COSH Crane Safety

Raymond Blanco
FSE / DOLE OSH Practitioner
CRANE SAFETY
HSE International Consultancy
HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
Crane Accident

Crane Accident

Crane Accident

Crane Accident

Crane Accident

Crane Accident

Crane Accident Statistics
• A total of 323 construction worker deaths involving 307 crane incidents
were identified from 1992-2006
• an average of 22 construction worker deaths per year.
• There were 12 multiple-death incidents in this time period, resulting in a
total of 28 deaths.
• Four main types of cranes have been associated with crane-related
fatalities.
• Of the 307 fatal crane incidents, 216 (71%) involved mobile or truck cranes.
• Sixteen of the fatal incidents involved tower cranes (5%)
• 13 involved floating or barge cranes (4%)
• involved overhead cranes (4%).
• The remaining 66 reports were not sufficiently detailed to determine the
type of crane involved or do not meet BLS publication requirements.

Cause of Deaths
• Of the total 323 crane-related deaths, 102 were caused by overhead
power line
• electrocutions (32%), 68 deaths were associated with crane collapses
(21%)
• 59 deaths involved a construction worker being struck by a crane boom/jib
(18%).
Half of all electrocutions, the leading cause of death, were associated with
the crane boom or a crane cable contacting an overhead power line. The rest
involved contact of an overhead power line with unspecified parts of the
crane. Mobile cranes were involved in 80 of the 95 overhead power line fatal
incidents. Table 3 describes worker activities leading to electrocutions. Those
activities involved workers on foot touching or guiding

HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT OSHA Office of Training & Education 10
Major Causes of Crane Accidents
• Contact with power lines
• Overturns
• Falls
• Mechanical failures
How Do Accidents Occur?
• Instability – unsecured load, load capacity
exceeded, or ground not level or too soft
• Lack of communication - the point of
operation is a distance from the crane
operator or not in full view of the operator
• Lack of training
• Inadequate maintenance or inspection
Who is at Risk
• Operator
• Riggers
• Supervisors
• Other work Force
• Other Establishments
• General Public
OSHA Office of Training & Education 13
Definitions
• Crane – Consists of a rotating structure for lifting and
lowering horizontally on rubber tires or crawler treads
• Hoist - Used to lift and lower load.
• Boom – An inclined spar, strut, or other long member
supporting the hoisting tackle
• Boom stops – A device used to limit the angle of the
boom at its highest position
• Brake – To slow or stop motion by friction or power
• Block – Sheaves or grooved pulleys in a frame with hook,
eye and strap
• Jib – Extension attached to the boom point to provide
added boom length for lifting specified loads.
Crane Parts

Types of Cranes
• Vehicle Mounted • Rough Terrain Crane
Crane • Crawler Crane
• Floating Crane • All Terrain Crane
• Aerial Crane • Railroad Crane
• Telescopic Crane • Telescopic Handler
• Level Luffing Cranes Crane
• Tower Crane • Harbor Cranes
Crane Hazards
• Improper load rating • Working too close to
• Excessive speeds power lines
• No hand signals • Improper exhaust
• Inadequate inspection system
and maintenance • Shattered windows
• Unguarded parts • No steps/guardrails
• Unguarded swing radius walkways
• Operator By Passing of • No boom angle
Safety Alarms indicator
• Not using outriggers
Planning Before Start-Up
• Level the crane and ensure support surface is firm and able to
support the load
• Contact power line owners and determine precautions. Know
the location and voltage of overhead power lines.
• Know the basic crane capacities, limitations, and job site
restrictions, such as the location of power lines, unstable soil, or
high winds.
• Make other personnel aware of hoisting activities.
• Barricade areas within swing radius.
• Ensure proper maintenance and inspections.
• Determine safe areas to store materials and place machinery.
Competent Person
The competent person must
inspect all machinery and
equipment prior to each use,
and during use, to make sure
it is in safe operating
condition.
If it needs fixing, take it out of Broken

service and don’t use it until it Track
is fixed

Load Capacity - Speed - Warnings
• Make sure the crane
operator can see the:
– Rated Load Capacities
– Operating Speeds
– Special Hazard
Warning or Instruction
Load Chart
Know the Weight of the Load
• Refer to shipping ticket or other documentation
• Ensure lift calculations are correct
• Ensure load is within load chart rating for boom
length and load radius of crane
• Crane is rated by the maximum weight it will lift at a
minimum radius and minimum boom length – the
further from its center point, the less it will lift

