reign, which not only confirmed the existence of Neferefre's
pyramid complex at a time when it had not yet been identified,[29] but also gives details regarding
the administrative organisation and importance of the funerary cult of the king in Ancient Egyptian

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society.[30]

Historical
Neferefre is present on several Ancient Egyptian king lists, all dating
to the New Kingdom period. The earliest such list mentioning
Neferefre is the Abydos King List, written during the reign of Seti I (fl.
1290–1279 BC), and where his prenomen occupies the 29th entry,
between those of Neferirkare Kakai and Nyuserre Ini.[31] During the
subsequent reign of Ramses II (fl. 1279–1213 BC), Neferefre appears
on the Saqqara Tablet,[32] this time after Shepseskare, that is as a
second successor to Neferirkare Kakai. Owing to a scribal error,
Neferefre's name on this list is given as "Khanefere" or
"Neferkhare".[33] Neferefre's prenomen was in all probability also
given on the Turin canon (third column, 21st row), which dates to the
same period as the Saqqara tablet, but it has since been lost in a large
lacuna affecting the document. Nonetheless, the part of the reign Cartouche of Neferefre on
length attributed to Neferefre by the canon is still legible, with a single the Abydos king list
stroke sign indicating one year of reign to which a decade could in
principle be added, as the corresponding sign would be effectively lost
in the lacuna of the document.[23]

Neferefre was also likely mentioned in the Aegyptiaca, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century
BC during the reign of Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest Manetho. No copies of the
Aegyptiaca have survived to this day and it is now known only through later writings by Sextus
Julius Africanus and Eusebius. Africanus relates that the Aegyptiaca mentioned the succession
"Nefercherês → Sisirês → Cherês" for the mid-Fifth Dynasty. Nefercherês, Sisirês and Cherês are
believed to be the hellenized forms for Neferirkare, Shepseskare and Neferkhare (that is Neferefre),
respectively. Thus, Manetho's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty is in good agreement with the
Saqqara tablet.[31] In Africanus' epitome of the Aegyptiaca, Cherês is reported to have reigned for
20 years.[34]

Family

Parents and siblings

Neferefre was, in all likelihood, the eldest son of his predecessor pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai with
queen Khentkaus II.[3][5][35] This is shown by a relief on a limestone slab discovered in a house in
the village near Abusir[36] and depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest
son Ranefer",[note 5][37] a name identical with some variants of Neferefre's own.[38] This indicates
that Ranefer was Neferefre's name when he was still only a crown prince, that is, before his
accession to the throne.[39]

Neferirkare and Khentkaus had at least another son, the future king Nyuserre Ini. In addition,
since the relation between Shepseskare and Neferefre remains uncertain, it is possible that the two

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were brothers too, as suggested by the Egyptologist Silke Roth,[40]

although other hypotheses on the matter have been proposed: Verner
sees Shepseskare as a son of Sahure and hence Neferefre's uncle,
while Jaromír Krejčí believes Shepseskare was Neferefre's son.[41]
Finally, yet another brother,[42] possibly younger[43] than both
Neferefre and Nyuserre has also been proposed: Iryenre, a prince iry-
pat[note 6] whose filiation is suggested by the fact that his funerary cult
was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the
temple of Khentkaus II.[45][46]

Consort and children

Until 2014, no consort of Neferefre was known.[41][47] Late in that
year, the mastaba of Khentkaus III was discovered by archaeologists
from the Czech Institute of Egyptology working in Abusir, south east Menkauhor Kaiu could be a
of Neferefre's pyramid. [48][49][50] The location and date of the tomb son of Neferefre and
Khentkaus III.
as well as inscriptions found in it strongly suggest that Khentkaus III
was Neferefre's queen.[51] Indeed, not only was Khentkaus III
presumably buried during the few decades following Neferefre's reign, but her mastaba is also in
close proximity to his pyramid,[note 7] and she bore the title of "king's wife", proving that she was a
queen.[48]

In addition, Khentkaus III was also called "king's mother" by inscriptions in her tomb, indicating
that her son had become pharaoh. Since Neferefre's second successor Nyuserre Ini is known to
have been his brother rather than his son, and since Khentkaus III might have been buried during
Nyuserre's reign, as indicated by mud seals,[48] this only leaves either Neferefre's ephemeral
successor Shepseskare or Nyuserre's successor Menkauhor Kaiu as possibilities.[48] There is an
ongoing debate in Egyptology concerning these two alternatives. Verner posits that Shepseskare
was an uncle of Neferefre and therefore that Menkauhor Kaiu was Neferefre's son. Meanwhile,
Krejčí views the opposite hypothesis, that Shepseskare was Neferefre's son with Khentkaus III, as
more probable.[41]

