CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

One of highest yielding crop (cereal) maize is of substantial significance for

nations in world like Pakistan, everywhere hastily growing population has previously out
bare the obtainable food materials. Third important cereal in Pakistan is maize after rice
and wheat. Maize accounts 3.5% of the value of agricultural output and 4.8% e of total
area cropped. Planted on 0.9 million hectare assessed area with 1.3 million tonnes an
annual production of. Bulk 97% of this (total) production originated from 2 (major)
provinces, NWFP, secretarial for total area 57% and total production 68%. Punjab
38%subsidizes acreage with total maize grain production 30%. Actual slight (maize) 2-
3% is bent in Balochistan and Sindh. However not comprised in Pakistan authorized
figures AJK 0.122 million hectares, maize is a vital crop of kharif. Also an actual high
yielding and growing sector of maize, the spring maize production and area is not
accounted in Punjab, which concealments about 0.070 million ha with around 0.50
million tonnes (maize) formed grain (Govt. of Pakistan 2017).
Since the nutritious stance, maize has high nutritious cost covering starch,
protein, oil and minerals correspondingly 66.2%, 11.1%, 7.12% and 1.5% (Chowdhury
and Islam, 1993). Maize is an extraordinary vintage (potential) crop captivating principal
proportion photosynthetic amid (food) and as a plant C4 it can accrue dry material earlier
than other. Existence and vital crop (cereal), is full-grown (maize) 3.64 lakh ha land thru
a unabridged 25.16 lakh metric tons production (BAD, 2015).
Maize is the major cereal source of raw materials for industries. However, its
average yield per hectare is very low (IITA, 2007). The reason is to use low input supply
more especially inorganic fertilizers. Maize is known to be a heavy feeder of nitrogen (N)
fertilizer. Hardly a farmer can apply half of the recommended rate because of its scarcity
and where available, it‟s high in cost. Moringa, a common plant in Nigeria will be
reported to improve soil fertility, crop growth and yield (Williams et al., 2018).The usage
of maize has loosened primarily from internal crop to trade crop (Khaliq et al., 2004). In
malice of the countless abilities of maize together as trade and inland crop numerous
glitches have forced its supreme manufacture. The foremost restriction of maize
production is little soil N and the non-availability of inanimate fertilizer at the accurate
period of agricultural to enlarge the soil nutrient shortage and flush after accessible
maximum laborer farmers cannot have adequate coinage (Abera et al., 2005). Still,
anxieties ended the bad conservation influences of mineral composts have augmented the

1
necessity to grow another policy that resolve assistance alleviate or minimalize the usage
of such inanimate fertilizers. It is consequently domineering that replacements
maintainable climate-smart Agro forestry applies must be industrialized to advance and
augment maize efficiency. Moringa oleifera (Moringa) is well-thought-out as some of the
world‟s best (beneficial) trees (Adebayo et al., 2011), as nearly each portion (tree) has an
imposing result (Moyo et al., 2011) of medication industrial purposes, and food
(Khalafalla et al., 2010).
Moringa demonstrated a probable foundation for exploration as experts have
stirred emphasis to "Miracle tree". Moringa is a tremendously nourishing (Fuglie 1999)
adaptable plant grown-up for (fresh) vegetable, biogas, green manure, livestock fodder,
seed assembly, biopesticide, and medicine. MLE actuality opulent in AA, Ca, K,
ascorbate, Fe, and zeatin, is an ideal plant growth enhancer (Basra et al. 2009a, 2009b).
Leaves of Moringa are impending cause of C, A vitamin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, b-
carotene, phenolics, (Nambiar et al., 2005) and commanding (antioxidants) natural
(Adikwu and Njoku, 1997).
Plant Moringa has achieved huge consideration since of partaking in its leaves
antioxidants, cytokinin, micro and macro nutrients (Abdalla, 2013; Abdalla and El-
Khoshiban, 2012). Such plant growth promoters impact plant growth in numerous ways
and also promote protection mechanisms against abiotic stresses by harmonizing the PGR
endogenous attentiveness. PGR are usually castoff as a foliar application or a seed-
priming agent. Moringa is a deficiency robust, perennial tree flowers, deciduous and fast
rising with, pods brown triangular and around seeds dark brown 20per pod (Foidle et al.,
2001).
Moringa is inborn to subtropical, semi-arid, and tropical parts of the realm
encompassing plains sub-Himalayan of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan (Nouman et al.,
2012), and Afghanistan. High monetary insinuation instigated in its varied agriculture in
Southern and Central America, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Indo and Philip. ML comprise
Zeatin, (plant) hormone has its residence to bunch cytokinin (CKs) expectable for
heaviness lenience competences (Barciszweski et al., 2000) originated on vacation green
typical agreement. CKs delay leaf senescence by collective pigments figure of
photosynthetic hereafter, fights challenging environments (Iqbal and Ashraf 2006).
Totaling, all general CKs and Zeatin in meticulous have leading anti-aging part increase
(such as catalases) the entertainment of antioxidant enzymes and stimulate determination
of hardy (pest and disease) to attacks, plant growth, lengthier heftier roots and life extent.

