Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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David Clark
Group 1
MAE 449 – Aerospace Laboratory
Abstract
The following exercise observes the lateral modes of vibration of a thin steel cantilever specimen.
Using accurate geometric and material properties, the natural frequency response for the cantilever
beam can be calculated. For the steel beam used in the experiment, the first natural response was
approximately 8.5 Hz. The experimental error experienced at low frequencies was as much as 50%,
however at high frequencies, the error was only 5%.
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Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 4
Equipment .......................................................................................................................................... 6
References ............................................................................................................................................ 10
MathCAD Work..................................................................................................................................... 10
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Introduction and Background
Introduction
The following laboratory procedure outlines a method for observing and measuring several
lateral modes of vibration of a thin steel cantilever specimen.
To study the vibration modes, an imaginary cut can be made through the cross section of a
cantilever beam. At this cutting plane, the reactions can be expressed as a shear force and a bending
moment under a simple point-load configuration. Using simple identities from intermediate mechanics
of materials, the displacement for any lateral section of the beam can be determined. Using calculus to
find the conditions at which these displacements are maximized, the natural frequencies for a specific
geometry with certain properties can be determined. More specifically, the natural frequency is
ultimately a function of the following parameters.
• E : The modulus of elasticity
• I : The moment of inertia perpendicular to the bending axis.
• ρ : A derived parameter representing the mass per unit length of the beam
• l : The length of the beam
For a simply supported beam, the following relation may be derived.
݀ସ ݕ
− ߚସ = ݕ0
݀ ݔସ
Equation 1
Using boundary conditions and knowledge of solving differential equations, the solution can be
expressed using trigonometric expressions.
coshሺߚ݈ሻ cosሺߚ݈ሻ + 1 = 0
Equation 3
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This solution can now easily be solved numerically. The graph and table below visualizes the output
of equation 3, as well as solves for the values of ϐl.
0
-100 0 5 10 15 20
-200
-300
-400
ϐl
Figure 1
1.875103894221328
ۍ4.694091132974175 ې
ێ ۑ
7.854757438237613 ۑ
ߚ݈ = ێ ݀ܽݎ
ێ10.995540734875467ۑ
ێ14.13716839104647 ۑ
ۏ17.278759532088237ے
Equation 4
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Equipment and Procedure
Equipment
Experiment Setup
The steel beam is secured by the cantilever fixture. The piezoelectric material is mounted on the
beam such that an electrical pulse may cause the beam to flex upon receiving a pulse from the wave
generator.
Basic Procedure
The electronic function generator is adjusted to output varying pulse outputs. The beam is
monitored as the range is adjusted. Upon outputting a natural frequency of the beam, the steel will flex
a noticeable amount at low frequencies. Adjusting the output between small ranges allows for the
discovery of a natural harmonic response. At higher frequencies, the arrival at a natural response will
cause the beam to emit audible noise.
The frequencies at which both phenomena occur are recorded as the experimental natural
frequencies.
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• ρsteel = 7.85x103 kg/m3
The moment of inertia for the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the axis of bending, I, is
1 1
=ܫ ܹ ܶଷ = ሺ3.063 × 10ିଶ ݉ሻሺ4.1 × 10ିସ ݉ሻଷ = 1.759 × 10ିଵଷ ݉ସ
12 12
Equation 5
The volume of the beam, which is used later to find the mass of the beam, can both be
expressed as
ܸ = = ܶ × ܹ × ܮሺ2.318 × 10ିଵ ݉ሻሺ3.063 × 10ିଵ ݉ሻሺ4.1 × 10ିସ ݉ሻ = 2.911 × 10ି ݉ଷ
Equation 6
݇݃
݉ܽߩ = ݏݏ௦௧ ܸ = ൬7.85 × 10ଷ ൰ ሺ2.911 × 10ି ݉ଷ ሻ = 2.285 × 10ିଶ ݇݃
݉ଷ
Equation 7
The natural frequency, finally, can be found using the following equation.
ܫܧ
߱ = ሺߚ ܮሻଶ ඨ ସ
ߩܮ
Equation 9
Substituting the previous values into equation 8, the natural frequencies of the beam can be
expressed as
6.276
ۍ39.33ې
ێ ۑ
110.1ۑ
߱ೝೌ =ێ ݖܪ
ێ215.8ۑ
ێ356.7ۑ
ۏ532.9ے
Equation 10
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The following frequencies were recorded as the natural frequencies using the experimental
procedure explained previously.
8.5
ۍ23 ې
ێ ۑ
130ۑ
߱ೌೠೌ =ێ ݖܪ
ێ230ۑ
ێ370ۑ
ۏ560ے
Equation 11
35.4
ۍ41.5ې
ห߱ೝೌ − ߱ೌೠೌ ห ێ18.0ۑ
= ݎݎݎܧ =ێ ۑ%
߱ೝೌ ێ6.58ۑ
ێ3.72ۑ
ۏ5.09ے
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Natural Frequency Modes
800
700
600
Frequency (Hz)
500
400 ftheory
300 fexperimental
fexpected
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Mode
Figure 2
3000
2500 ωtheory
2000 ωexperimental
1500 ωexpected
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mode
Figure 3
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References
MathCAD Work
Moment of inertia
1 3 − 13 4
I := ⋅ W⋅ T = 1.759 × 10 ⋅m
12
−6 3
V := L⋅ W⋅ T = 2.911 × 10 ⋅m
mass kg
ρlength := = 0.099
L m
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γ, which I will use for the right hand side of the natural frequency equation
E⋅ I 1
gam := = 11.215
4 s
ρlength⋅ L
1.875103894221328
4.694091132974175
βl := 7.854757438237613
⋅ rad
10.995540734875467
14.13716839104647
17.278759532088237
The natural frequencies are, therefore...
39.432
247.115
691.929
ωnthrad := ( βl) ⋅ ( gam) = 3 ⋅
2 rad
1.356 × 10 s
3
2.241 × 10
3
3.348 × 10
6.276
39.33
ωnth := ωnthrad⋅
1 110.124
= ⋅ Hz
2⋅ π rad 215.799
356.731
532.894
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8.5
23
130
ωnexp := Hz
230
370
560
35.442
−41.52
ωnexp − ωnth 18.049
Error := = ⋅%
ωnth 6.581
3.72
5.087
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