Two further sons of Neferefre and Khentkaus III have been proposed by Verner: the "king's son"
Nakhtsare,[54] whose filiation is supported by the general date and location of his tomb,[41] and
Kakaibaef, a member of the elite buried in Abusir.[54] Krejčí notes the lack of the titular "king's
son" in relation to Kakaibaef, thereby emphasizing the conjectural nature of Verner's assertion.[41]

Reign

Accession to the throne

Two competing hypotheses exist in Egyptology to describe the succession of events running from
the death of Neferirkare Kakai, third king of the Fifth Dynasty, to the coronation of Nyuserre Ini,
sixth ruler of the dynasty. Relying on historical sources, most notably the Saqqara king list and
Manetho's Aegyptiaca, where Neferefre is said to have succeeded Shepseskare,[34] many

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Egyptologists such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Hartwig

Altenmüller have traditionally believed[55] that the
following royal succession took place: Neferirkare Kakai
→ Shepseskare → Neferefre Isi → Nyuserre Ini.[5][56] In
this scenario, Neferefre would be the father of Nyuserre,
who would have become pharaoh after the former's
unexpected death.[5][57]

This view was challenged at the turn of the millennium, Drawing of the impression of a cylinder
seal of Shepseskare
most notably by Verner,[58][59][60] who has been
responsible for the archaeological excavations of the
Fifth Dynasty royal necropolis of Abusir since 1976. Firstly, there is the relief, mentioned earlier,
showing that Neferefre was in all likelihood Neferirkare's eldest son.[39][61]

Secondly, excavations of Neferefre's pyramid have yielded his mummy, which showed that he was
18 to 20 years of age at the death of Neferirkare.[62] Consequently, as the previous king's eldest
son, in his late teens to early twenties, Neferefre was in optimal position to ascend the throne.
Positing that Shepseskare reigned between Neferefre and his father would thus require an
explanation as to why and how Shepseskare's claim to the throne could have been stronger than
Neferefre's.[63]

Thirdly, archaeological evidences indicate that

Shepseskare most likely reigned for only a few
weeks to a few months at the most rather than
seven years as credited to him in the
Aegyptiaca,[13][55] a hypothesis already
supported by Nicolas Grimal as early as
1988.[67] Indeed, Shepseskare is the least
known Fifth Dynasty king, with only two
seals[68][69] and a few seal impressions bearing
his name known as of 2017,[70][71][72][73] a
paucity of attestations suggesting a very short
reign. This is also supported by the state of
Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid, which "was Map of the necropolis of Abusir.[64] The unfinished
interrupted [and] corresponds to the work of pyramid is attributed to Shepseskare.[65] The red line
several weeks, perhaps no more than one or points to Heliopolis.[66]

two months".[74]

Fourthly, archaeological evidence also favors dating Shepseskare's reign to after Neferefre's.[75]
Some of the few seal impressions bearing Shepseskare's name have been discovered in the oldest
part of Neferefre's mortuary temple,[76] which was not built until Neferefre's death.[77] This seems
to indicate that Shepseskare made offerings for the funerary cult of Neferefre, who must therefore
have reigned before him.[77][78] Another argument concerns the alignment of pyramids of Sahure,
Neferirkare Kakai and Neferefre: they form a line pointing to Heliopolis, just as the three pyramids
of Giza do.[note 8][66] In contrast, Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid does not fall on the line to

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Heliopolis, which strongly suggests that Neferefre's pyramid had already been in place when
Shepseskare started to build his.[79] Lastly, while Shepseskare is noted as the immediate
predecessor of Neferefre in the Saqqara king list, Verner notes that "this slight discrepancy can be
attributed to the [political] disorders of the time and its dynastic disputes."[78] Verner's arguments
have convinced a number of Egyptologists, including Darrell Baker, Erik Hornung and Iorwerth
Edwards.[13][55][80]

Reign duration
While Neferefre is given a reign of some 20 years in epitomes of
Manetho's Aegyptiaca,[34] the current academic view is that this
number is an overestimation of his true reign length, which must have
been significantly shorter. Before the results of the extensive
excavations in Abusir were fully published, Egyptologists following
the traditional succession hypothesis credited Neferefre with around a
decade of rule, based on the paucity of attestations contemporaneous
with his reign. For example, von Beckerath and Winfried Barta gave
him 11 and 10 years on the throne, respectively.[82][83] This view now
has few supporters.[33]