2
Such arrangement preserves enlarged yield and growth retort of countless field harvests
from 25-30% with exogenous tender of Moringa dynamic basics (Foidle et al., 2001).
Moringa seedling estimable agent helps in crops sprouting and growth (Nouman, 2008).
Abridged rice germination percentage, better sorghum germination, augmented wheat
hypocotyl length, abridged sorghum seedlings survival, and compact sorghum hypocotyls
are little actions amid MLE responses (Phiri, 2010). In adding, MLE is likewise amusing
in carotenoids, ascorbates, phenols, Ca and K, which have plant development indorsing
competences and frequently useful as exogenous plant development garnishes (Foidl et
al., 2001). MLE at diverse concentrations significantly amplified a,b chlorophyll insides,
stature of plant and leaf zone beneath spartan anxieties scarcity and salinity (Ali, 2011).
In fact, nutrient managing through organic possessions is very vital for crops (Kannaiyan,
2000).
The nutritional food quality upraised by organic farming in contrast to traditional
farming is a present question that lasts to generate discussion and entice interest.
Customers regard organic foods not only as improved, but also a harmless, extra hygienic,
and free of chemical remains and artificial elements (Winter and Davis 2006). So,
application of organic fertilizer has established great courtesy particularly amongst the
farmers (Chang et al., 2007). Organic fertilizers not only upsurge physical (water-holding
capacity, structure and porosity) and chemical possessions of soil but also upsurge
mineral deposition, which is vital for proper growth of plants (Galbiattia et al., 2007).
Henceforth, its extract of leaf in H2O covers growth attractive ingredients and can
be castoff as bio stimulants (Foidl, 2000).The dependency on use of inorganic fertilizer as
a source of plant nutrients by farmers is further associated with land and soil degradation
and environmental pollution. However, these technologies take long to mature and are
designed as single purpose technologies, mainly for soil fertility improvement. Moringa
leaf extract has been reported to accelerate growth of young plants, strength plants,
improve resistance to pests and diseases, increase leaf area duration, increase number of
roots, produce more and larger fruits and generally increase yield by 20 to 35% (Fuglie,
2000). Plant extracts of some treesiand crop residues have been reported to influence crop
growth and yield (Farooq et. al., 2008).
Objectives of the study:
There are following objectives of the study.
1. To select best maize variety in response of MLE (Moringa leaf extract).

3
2. To evaluate the consequence of MLE on growth and different yield parameters of
two maize varieties.
3. To assess the potential of MLE and frequency of application to enhance maize
productivity.

