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TV Violence
Since the advent of television, the effect of TV works have the highest percentage of shows with
violence on society has been widely studied and violence, averaging 92% since 1994.7
vigorously debated. Based on the cumulative
evidence of studies conducted over several decades, The UCLA Television Violence Monitoring Report
the scientific and public health communities also analyzed three years of programming from 1994
overwhelmingly conclude that viewing violence poses to 1997. This study relied on the qualitative judgments
a harmful risk to children. Critics of the research of a team of student monitors and staff researchers,
challenge this conclusion and dispute claims that rather than a systematic content analysis, to deter-
exposure to TV violence leads to real-life aggression. mine whether individual violent depictions “raised
As we move into the digital era with enhanced images concern” for viewers.8 Among the findings:
and sound, media violence will undoubtedly continue
to be a focus of public concern and scientific • Children’s Saturday morning TV shows that
research. feature “sinister combat violence” raised the most
serious concerns for these researchers. These are
Prevalence of Violence on TV fantasy live-action shows and animated cartoons
in which violence is central to the storyline, the vil-
The National Television Violence Study is the largest lains and superheroes use violence as an accept-
content analysis undertaken to date. It analyzed able and effective way to get what they want, and
The Henry J. Kaiser
programming over three consecutive TV seasons the perpetrators are valued for their combat ability.
Family Foundation Among the most popular shows for children, the
from 1994 to 1997.1 Among the findings:
2400 Sand Hill Road number of troubling shows in this genre decreased
• Nearly 2 out of 3 TV programs contained some from seven to four over the three years of the
Menlo Park, CA 94025
violence,2 averaging about 6 violent acts per hour.3 study.9
Phone: 650-854-9400
Fax: 650-854-4800
• Fewer than 5% of these programs featured an • The number of prime time series that raised
anti-violence theme or prosocial message empha- frequent concerns about violence steadily declined
over the three years, from nine such series in
Washington Office: sizing alternatives to or consequences of violence.4
1994–95 to just two in 1996–97.10
1330 G Street, NW
• Violence was found to be more prevalent in chil-
Washington, DC 20005
dren’s programming (69%) than in other types of • TV specials was the only category that raised new
Phone: 202-347-5270 programming (57%). In a typical hour of program- concerns at the end of the three years. In the sec-
ming, children’s shows featured more than twice ond year five live-action reality shows featured real
Fax: 202-347-5274
as many violent incidents (14) than other types of or re-created graphic images of animals attacking
and sometimes killing people. By the third year, the
programming (6).5
www.kff.org number of such shows had increased again.11
• The average child who watches 2 hours of
cartoons a day may see nearly 10,000 violent inci- Scientific Studies of TV Violence Effects
dents each year, of which the researchers estimate
that at least 500 pose a high risk for learning and Researchers hypothesize that viewing TV violence
imitating aggression and becoming desensitized to can lead to three potentially harmful effects: increased
violence.6 antisocial or aggressive behavior, desensitization to
violence (becoming more accepting of violence in real
• The number of prime-time programs with violence life and less caring about other people’s feelings),
increased over the three years of the study, from or increased fear of becoming a victim of violence.12
53% to 67% on broadcast television and from Many researchers believe that children age 7 and
54% to 64% on basic cable. Premium cable net- younger are particularly vulnerable to the effects of
The Kaiser Family Foundation is an independent, national health philanthropy dedicated to providing T H E H E N R Y J . K A I S E R F A M I LY F O U N D A T I O N
information and analysis on health issues to policymakers, the media, and the general public.
The Foundation is not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries.
viewing violence because they tend to perceive fan- Cross-sectional studies survey a large and
tasy and cartoon violence as realistic.13 representative sample of viewers at one point in time.
Since the 1970s, a large number of these studies
Since the 1960s, a body of research literature has have concluded that viewing TV violence is related
been accumulating on the effects of TV violence. to aggressive behavior and attitudes.19 These studies
Taken together, the studies conclude that TV violence are correlational and do not prove causality; that is,
is one of many factors that contribute to aggressive it is difficult to know whether watching violence on
behavior. Following are examples of the various types TV is causing the increase in aggression or whether
of research studies that have been conducted:14 viewers who are already aggressive prefer watching
violent content.
Laboratory experiments are conducted in a
controlled setting in order to manipulate media • In one study, 2,300 junior and senior high school
exposure and assess the short-term effects. students were asked to list their four favorite
Participants are randomly assigned to view either a programs, which were analyzed for violent content,
violent or nonviolent film clip and their subsequent and to provide a self-reported checklist of activi-
behavior is observed. ties that ranged from fighting at school to serious
delinquency. Researchers found that teens whose
• A series of classic experiments conducted in the favorite programs were violent tended to report a
1960s provided the earliest evidence of a link higher incidence in overall aggressive and delin-
between TV violence and aggression. In these quent behavior.20
studies, children who were exposed to a TV clip of
an actor hitting an inflatable doll were more likely • A recent study demonstrated a relationship be-
than children who did not see the clip to imitate tween children’s bullying and their exposure to me-
the action in their play, especially if the aggressive dia violence. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders who
actions in the film clip were rewarded.15 were identified by their peers as being the ones
who spread rumors, exclude and insult peers, and
• Other laboratory experiments have indicated that behave in ways that hurt others, were more likely
exposure to media violence increases children’s to view violence than nonaggressive children.21
tolerance for real-life aggression. For example,
when third- and fourth-graders were left in charge Longitudinal studies offer the best way to study
of two younger children they could see on a TV long-term effects of exposure to violent TV content.
monitor, the ones who viewed an aggressive film These studies survey the same group of individuals at
were much more reluctant than those who had several different times over many years to determine
not seen the film to ask an adult for help when the whether viewing violence is related to subsequent
younger children began to fight, even though the aggressive behavior. This method is designed to
fight was becoming progressively aggressive.16 detect causal relationships and statistically control for
environmental, family, and personal characteristics
Field experiments are conducted in a more that might otherwise account for aggression.
naturalistic setting. As with the laboratory studies,
children are shown video clips and their short-term • One study demonstrated that TV habits of children
post-viewing behavior is monitored by researchers. in the 1960s were a significant predictor of adult
Over the past 30 years, numerous field studies aggression, even criminal behavior, regardless of
have indicated that some children behave more children’s initial aggressiveness, IQ, social status,
aggressively after viewing violence. or parenting style. In this study, which spans more
than 20 years, boys who preferred and viewed
• In one study, researchers showed children epi- more violent programming at age 8 were more
sodes of either Batman and Spiderman or Mister likely to be aggressive as teenagers and have
Rogers’ Neighborhood over several weeks and arrests and convictions as adults for interpersonal
then observed their behavior for two weeks after- crimes such as spousal and child abuse, murder,
wards. The children who viewed violent cartoons and aggravated assault.22
were more likely to interact aggressively with their
peers, while those children who watched Mister • Television exposure during adolescence has also
Rogers’ Neighborhood became more cooperative been linked to subsequent aggression in young
and willing to share toys.17 adulthood. A 17-year longitudinal study concluded
that teens who watched more than one hour of
• In another study, researchers exposed children to TV a day were almost four times as likely as other
an episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and teens to commit aggressive acts in adulthood
then observed their verbal and physical aggression (22% versus 6%), taking into account prior ag-
in the classroom. Compared to children who had gressiveness, psychiatric disorders, family income,
not seen the episode, viewers committed seven parental education, childhood neglect, and neigh-
times as many aggressive acts such as hitting, borhood violence.23
kicking, shoving, and insulting a peer.18