Indeed, since then, Verner has set forth the hypothesis of a reign of no
more than two years.[23] His conclusion is based on archaeological Schist[6] statue of Neferefre
evidence: the unfinished state of his intended pyramid, and the wearing the white crown of
general paucity of documents datable to his rule. Verner writes that: Upper Egypt discovered in
his pyramid complex at
Abusir, Egyptian
The shape of the tomb of Neferefra...as well as a number
Museum[81]
of other archaeological finds clearly indicate that the
construction of the king's funerary monument was
interrupted, owing to the unexpected early death of the
king. The plan of the unfinished building had to be
basically changed and a decision was taken to hastily
convert the unfinished pyramid, (of which only the
incomplete lowest step of the core was built), into a
"square-shaped mastaba" or, more precisely, a stylized
primeval hill. At the moment of the king's death neither
the burial apartment was built, nor was the foundation of
the mortuary temple laid.[23]

Furthermore, two historical sources conform with the hypothesis of a short reign: the mason's
inscription in Neferefre's pyramid was discovered "at about two thirds of the height of the extant
core of the monument"[23] and probably refers to Neferefre's first or second year on the throne;
and the Turin canon which credits Neferefre with less than two full years of reign.[23] The
combination of archaeological and historical evidence led to the consensus that Neferefre's reign
lasted "not longer than about two years".[23]

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Building activities

Pyramid complex

Pyramid
Neferefre started the construction of a pyramid for himself
in the royal necropolis of Abusir, where his father and
grandfather had built their own pyramids. It was known to
the Ancient Egyptians as Netjeribau Raneferef meaning
"The bas of Neferefre are divine".[note 9][84]

Planned with a square base of 108 m (354 ft), the pyramid

of Neferefre was to be larger than those of Userkaf and
Sahure, but smaller than that of his father Neferirkare.[85]
Upon the unexpected death of Neferefre, only its lower Structure of the first step of Neferefre's
courses had been completed,[9] reaching a height of c. 7 m pyramid. A: External wall, B: Internal
(23 ft).[86] Subsequently, Nyuserre hastily completed the wall, C: Stepping fill, D: Pit for the
monument by filling its central part with poor quality underground chambers, E: Pit for entry.
limestone, mortar and sand. [87] The external walls of the
building were given a smooth and nearly vertical covering of
gray limestone at an angle of 78° with the ground so as to give it the form of a mastaba, albeit with
a square plan rather than with the usual rectangular shape.[88] Finally, the roof terrace was
covered with clay into which local desert gravels were pressed, giving it the appearance of a mound
in the surrounding desert,[88] and indeed it was by the name "the Mound"[note 10] that the
monument was subsequently called by the Ancient Egyptians.[90] Verner has proposed that the
monument was completed this way so as to give it the form of the primeval mound, the mound that
arose from the primordial waters Nu in the creation myth of the Heliopolitan form of Ancient
Egyptian religion.[89]

The monument was used as a stone quarry from the New Kingdom period onwards,[90] but was
later preserved from further damages as its appearance of a rough unfinished and abandoned
pyramid did not attract the attention of tomb robbers.[88]

Mortuary temple
Works on the mortuary temple in which the funerary cult of the deceased king was to take place
had not even started when Neferefe died. In the short 70-day period allowed between a king's
death and his burial,[91] Neferefre's successor—possibly the ephemeral Shepseskare[55]—built a
small limestone chapel. It was located on the pyramid base platform, in the 5 m (16 ft) gap left
between the masonry and the platform edge, where the pyramid casing would have been put in the
original plans.[91] This small chapel was completed during Nyuserre's reign.[92] This pharaoh also
built a larger mortuary temple for his brother Neferefre, extending over the whole 65 m (213 ft)
length of the pyramid side but built of cheaper mudbrick.[93]

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The temple entrance comprised a courtyard adorned with

two stone and 24 wooden columns.[92] Behind was the
earliest hypostyle hall of Ancient Egypt the remains of
which can still be detected, its roof supported by wooden
columns in the shape of lotus-clusters resting on limestone
bases.[80] This hall was possibly inspired by the royal
palaces of the time.[94][95] The structure housed a large
wooden statue of the king as well as statues of prisoners of
war.[92] Storage rooms for the offerings were located to the
north of the hall. In these rooms several statues of Neferefre The ruins of the mortuary temple of
were discovered, including six heads of the kings, [80] Neferefre
making Neferefre the Fifth Dynasty king with the most
surviving statues.[96] East of the main hall was the
"Sanctuary of the Knife" which served as a slaughterhouse for the rituals. Two narrow rooms on
either sides of the central altar in front of the false door in the main hall may have housed 30 m
(98 ft) long[80] solar boats similar to Khufu's.[91]