4
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATTURE

Moringa oleifera (Moringa) is well-thought-out as some (world‟s) best trees

(beneficial), as nearly each portion (tree) has an imposing result (Adebayo et al., 2011) of
medication industrial purposes (Khalafalla et al., 2010), and food (Moyo et al., 2011).
Leaves of Moringa are impending source C and A vitamin, riboflavin, calcium, iron,
phenolics (Nambiar et al., 2005), b-carotene and commanding (Njoku and Adikwu, 1997)
natural antioxidants. Moringa plant has achieved huge consideration (Abdalla, 2013)
since of partaking in its leaves antioxidants, cytokinin, micro and macro nutrients
(Abdalla and El-Khoshiban, 2012). Moringa demonstrated a probable foundation for
exploration as experts have stirred emphasis to "Miracle tree". Moringa is a tremendously
nourishing (Fuglie 1999) adaptable plant grown-up for (fresh) vegetable, biogas, green
manure, livestock fodder, seed assembly, biopesticide, and medicine. MLE actuality
opulent in AA, Ca, K, ascorbate, Fe, and zeatin, is an ideal plant growth enhancer (Basra
et al. 2009a, 2009b). Leaves of Moringa are impending cause of C, A vitamin, riboflavin,
calcium, iron, b-carotene, phenolics, (Nambiar et al., 2005) and commanding
(antioxidants) natural (Adikwu and Njoku, 1997). Plant Moringa has achieved huge
consideration since of partaking in its leaves antioxidants, cytokinin, micro and macro
nutrients (Abdalla, 2013; Abdalla and El-Khoshiban, 2012). Such plant growth promoters
impact plant growth in numerous ways and also promote protection mechanisms against
abiotic stresses by harmonizing the PGR endogenous attentiveness. PGR are usually
castoff as a foliar application or a seed-priming agent. Moringa is a deficiency robust,
perennial tree flowers, deciduous and fast rising with, pods brown triangular and around
seeds dark brown 20 per pod (Foidle et al., 2001).
Food mandate has been cumulative time owing to high populace growth. At this
interval, only wheat and rice cannot achieve the whole (cereal) food petition of the
country. To encounter this contest, can be selected maize to addition cereal food lack
since of its advanced yield probable as associated to wheat and rice (Mian et al. 2002).
Furthermore, undernourishment is a main problematic in the kingdom. The nationwide
food obtainability in rapports of calories is abundant inferior the obligation. From the
nutritive stance, maize (grain) has great nutritious worth covering starch, protein, oil and
minerals (Chowdhury and Islam, 1993) correspondingly 66.2 %, 11.1 %, 7.12 % and 1.5
%. Maize is an extraordinary vintage (potential) crop captivating principal proportion
photosynthetic amid (food) and as a plant C4 it can accrue dry material earlier than other.

5
Existence and vital crop (cereal), is full-grown (maize) 3.64 lakh ha land thru an
unabridged 25.16 lakh metric tons production (BAD, 2015).
Furthermore, maize request is cumulative gradually unpaid to quick (poultry)
expansion of the industry. Though the existing making low-slung of maize, nearby
prodigious vision for swelling the expanse and assembly in Bangladesh of maize. While
several parts of MLE are recognized to own varied biological and medicinal bustle on
animals and human, little is known systematically around its conceivable result as a
progress sauce in chief crop plants since same insufficient distributed prose are obtainable
that obviously elucidate the possessions of MLE in plants.
In opinion of all the earlier hearsays, it is theorized that MLE having a numeral of
vitamins, mineral nutrient and plant growth promoters in an unsurprisingly stable
configuration, may be useful for plant development and growth. The practice of MLE for
agricultural determinations (Abbas et al., 2013) to improve yield and growth of foremost
crops in Bangladesh has not hitherto been systematically examined. Custody overhead
realities in attention, the current study was commenced to inspect the outcome of MLE on
development, and growth of maize and to govern the upshot of MLE on harvest
components and yield of maize. All growth strictures were augmented (Chattha et al.,
2015) with the upsurge of the incidence of MLE application. Our discovery is rendered
(Ali et al., 2011) with scarce preceding; and, where recommended that request of MLE
can augment the No. of leaves plant-1, growth rate, length shoot and root, plant height,
and weight of maize (shoot and root). Beforehand Foidle (2001) exposed that squirting of
MLE to numerous field crops dismiss reinforce plants, endorse the somatic growth and
intensification the (root and shoot) weight.
Our consequences are similarly in covenant thru Chatta et al. (2015) stated that the
upsurge in grain weight/plant owed to tender of MLE. Mehboob (2011) also stated alike
consequences in instance of No. of grains/cob and No. of grains/column in maize.
Anyaegbu et al. (2013) and Yasmeen et al. (2011) in this increase in (100-grain) weight
and grain n wheat and Telfaria occidental‟s due to solicitation of MLE. These conclusions
substantiate with the consequences of Mehboob (2011) and Mvumi et al. (2013) who
described amplified stover and grain yield in maize by smearing MLE. Abbas et al.
(2013) chronicled 10.17 t ha-1 minimum biological yield in control treatment and the
highest 11.07 t ha-1 in application 20% MLE. Hussain (2010) distinguished that the blend
of Moringa and canola quotations squirted at 30 40 DAS bigger 83% grain yield of maize.

