Ethnic Groups and Boundaries ‘The Social Organization of Culture Difference FREDRIK BARTH LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY 1969Introduction ‘by Fredrik Bath “Tie cllecon of spas addrones ie tothe probleme of tiie roupe and th ela. Thea theme of great but need Importance 19 sodal anthepalogy. Praca all antrpolgial 7 ‘eon eon the pre that call atone dicots That here are agregates of people whe evaialy share cmaman faltre, sed inecomaced ferences that digssh exch wach ier etre from aloes. Siac etree nthng but away ta, ease human behaviour, woud follow that thee are dicete troupe of pyle, ie econo carepond to each elture. The ‘Etfeeacr been callre, and thor tori boundaries and cone eto ave been gives mh teton the canton of elie rope, sod the nature ofthe boundaries betwee te, hav ot bes Serapondingy investigated” Sl anthropologists ave Iargly elded thee poblens by wing a highly aburaed comet of so leet he emigre Sale, conrete groupe and ie ay be analysed. But ti Teves soloed the emplral carateracs and buundaies of thie roupe, abd the portant thee ees which a saves Though the mare ssmpton that ach ibe and people a min: ‘ane clare tha alice ignorance oft aigeboar sno Tenge entertained, the simplistic view that geopapcal and socal Solon have bet the etka acon saaning eater iversty Pesta An epscal ivetigation afte caracer af ec bron ‘live a docmented inthe lowing cay, rods two discoveries which ae hardly wnexpce, bat which demonstrate the adeqeny, St ths vie Ft dest hat boundaries pest dsp ow 1 perme 3H hea In-pher wordy, categoria ene datne ‘ours a depend on ance of mel, contact ol infomatien,‘nt cd etl socal proces af excasion nd ocrporation whey Alnrte eateries te mane deste changing pation snd ‘membership inthe core of inidal fe storie, Send, one 5 Finds hat stable pesiting and often vl imptant sail lates” fre mainlied aero sch Boadarin, ase equal ted pe, Sey on the dchomied tiie statues To other wordy enc ‘Tninelone donot pend on shoe af tc eatin and facepance, bt are git tothe contrary ole the very fonda n which embracing sol systems are bal Interaction ina 8 fol system doesnot lead to i iguidatin thea ange and Seulratin; tral aifferences cam pest despite toa and eependec J General approach “There sce an impurtant fe here in ead of rethinking, What fs rege ia cambned theoreti an eo stacks we need {0 investigate lel the empl fac of arly of ead ur eae to thee empl fact 0 hat they eacidte then 34 ‘imply and adematey as posible, and allow ws to explore thie Impliatios.Tn the flowing ems, eich author ther sp cae sith whee intimately Toa fam sown dork es {o apply acommen ae of concept aaa. The man ert Aeparare conte of several interconnected parte: Fins we ete Primary empha to the fact that etn groupe ve calegorit of {ction and enfin by the adore thenselver, and th have the caraeriaGe of organising incacen between people. We se tempt fo elie other characterticr of tiie rou this pir Feature: Sean, theese all apply genstve viewpit to the mls rater than worting through typo of fore of eke {oops and elatoy we atempl tw expr te diferent pocaes that sem oe involved generating and mainsning eo, ‘Third, to bere Use proves weak the Tur of inva from internal anttain and istry of separate group to eth ‘onda and bnundary maintenance Tach of hee pits nee nic group defined ‘The term ethnic group is generally updertaed in antropolgial erate (eg. Naerl 196) t dg « poplin wit 1s agey bilgcly sl perpetuating ‘noovero u 2 shart fundamental eltural valoe, realized in ovet ity io ‘ara forme 2 maker up a Til of commoniation and intercinn 4 asa memerthip which dentin identi by ter, contig a category igus from ther categorie of the same order ‘Ts deal gp definition nat ofr removed ie cotet fom the ‘radon eoposton that a race cate ~ a language and that 1 ocity~'s tit which eects o damian agit the. ety init modified form cs clove enough to many enpiiel etnngraphic ‘mening continues fo serve te purpre of tet ashrpolgit. My (arcl 8 nt ao much with he tlnance of thee career, "Bough a sal show we can pf fms eatin ange of empha ‘ys objection natch frlation prevent from onder andi the phenosenn of elie oupe and ther pac a han “icity and clr Thi eens begs all the real questions ‘ite porporting to ive an ideal pe model of rearing empire Term, itimplersprecaseved view of what re the sigan fet inthe genes, strstr, and fontion of xh oop. Most erica, allaye to stume tat boundary msintensnce 4s unprblematiland fellows frm heaton which he ened ‘hater ipl rac deren eltara