A significant cache of administrative papyri, comparable in size to the Abusir Papyri found in the
temples of Neferirkare and Khentkaus II,[97] was discovered in a storeroom of the mortuary temple
of Neferere during a 1982 University of Prague Egyptological Institute excavation.[67] The presence
of this cache is due to the peculiar historical circumstances of the mid-Fifth Dynasty.[97] As both
Neferirkare and Neferefre died before their pyramid complexes could be finished, Nyuserre altered
their planned layout, diverting the causeway leading to Neferirkare's pyramid to his own. This
meant that Neferefre's and Neferirkare's mortuary complexes became somewhat isolated on the
Abusir plateau. Their priests therefore had to live next to the temple premises in makeshift
dwellings,[98] and they stored the administrative records onsite.[97] In contrast, the records of
other temples were kept in the pyramid town close to Sahure's or Nyuserre's pyramid, where the
current level of ground water means any papyrus has long since disappeared.[99]

Mummy of Neferefre
Fragments of mummy wrappings and cartonnage, as well as scattered pieces of human remains,
were discovered on the east side of the burial chamber of the pyramid.[100] The remains amounted
to a left hand, a left clavicle still covered with skin, fragments of skin probably from the forehead,
upper eyelid and the left foot and a few bones.[101] These remains were in the same archaeological
layer as broken pieces from a red granite sarcophagus[100] as well as what remained of the funerary
equipment of the king,[note 11] hinting that they could indeed belong to Neferefre.[15] This was
further corroborated by subsequent studies of the embalming techniques used on the mummy,
found to be compatible with an Old Kingdom date.[15]

The body of the king was probably dried by means of natron and then covered with a thin layer of
resin, before being given a white calcareous coating. There is no evidence of brain removal as
expected from post-Old Kingdom mummification techniques.[15] A final confirmation of the
identity of the mummy is provided by radiocarbon dating, which yielded a 2628–2393 BC interval
for the human remains in close correspondence with estimated dates for the Fifth Dynasty.[102]

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Thus, Neferefre is, with Djedkare Isesi, one of the very few Old Kingdom pharaohs whose mummy
has been identified.[62] A bioarchaeological analysis of Neferefre's remains revealed that the king
did not partake in strenuous work,[15] died in his early twenties at between 20 and 23 years old and
that he may have stood 1.67 m (5.5 ft) to 1.69 m (5.5 ft) in height.[103] The remains of a second
individual were discovered in the burial chamber, but those proved to belong to an individual from
the Late Middle Ages, who likely lived during the 14th century AD. He had simply been laid on rags
and covered with sand for his burial.[15]

Sun temple
Following a tradition established by Userkaf, founder of the
Fifth Dynasty, Neferefre planned or built a temple to the
sun god Ra. Called Hotep-Re[note 12] by the Ancient
Egyptians, meaning "Ra is content"[5] or "Ra's offering
table",[104] the temple has not yet been located but is
presumably in the vicinity of Neferefre's pyramid in
Abusir.[5] It is known solely[105][106] from inscriptions
discovered in the mastaba of Ti in North Saqqara,[107][108]
where it is mentioned four times.[105] Ti served as an The mastaba of Ti, where the only
administration official in the pyramid and sun temples of attestations of the Hotep-Re have been
found
Sahure, Neferirkare and Nyuserre.[108][109]

Given Neferefre's very short reign, the lack of attestations of

the Hotep-Re beyond the mastaba of Ti, as well as the lack of priests having served in the temple,
Verner proposes that the temple might never have been completed and therefore never functioned
as such. Rather it might have been integrated to or its materials reused for the Shesepibre, the sun
temple built by Neferefre's probable younger brother, Nyuserre.[110] Incidentally, an earlier
discovery by the German archaeological expedition of 1905 under the direction of Friedrich
Wilhelm von Bissing may vindicate Verner's theory. This expedition uncovered the ruins of large
buildings of mudbricks beneath the sun temple of Nyuserre in Abu Gorab.[111] It is possible that
these represent the remains of the sun temple of Neferefre, although in the absence of inscriptions
confirming this identification, it remains conjectural.[106]

Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai

When he ascended the throne, Neferefre faced the task of completing the pyramid of his father
which, with a square base side of 105 m (344 ft) and a height of 72 m (236 ft), is the largest built
during the Fifth Dynasty.[112] Although well underway at the death of Neferirkare, the pyramid was
lacking its external limestone cladding and the accompanying mortuary temple still had to be built.
Neferefre thus started to cover the pyramid surface with limestone and build the foundation of a
stone temple on the pyramid's eastern side. His plans were cut short by his death and the duty of
finishing the monument fell on Nyuserre's shoulders, who abandoned the task of covering the
pyramid face and instead concentrated on building the mortuary temple in bricks and wood.[113]

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Funerary cult
Like other pharaohs of the Old Kingdom period, Neferefre
benefited from a funerary cult established at his death.
Some details of this cult as it occurred during the Fifth
Dynasty have survived in the Abusir Papyri. A 10-day yearly
festival was held in honor of the deceased ruler during
which, on at least one occasion, no less than 130 bulls were
sacrificed in the slaughter house of his mortuary temple.[30]
The act of mass animal sacrifice testifies to the importance The pyramid of Neferirkare in Abusir
that royal funerary cults had in Ancient Egyptian society,
and also shows that vast agricultural resources were
devoted to an activity judged unproductive by Verner, something they propose possibly
contributed to the decline of the Old Kingdom.[30] The main benefactors of these sacrifices were
the cult's priests, who consumed the offerings after the required ceremonies.[30]

The funerary cult of Neferefre seems to have ceased at the end of the Old Kingdom or during the
First Intermediate Period.[114] Traces of a possible revival of the cult during the later Middle
Kingdom are scant and ambiguous. During the Twelfth Dynasty, a certain Khuyankh was buried in
the funerary temple of Neferefre. It remains unclear if this was to associate himself closely with the
deceased ruler or because other cultic activities in the area constrained the choice of location for
Khuyankh's tomb.[115]

Notes, references and sources

Notes
1. Proposed dates for Neferefre's reign: 2475–2474 BC,[3][4][5][6] 2460–2455 BC,[7] 2460–2453
BC,[8] 2448–2445 BC,[9][10] 2456–2445 BC,[11] 2431–2420 BC,[12] 2404 BC,[13] 2399 BC.[14]
Finally, the radiocarbon dating of a skin fragment from the mummy of Neferefre has yielded the
dates 2628–2393 BC.[15]
2. Uncertain translation, might be a diminutive.[16][20]
3. The inscription reads rnpt sp tpy, 3bd 4 3ḫt.[23]
4. For example, the mastaba of princess Hedjetnebu, a daughter of Djedkare Isesi, yielded clay
seals of Neferefre.[27]
5. The transliteration of the inscription is [s3-nswt] smsw Rˁ-nfr.[35]
6. That is Jrj-pˁt. Often translated as "hereditary prince" or "hereditary noble" and more precisely
"concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.[44]
7. Miroslav Bárta, the head of the team of archeologists who made the discovery states that "The
unearthed tomb is a part of a small cemetery to the south east of the pyramid complex of King
Neferefre which led the team to think that Queen Khentkaus could be the wife of Neferefre
hence she was buried close to his funerary complex".[52][53]
8. Heliopolis housed the main temple of Ra, which was the most important religious center in the
country at the time.[66] The temple was visible from both Abusir and Giza[63] and was probably
located where the lines from the Abusir and Giza necropolises intersected.[66]