6
 The existing study advocates that the practice of MLE as a foliar spray will
augment the yield and growth of maize and that scattering is mandatory throughout the
entire vegetative stage of plant with weeks (2) interlude. Upsurge in grain yield owed to
recurrent submission of MLE was primarily owed to the development of growing
parameters like leaves plant -1, growth rate, shoot and root length, plant height, and weight
(fresh and dry) of maize (shoot and root). Significantly, it was cytokinin, zeatin a
connected hormone in the citation (Mvumi et al., 2013), accountable for the better yield
and growing as recommended by particular investigators (Abdalla, 2013).
2.1 Moringa Leaf Extract Effect on Growth and Yield
The nutritional food quality upraised by biological agricultural in contrast to
customary agribusiness is a present question that lasts to generate discussion and entice
interest. Customers repute animate nutriments not only as improved, nevertheless also a
harmless, extra sterile, and allowed of substance remains and artificial elements (winter
and Davis 2006). Organic fertilizers not only upsurge physical (WHC, structure and
porosity) and element possessions of soil but also upsurge inanimate confession, which is
vital aimed at apt growth of florae (Galbiattia et al., 2007). So, submission of animal
nourishment has established great courtesy particularly amongst the growers (Chang et
al., 2007). Popular fact, nutrient managing over organic possessions is identical vital for
produces (Kannaiyan, 2000).
Currently growers are thriving conscious around the submission of animate
enricher to recover their assembly as fine as agricultural parcel (Galbiattia et al., 2007). In
command to plug the request of organic fertilizer, lone of such choice is usage of MLE as
manure (Davis, 2000). It is well recognized vegetable in Arabia, Africa, Pakistan,
America and India. ML (Moringa Leaf) is latent source (Nambiar et al., 2005) of A, B, C
(vitamins), K, Ca, Fe (essential minerals) and AA. Its leaves comprise (Ascorbate,
Phenolics) authoritative natural antioxidants (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). Furthermore,
MLE is augmented with Abscisic Acid, auxins and cytokinins (Foidl et al., 2001) like
growth substances. Henceforth, its leaf excerpt in water covers growth attractive matters
and can be castoff as bio stimulants (Foidl, 2000). Many surveys presented that foliar
submission of MLE advantageous for the (vigour) growth (Chang et al., 2007), deeper
root growth and seed germination improved (Kannaiyan, 2000), postponement of fruit
senescence and progress yield quantity/quality (Phiri and Mbewe 2010; Nasira et al.,
2016) and also communicate on the aptitude of crops to endure opposing environmental
circumstances (Chang et al., 2007). Furthermore, plants treated with MLE showed more

7
disease and pest resistance.This conclusion settled with Nasira et al. (2016), who initiate
that foliar submission of MLE at fruit agreed phase augmented the pod set and abridged
fruit drib. This can be credited to the MLE relaxed of great quartzes and hormones which
are indirectly/directly complicated in development process and fruit evolution and
accordingly upsurge number of tree/fruit (Abdalla, 2013).
Furthermore, improved fruit set and abridged fruit drip reproduced upsurge
harvest. These consequences remain in covenant thru the fallouts found by Nasira et al.
(2016) and Sheren and El-Amary (2015). They stated that foliar submission of MLE
augmented the yield (whole No. of fruits and assess, total percentage and No. of
marketable fruit; and reduction in percentage and number unmarketable fruits. Zinc is
precursor of tryptophan which is involved in synthesis of indole acetic acid that is
required for fruit growth and development (Zekri and Obreza 2009). In accumulation to,
the cytokinin-like substances high contented which auditoriums energetic protagonist in
cubicle divider and extension, consequently lastly augmented the fruit diameter, span and
weight. Likewise, in „Le Conte‟ pear fruit volume, extent and weight augmented by foliar
solicitation of MLE (Sheren and El-Amary 2015). Fruit size, weightiness, pulp mass, and
juice mass of „Kinnow‟ bureaucrat was knowingly augmented with MLE foliar
solicitation at stage of fruit set (Nasira et al., 2016).
The dependence practice of inanimate enrichers as a foundation of plant nutrients
by growers and their extraordinary rate is extra accompanying per degradation (acreage
and topsoil) and (ecological) contamination (Phiri, 2010). Accordingly, around is nonstop
requirement to exploration substitute harmless ordinary bases for nutrients of plant.
Moringa oleifera is one of such substitute, being examined to determine its consequence
on yield and growth of crops and thus can be endorsed amongst farmers as a likely
enhancement (substitute) to (inorganic) fertilizers (Phiri, 2010). Furthermore, numerous
investigates have signposted that M. oleifera is a exceedingly respected plant with
versatile possessions (Mishra et al., 2011; Moyo et al., 2011; Adebayo et al., 2011; Anwar
et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2006). The tree 5 to 10 m ranges in height (Morton, 1991). It is
originate wild and refined in numerous countries of the subtropics and tropics. It is
reflected as one of the world‟s greatest beneficial trees, as near every part (tree) has a
remarkable effect of industrial purposes, medication, and food (Moyo et al., 201;
Adebayo et al., 2011; Khalafalla et al., 2010). Diverse portions of this plant encompass a
silhouette of important proteins s, mineral, vitamins, β carotene, various phenolics and
amino acids and deliver a rare and rich amalgamation of zeatin with (several pigments)

