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THERMODYNAMIC LAB 7: SPECIFIC HEAT OF METALS LAB REPORT

NAME: KAMAL BIN A. ABU

MATRIC NO.: BK16110096

GROUP NO.: GROUP 4

PROGRAME: HK08 – Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Sabah / Faculty Of Engineering

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1.0 ABSTRACT

The experiment is carried out to determine the specific heat of three metals and compare with
accepted values. The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius. Often applied to metallic elements and specific heat can
used as a basis for comparing energy absorption and transfer. In this experiment, the metals
sample will be heated to at least 70˚C then placed into a Styrofoam cups containing a known
quantity of water at a lower temperature. Having measured the mass of the water in the
Styrofoam cups, the temperature change of water will be record. Through this experiment, we
should able to find out the unknown metal by calculating the specific heat of metals. Briefly to
say, this activity is to identity the metal based on its specific heat. From the data collected, the
experimental specific heat is calculated and compare to the accepted specific heat.

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2.0 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Page

1 Cover Page 1

2 Abstract 2

3 Table of content 3

4 Introduction 4

5 Procedure 5

6 Result 6

7 Discussion 7

8 Conclusion 7

9 Reference 8

10 Appendices 9-11

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3.0 INTRODUCTION

The amount of heat is different for different types of things. Hence, it is important to

know the specific heat of a particular substance. The specific heat capacity is the amount of

heat that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance. For example, water

which has a specific heat of 1 cal/g °C, takes 1 calorie (4.186 J) of heat to raise the temperature

of 1 gram of water by 1°C. As specific heat is defined in terms of one gram of substance and a

degree of temperature rise, it also applies to other size and temperature change. Generally we

are using formula Q = m.C.ΔT. The more heat that is added per gram of substance, the greater

the temperature change. The energy released from the substance should be gained by the

water, with no loss to the surroundings. This is based on the Law of Conservation of Energy,

which states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. The objectives of this report is to

determine the specific heat of metals and compare with the accepted values.

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4.0 PROSEDURE

1. Three samples of metal are placed into a beaker of water and is heated to at least 70°C. The

water is completely covered the all three samples.

2. A measured mass of cold tap water is poured into each of the Styrofoam cups. The initial

temperature of the water is measured.

3. The metal samples are quickly removed from the hot water and is placed into separate

Styrofoam cups of water. The initial temperature of the metal is measured by measuring the

temperature of the water. The metal is fully immersed. A lid is placed on the cup and wait a few

minutes for the water to achieve thermal equilibrium. The final temperature of the water is

measured.

4. The heat gained by the water, which is equal to the heat lost by the metal is determined.

5. The specific heat is calculated using the heat loss by metal, its meal and its change in

temperature.

6. The percentage error of this experiment is calculated.

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5.0 RESULT

TRIAL #

1 2 3

Name of metals Al Al Al

Mass of cold water (g) 192.2514 177.225 167.9141

Initial temp. of cold water (°C) 27(°C) 27(°C) 27(°C)

Mass of metal (g) 17.6 17.5 16.7

Initial temp. of metal (°C) 75(°C) 76(°C) 73.5(°C)

Final temp. of metal and cold 28(°C) 27.8(°C) 28.2(°C)

water (°C)

Change in temp. of water (°C) 1(°C) 0.8(°C) 1.2(°C)

Heat gained by water (cal.) 192.2514 141.7800 201.4976

Heat lost by metal = - heat -192.2514 -141.7800 -201.4976

gained by water (cal.)

Change in temp. of metal (°C) 47.0(°C) 48.2(°C) 45.3(°C)

EXPERIMENTAL specific heat 0.232(cal./g°C) 0.168(cal./g°C) 0.266(cal./g°C)

of metal(cal./g°C)

ACCEPTED specific heat of 0.21(cal./g°C) 0.21(cal./g°C) 0.21(cal.g°C)

metal (cal./g°C)

Percentage error 10.67% 19.91% 26.56%

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6.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment where three same metals which is Aluminum are used to obtain the

value of the specific heat for the metal. Three trials are conducted; the specific heat value is

0.232 cal/g °C, 0.168 cal/g °C, 0.266 cal/g °C respectively. The percentage error obtained for

the trials are 10.67%, 19.91% and 26.56% respectively. The percentage error obtained is due to

the errors that occurred in this experiment.The metal given which is Aluminum is not known the

originality of the metal, the composition of the metal itself is not sure to be exactly 100%

Aluminum. So the specific heat of the Aluminum is not exactly accurate with the actual specific

heat of metal.

To overcome this problem in future experiment,The metal should be 100% of its

composition to avoid inaccurate specific heat of metals. The exact time of thermal equilibrium

between water and metal should be known. The lab should be conducted in closed condition.

These precautions can be taken to improve experimental value and should be more accurate.

7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion,this experiment has explained that the result shown are not accurate as

the accepted specific heat of metal due to some errors mentioned in discussion. From the result

shown, the most accurate trial was the first trial, where the percentage different obtain only

10.67% which lesser that other two.

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8.0 REFERENCE

1. Yunus A. Cengel, Michaele A.Boles, Thermodynamics 5th Edition , Istanbul 2012

2. Forinash, K., Energy Conservation and the First Law of Thermodynamics, in Physics and

Environment, San Rafael USA : Morgan and Claypool.

3. Danial V.Schroeder, ”An Introduction to Thermal Physics.”(Addison-Wesley,2004) Foley,

Robert, ”Specific Heat Capacity. University of Wisconsin,2006. online at

http://physics .uwstout.edu/univphys1/labs/specific.htm

4. Helmenstine, P. A. (n.d.). Here's How You Define Specific Heat Capacity. Retrieved October
12, 2017, https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-specific-heat-capacity-605672

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9.0 APPENDICES

Calculation:

TRIAL 1 # TRIAL 2 # TRIAL 3#

Heat gained/lost Heat gained/lost: Heat gained/lost:


Q = m.C.ΔT Q = m.C.ΔT Q = m.C.ΔT
= (192.2514g)(1Cal/g °C) =(177.225)(1Cal/g° C) =(167.9141g)(1Cal/g° C)
(1.0 °C) (0.8 °C) (1.2 °C)

= 192.2514 Cal = 141.7800 Cal = 201.4976 Cal

Experimental specific heat Experimental specific heat Experimental specific heat


of metal: of metal: of metal:

C= t
C= t
C= t

192.2514Ca l 141.7800Cal 201.4976Cal


= = =
17.6g 47 .0 °C  17.5 g 48.2°C 16.7 g 45.3°C
=0.232 Cal/g°C =0.168 Cal/g C =0.266 Cal/g C

Percentage error: Percentage error: Percentage error:

=|0.21 – 0.232 | =|0.21 – 0.168 | =|0.21 – 0.266|


____________ x 100 ____________ x 100 ____________ x 100
0.21 0.21 0.21

= 10.67% = 19.91% = 26.56%

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Figure:

Figure 1 : Apparatus

Figure 2 : show the metal submerged in cold water.

Figure 3 : Cup uses to place cold water.

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Figure 3 : Thermometer and Beaker containing Hot water and metal

Figure 4 : Electronic scale use to measure mass

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