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9. Ancient Egyptian transliteration of the name of the pyramid, Nṯr.j-b3w-Rˁ-nfr f.
10. The original Ancient Egyptian term iat, used to describe the monument in the Abusir papyri,
has also been translated by "hill".[86][89]
11. That is fragments from four alabaster canopic jars and pieces from three calcite cases.[100]
12. Transcription from the Ancient Egyptian Ḥtp-Rˁ.
References
1. Verner 1985b, pp. 272–273, pl. XLV–XLVIII.
2. Hornung 2012, p. 484.
3. Verner 2001b, p. 589.
4. Hawass & Senussi 2008, p. 10.
5. Altenmüller 2001, p. 599.
6. El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005, pp. 61–62.
7. Schneider 1996, pp. 261–262.
8. Clayton 1994, p. 60.
9. Málek 2000a, p. 100.
10. Rice 1999, p. 141.
11. Strudwick 2005, p. xxx.
12. von Beckerath 1999, p. 285.
13. Hornung 2012, p. 491.
14. Strudwick 1985, p. 3.
15. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, p. 558.
16. Leprohon 2013, p. 39.
17. Clayton 1994, p. 61.
18. Verner 1985a, p. 284.
19. Verner 1985a, pp. 282–283.
20. Scheele-Schweitzer 2007, pp. 91–94.
21. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, p. 558 & 560.
22. Verner 2001a, p. 401.
23. Verner 2001a, p. 400.
24. Kanawati 2001, pp. 1–2.
25. Verner 2001a, p. 414.
26. Verner 1999a, p. 76, fig. 6.
27. Verner, Callender & Strouhal 2002, p. 91 &
95.
28. Verner, Callender & Strouhal 2002, p. 91.
29. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 135 & 166.
30. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 152.
31. Verner 2000, p. 581.
32. Mariette 1864, p. 4, pl. 17.
33. Baker 2008, p. 251.
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34. Waddell 1971, p. 51.
35. Verner 1985a, p. 282.
36. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 135.
37. Posener-Kriéger 1976, vol. II, p. 530.
38. Verner 1980, p. 261.
39. Verner 1985a, pp. 281–284.
40. Roth 2001, p. 106.
41. Krejčí, Arias Kytnarová & Odler 2015, p. 40.
42. Schmitz 1976, p. 29.
43. Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995,
p. 171.
44. Strudwick 2005, p. 27.
45. Baud 1999b, p. 418, see n. 24.
46. Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995,
p. 70.
47. Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 64–69.
48. Discovery of the tomb of Khentkaus III 2015,
Charles University website.
49. Krejčí, Arias Kytnarová & Odler 2015,
pp. 28–42.
50. The Express Tribune 2015.
51. Krejčí, Arias Kytnarová & Odler 2015, p. 34.
52. Luxor Times 2015.
53. Conservation and Archaeology 2016.
54. Verner 2014, p. 58.
55. Baker 2008, pp. 427–428.
56. von Beckerath 1999, pp. 58–59.
57. von Beckerath 1999, pp. 56–59.
58. Verner 2000.
59. Verner 2001a.
60. Verner 2001b.
61. Baud 1999a, p. 208.
62. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, p. 559.
63. Verner 2001a, p. 397.
64. Verner 2000, p. 602.
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Neferefre - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferefre

65. Lehner 2008, p. 142.
66. Verner 2000, p. 586.
67. Grimal 1992, p. 77.
68. Daressy 1915, p. 94.
69. Verner 2000, p. 583.
70. Verner 2001a, p. 396.
71. Verner 2000, p. 582.
72. Verner 2000, pp. 584–585 & fig. 1 p. 599.
73. Kaplony 1981, A. Text pp. 289–294 and B.
Tafeln, 8lf.
74. Verner 2001a, p. 399.
75. Verner 2000, p. 585.
76. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 85.
77. Verner 2003, p. 58.
78. Verner 2002, p. 310.
79. Verner 2000, p. 587.
80. Edwards 1999, p. 98.
81. Verner 1985b, pp. 274–275, pl. XLIX–LI.
82. von Beckerath 1997, p. 155.
83. Barta 1981, p. 23.
84. Grimal 1992, p. 116.
85. Grimal 1992, p. 117.
86. Lehner 2008, pp. 146–148.
87. Lehner 1999, p. 784.
88. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 138.
89. Verner 1999b, p. 331.
90. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 139.
91. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 140.
92. Lehner 2008, p. 148.
93. Verner & Zemina 1994, pp. 141.
94. Verner 2010, p. 91.
95. Verner & Bárta 2006, pp. 146–152.
96. Sourouzian 2010, p. 82.
97. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 169.
98. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 79 & 170.
99. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 79 & 169.
100. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, p. 552.
101. Baker 2008, p. 250.
102. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, pp. 558–559.
103. Strouhal & Vyhnánek 2000, p. 555.
104. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 110.
105. Verner 1987, p. 294.
106. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 111.
107. Épron et al. 1939–1966, vol. I pl. 37 & 44,
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108. Verner 1987, p. 293.
109. Verner & Zemina 1994, p. 53.
110. Verner 1987, p. 296.
111. von Bissing, Borchardt & Kees 1905.
112. Grimal 1992, pp. 116–119, Table 3.
113. Lehner 2015, p. 293.
114. Málek 2000b, p. 245.
115. Morales 2006, pp. 328–329.

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Preceded by Succeeded by
Pharaoh of Egypt
Neferirkare Kakai or Shepseskare or
Fifth Dynasty
Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini

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