8
flavonoid (Anwar et al., 2007; Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). So it is a decent source of
natural antioxidants (Jacob and Shenbagaraman, 2011; Anwar et al., 2007). Moringa
seeds (fresh or cooked) can be eaten, or it can be (sweet) pressed, oil of high quality non-
dessicating, commercially famous as “Ben oil”. Besides, its sole stuff is the aptitude of
the (dry) crushed seed and cake (seed press) which comprise certain polypeptides to serve
as a likely coagulants with antifungal and antibacterial actions, therefore it has a
convincing water cleansing power (Anwar et al., 2007). Regarding medicinal value, it
turns as circulatory and cardiac stimulants, keep anti-tumor, anti- inflammatory,
antipyretic, antiulcer, antiepileptic, diuretic, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antioxidant,
cholesterol lowering, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antifungal activities and anti-
bacterial and are being laboring for the action of unalike disorders in the indigenous
scheme of (particularly in South Asia) medicine (Jacob and Shenbagaraman, 2011;
Mishra et al., 2011; Moyo et al., 2011; Anwar et al., 2007; Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003;
Morimitsu et al., 2000).
Moreover values (medicinal), there has been previous booms by, Fuglie (2000)
that the MLE augmented growth of strengthened plants, young plants, improved
resistance to diseases and pests and, augmented duration of leaf, amplified roots number,
formed (further and larger) fruits and 20-35% yield increased. Numerous contemporary
soundings were started directing to rise both the growth parameters measured as number
of leaves, plant height, leaf area, weight (fresh and dry), numeral of tillers, root length,
shoot vigor, yield represented as fruit number, germination percentage and dry weight by
foliar application of MLE at dissimilar rates (Nouman et al., 2011; Balakumbahan and
Rajamani, 2010; Phiri, 2010; Prabhu et al., 2010).
Though numerous parts of MLE are recognized to own varied (medicinal and
biological) action on animals and human, slight is identified methodically around its
significance fertilizer as a bio-organic on the metabolic, antioxidant and hormonal
potential on plants. Thus, the current study was intentional to discover the proportional
and dose dependent conclusion of the aqueous MLE and twigs growth sustaining,
hormonal, and metabolic and antioxidant actions of a leafy vegetable plant, rocket.
Reliable consequences were gotten by Prabhu et al. (2011) and Balakumbahan and
Rajamani (2010) by smearing MLE at 2 and 4% on consecrated senna and basil plants,
individually. They originate that foliar scattering of MLE at 2% was further effective than
4% and elevated all measured development parameters overhead (control) plants (number
of leaves, plant height, leaf area index, leaf area, number of pods, (fresh and dry) weight,