ditference scl spa! ‘aon ad langage bares, pontaneos aed erased coy. This Solin he range of factors that we wea epi cate cversiy swears ld iain ech group developing it cata and vocal Ferm in felatv iltion, mani eons to loa clog factors ‘Brough + Ritory of adaptation by invention and velectve brown, ‘Thishisory bar peda a wold of epaate poole, each wt het ‘alte and each egaited ina tty wih can eitimatly be bolted for desigton ara inland to el, ube group ela bearng wie Rather than dicing the adequacy of hs version of etre hitory For thes than plage lads lt Lak at ome ofthe login Mae isthe vewpnin. Among the characteris ised abe, he eharing » of common calue is generally ven central inportance In my! ew, much ca be gael by regarding ths very Hporan feature {te leplistion of rel ater tha 3 pnary aed dfnona Caracas of eli peop engin | cme chore te regethe cltre-bearng aspect of elie grape ar prinary chara left thir ar farrencbing Inpliations: One led hel a ising eine groupe bythe morpbologial carat a the altars of whic hey are the Bearers: Ts etl prejdged views int oth on) the atr of entity nine of sack ty ad) {he Jeu of he factors which determine the oe ofthe wis C1 Give the emphasis on he etre tring ped he asx ion af pron and lo pou at members fan ebie group mt. depend ter exhibiting the pata tis of the cate Thi something that ean be judged eject by the eangphic bere Inthe cuareaea tration regards af he eteories sd prejudices a hears Differences tween grep bscme difference in ait inverse teen rw esa flrs no of Cine eruzaon, The dune isip wen opel {hen be dept in seetraton sro ie ind a Sve ben acing Seeing nero in andro, he eet induce have eer bern ary dtc Sce he trl ‘ovemnce ey asealageaf re tts ine the igi a ver ep for an than ch hic eral eee {ne Sed cage a ek to epain why cain fens were ba towed, However, wa se wit hone ty atime epee inch sue? Preset mat clade lr he pt ‘lich wel cleat exude he prot Soe file inform diferente Kn at re dagen hrc fein of ne ute Te tsanton bey ‘ine gry ad eter coily ot sled vag ie fain = (C2 Th ora a ars vik an eid ott i ees of slg By | on mst ler te fat ha thy rel hiya dagen oven tame ed 2 yay they al et te exer Caco oi crs fat scompolitetesclvs The sane fp of peel inne vars anes wld uty pre ire ate of ‘ead inital ifort fre of vor whe el lh the diferent ppt seed llret enon? Ue Se, we mont pet ofa that on te fey, pend oer 5 {erry with vying cle creme il egal ivr fore ttonied Heart wr doo eft ‘ferent tral enon Hw sold hey hen be did ‘Tove ital fos ave agoetct A ae i pit he isuibuons and diversity of Pathan oa soil syste discs eto fp 1171). By breath vale, Souter Pato rom the Nemgenony Hacageorgunel mouisin eran cot nly ad the haviour af Pathan in Swat diferent frm, and rerebenuble in terms of hse own vale that they declare carter bots ngs Pai ned by “hin tT ne te (ermal egaizton eons och coe to ha of Panjab, Ba Found poms by expling the crenatnce nt meth to mae Souther Pathansagre that thee were Indeol Pathan to, and rutin oad tt under ve ramatces they igh nde ‘hamlet ithe same way Tits iadegat ora overt? Santina forma at coat the cla etares which a 37 tie dtingih ane group thee over forme ae determined by ealogy aswell by Wansnitedeultre Nor can tbe aimed "hat ever sch vert within 9 group repens & fit ep in the dren of sobaivsion abd mulplicaton of unit. We have ellcnowsdacmented ese foe eae group aio arly SSeple level of eenonie organntion, occpying several ilfernt colognes aod yet etalning base call spd ele unity over long pede (ef inland aad otal Cocke (Bogor 19089) freer vr aod cont Lappe (Gjesng, 1st) to ofthe flowing ay Blom pp. 74H) args cogently on (his pint wih reference to cetal Noregian moanlin farmers He ‘ows bow thir patipton and self-evaluation in erm of neal [Nerweganvalom ssue the conincd menberip ithe ager ‘tine group dete he highly character and devi pater of Siviy witch Ge lel ctly tegen on tem To mle mc) ‘ec we cela viewpsnt tht doe tt confuete effec of esac ‘Srnec on bebo wil hw of clara edo, Dt which Inari posible o separate these facts and Snvestgate the 209 ‘Cologial eat nd soda compancats cresting very tiie group aan organizational type ‘By eacetraing on what sell effective, bic groupe are ee a form of scl crgaizaton, Te eis feature then becomes em (ine atom 9. 11 the Caractere of lactone tection ty elke A calegrcal ripen ie an eis erpin” | ‘then cir a pero n terme of hr ac tot general Hen, Presuoptvelydterine by his eign aod backround To the extent {Oat actos elie dente to categorize heels ad ther for