Load Limiting Factors
• Not level
• Wind Speed (14 meter/ sec or 30 miles/hr)
• Side loads
• On its wheels
• Lifting over the side
• Use of extensions, jibs and other attachments
• Limits of wire rope, slings and lifting devices

Power Lines
Stay clear from

power lines at
least 10 feet

Hand Signals
An illustration of
the signals must
be posted at the
job site

Guard Moving Parts
Unguarded
Chain Drive
Guard moving parts such as gears or belts

Swing Radius
Stay out of the swing radius of the crane – Make sure there are
barrier guards showing swing radius
Operator Visibility
Broken Window
Make sure broken windows or other obstructions do not

prevent the operator from seeing
Ladders
Ladder
Use ladders to get to the upper portion of the cab

Guardrails
Runways and steps need to have guardrails,

handholds and slip resistant surfaces
Suspended Loads
Don’t stand under suspended loads

Boom Angle Indicator
A boom angle indicator must be on the crane

Supporting Surface
Cranes must be on a firm supporting

surface and level within 1 percent
Sheaves
The grooves must be smooth and free from surface

defects which could cause rope damage
Rigging Equipment Slings
Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and
synthetic web.
Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

Annual Inspections
Inspection of the hoisting
machinery must be made
by a competent person
The employer must
maintain a record of
these inspections
Crane wasn’t inspected

and tipped over

What to Inspect
• Correct air pressure and no leaks
• Tires properly inflated
• Clearance for tail swing
• Wire rope wear
• Physical damage to crane
• Loose or missing hardware, nuts, or bolts
• Fluid leaks

Remove From Service
Immediately remove damaged or

defective slings from service

Damaged wire rope
Crushed Rope
Broken Strands
Damaged wire rope must be taken out of service

Worn Part

Tire Inspections
Conduct regular
inspections
of tires for
excessive wear
or damage

Load Moment Indicator

Training
• Operator Requirements and • Load Chart Interpretations and
Responsibilities Applications
• Effective Communications among Lifting • Lift Planning & Verifying the Weight of the
Personnel Load
• Proper Use of Hand and Voice Signals • Load Control
• Applicable OSHA & ANSI/ASME Safety • Use of Operator Aids
Standards • Basic Rigging Principles
• Safe, Effective and Efficient Operating • Determining Center of Gravity
Techniques • Sling Selection, Inspection and Sling Angles
• Proper Crane Set-up • Wire Rope Construction and Inspection
• Evaluating and Applying Site Conditions • Hitch Selection and Applications
• Dangers of Power Lines • Pre-Operation & Post Operation
• Equipment Overload, Shock Loading Inspections
• Two-Blocking • Equipment Maintenance
• Supporting Surface Requirements • Minimizing the Opportunity for Accidents
Summary
• Cranes must be operated only by qualified and trained personnel.
• The crane and crane controls must be inspected by a designated competent person before
use.
• Cranes must be on a firm, stable surface and must be level.
• Fully extend outriggers. Barricade all accessible areas inside the crane’s swing radius.
• Watch for overhead electric power lines. Maintain at least a 10-foot safe working clearance
from all power lines.
• Inspect all rigging prior to use. Do not wrap hoist lines around the load.
• Be sure to use the correct load chart for the crane’s configuration and setup, the load
weight, and the lift path.
• Do not exceed the load chart capacity while making lifts.
• Raise a load a few inches, hold, verify capacity and balance, and test the brake system before
delivering load.
• Do not move loads over workers, offices, equipment and others
• Be sure to follow signals, safety alarms and the manufacturer instructions, while operating a
crane.


COSH Crane Safety

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Raymond Blanco

FSE / DOLE OSH Practitioner

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

If it needs fixing, take it out of Broken

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

Stay clear from

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

Guard moving parts such as gears or belts

HSE International Consultancy

Make sure broken windows or other obstructions do not

Use ladders to get to the upper portion of the cab

Runways and steps need to have guardrails,

Don’t stand under suspended loads

HSE International Consultancy

A boom angle indicator must be on the crane

HSE International Consultancy

Cranes must be on a firm supporting

The grooves must be smooth and free from surface

Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

HSE International Consultancy

Crane wasn’t inspected

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

Immediately remove damaged or

HSE International Consultancy

Damaged wire rope must be taken out of service

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

HSE International Consultancy

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