9
dry pod yield, number of branches, and dry leaf yield). The conceivable motive for this
hastening of growth strength is owing to the augmented contented of ML and twig
extracts of (crude) proteins (43.5%) and hormones (growth promoting), that is, cytokinins
and auxins (Moyo et al., 2011). Proteins are crucial for the development of the
protoplasm, although hormones (growth) favored fast division of cell, cell enlargement
and multiplication.
These consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova
(2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse organic fertilizers who
accredited these rises in the photosynthetic capability in plants in answer to organic
fertilization outstanding to several issues viz. the PSΠ efficiency, the solidity of
ultrastructure chloroplast, the improved rate of CO 2 preoccupation and its fixation by leaf
cell. The current information determined that Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves) covers
substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with verified potent antioxidant assets such as
the carotenoids (beta- carotene, lutein, xanthin, and alpha-carotene) and chlorophyll
(Owusu, 2008). The leaves have great nutritional potentialities of numerous elements
(macro) as Mg (Yameogo et al., 2011), integral of chlorophyll, both would version for the
upsurge in the totals of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in Eruca plants.
Foidl et al. (2001) stated that foliar spraying of certain plant leaves with extract of
Moringa shaped certain distinguished belongings as general upsurge in plant yield amid
20%-35% and advanced mineral and sugar levels. The improved buildups of together
total sugars and total protein in rocket plants in retort to treatments with MLE and TLE
were owing to the high starch, sugar and protein content of the entire M. oleifera plant
and which make it of countless agricultural and scientific attention (Foidl et al., 2001;
Yameogo et al., 2011). MLE influenced extensive spectrum of dietetic antioxidant as
flavonoids, phenols, β-carotene, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT), AA and α-
tochopherol (vitamin E). Therefore, the excerpt showed robust scavenging consequence
on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical, nitric oxide radical, inhibition of
lipid peroxidation and superoxide as associated to numerous orientation antioxidant
extracts of numerous leafy fruits and vegetables (Jacob and Shenbagaraman, 2011;
Sreelatha and Padma, 2009; Dasgupta and De, 2007). So, this extract can avoid oxidative
injury to main biomolecules and afford substantial protection in contradiction of oxidative
impairment by preferring the accretion of advanced levels of phenols and AA, in chance,
reduced the doings of lipid peroxidaton and antioxidant enzymes in rocket plants under
examination to minimum levels. For instance, Abdalla and El-Khoshiban (2012),

10
Sivakumar and Ponnusami (2011), Noori et al. (2010) and Schuphan (2005) understood
the augmented uptake and accretions of certain nutritive elements as N, Ca, K, P, Mg as
well as Fe in shoots and roots of numerous plants under investigation as a significance of
organic fertilization from dissimilar bases (plant and animal source) comprising MLE.
Sivakumar and Ponnusami (2011) designated that OM (organic manures) are justly good
basis of nutrients which increased plants to acceptance increasingly helpful elements, to
upsurge the leaf nutrient rank and ultimately achieve productivity and optimum growth.
Bioorganic fertilization is imaginary to hasten the nutrient uptake concluded the
tested rocket plant by amassed the penetrability of root membranes for electrolytes,
averting their obsession in the soil and amassed their mobility. Altered part of M. oleifera
plants have been described to be a ironic source of vital minerals as Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Fe, P,
Cu, S, Mn, Na, and Se which can be valorized for a stable nutrition of populations (Moyo
et al., 2011; Yameogo et al., 2011).They secluded zeatin and auxins (growth promoting
hormones) from MLE and used this extract as a foliar sprig to hasten growth of dissimilar
plants. Consequences presented that foliar action with MLE augmented dry matter,
flowering, produced (larger fruits and flowers), fruit weight, and so at harvest time higher
yield, per plant greater amount of shoots and sugars and minerals higher percentage and
ultimately produced plants to be firmer and extra resilient to diseases and pests (Foidl et
al., 2001).
Much review recommended that seed training improved the crop yield (Ashraf et
al., 2010). In this amendment, foliar spray and seed priming with dissimilar withdrawal
campaigns of MLE enlarged per spike number of grains and1000- grain weight. Prior
modification expanded that better-quality extrication of espouses throughout grain
extensive phase may surge size of grain (Taiz and Zeigerm, 2002). Cytokinin has
optimistic implication with maize last (grain) weight. It has been discovering that ML has
adequately courtesy of cytokinin, and zeatin (Foidle et al., 2001). Foliar obedience of
MLE has talent to stop leaf senescence early (Rehman and Basra, 2010) that heightened
with (photosynthetic) augmented pigments the (area) leaf. The effectiveness of MLE with
esteem to heightened antioxidants, chlorophyll and progressive vegetable (Siddhuraju and
Becker, 2003) progress was lingering to the sum of cytokinin which intersects to green
color garner plants. Foidle et al. (2001) elected that MLE disguises, of considerable
entrails of Ca, cytokinin, and K likewise phenolics, and ascorbates. Such growths present
in MLE not only enlarged shoot effectiveness nonetheless too generate the plant to a
dressed brashness smooth underneath demanding co Shehu et al. (2017) assessed the

11
growth and yield response of maize plant to Moringa leaf extract and Boost extra foliar
fertilizers on sandy loam soils. Fallouts exposed that application of MLE (1:32 v/v) at 2, 4
and 6 WAS significantly increased yield components of maize. The chief grain produce
(4.9t/ha) and stove yield (7.7t/ha) were gained from T9 although the bottom grain
produce (2.6 t ha-1 ) and stover yield (4.9 t ha-1 ) were obtained with boost extra applied at
3 lit ha-1 (T2). The concentration of MLE had a substantial influence on grain and stover
yields of maize where dilution ratios of Moringa leaf extract to distilled water of 1:32 and
1:36 increased grain yield by 35.2 and 9.5%, respectively. Therefore, for restored growth
and yield concert of maize, boost extra should be applied in combination with NPK while
Moringa leaf extract (1:32) should be sprayed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after sawing in addition
to soil application of NPK (120: 60: 60).
Mvumi et al. (2013) evaluated the potential benefit of using Moringa oleifera leaf
extract as a growth hormone on common beans and maize was done. Results showed that
Moringa extract increased growth and yield of beans in both greenhouse and field, and of
maiz in the field. However, the extract showed no significant effect on DM (Dry matter)
yield, root DM or plant height of maize in the greenhouse. The highest DM and root
weight, height and crop yields in greenhouse and field experiments for beans, and for
maize in the field only, were obtained at M3. The study recommends the application of
extract at M3.
Muhamman et al. (2014) studied the reaction of maize to excerpt of Moringa and
N rates. Nitrogen tariffs were pragmatic in 2 prescriptions at parcel planning and at
5weeks afterwards strewing. Numbers were serene on leaf extent catalog, crop growing
amount, net integration proportion and grain produce ha-1 and were endangered to
investigation of discrepancy. Outcomes exhibited momentous possessions of Moringa
excerpt and N tolls with communications on the stricture on the consequences, it was
determined that Moringa excerpt can supplement N fertilizer on the growing and vintage
of maize. Hence, 120 kg N/ha with 5 % Moringa excerpt which expressed main upshot on
the strictures ought to be espoused to progress produce per unit capacity.
Kiran et al. (2017) studied scarcity anxiety is some of foremost abiotic anxieties
upsetting maize vintage and worth. Canvassers are besieged for assembly of expected
progress uppers to expand scarcity hassle forbearance of yield plants. Moringa is a
virtuous font of normal antioxidants besides natural phenolic and its foliage excerpt has
been castoff as a bio regulator for taming progress of several crop floras. Existing
revision appraised the outcome of dissimilar absorptions of Moringa aqueous leaf excerpt

12
(MALE) on progression and cell wall assured phenolic of maize cv. Azam underneath
deficiency anxiety (soil moistness 10%). Exogenous solicitation of MALE pointedly
amended maize leaf resolvable proteins, leaf virtual H2O contented, shoot and root fresh
mass and dehydrated mass, root extent, root interval and root girth under drought stress.
Yusuf et al. (2018) assess the growth and yield response of maize plant to organic
and inorganic fertilizer. Results showed that application of Moringa leaves with NPK at
4, 8 and 12 WAP significantly (p < 0.05) increased the growth parameters and grain yield
of maize when compared to application of NPK, poultry manure and Moringa leaves
alone including the control treatment conditions and convalence grain yield. Biswas et al.,
(2017) considered the conclusion of Moringa leaf extract on maize yield and growth.
2.2 Moringa Leaf Extract Potential to Increase Maize Productivity
It is a stifling versatile shrub and lone of the worlds‟ utmost castoff plants. That‟s
reckless emergent tree for hominid ingesting, livestock food, dye, and medication also for
purification of water. That one is developed conventionally as courtyard hedges before
trees. This one status as nutritional plus medicine tenets have stayed extensively
documented and emphasized. Though, there are arranged the regularity of solicitation
limited reports of MLE and that one effect on productivity in Nigeria. Hearings approved
obtainable by Fuglie (2008) and Foidl et al. (2001) must publicized that Moringa is
appropriate for strong fabrication of several gathers owing activity of growing hormone.
By way of a leguminous plant, Moringa resolutions distinctive N accordingly tumbling
the necessity for nourishment solicitation and as green compost cans likewise assistance
mend soil fertility. It can be developed as intercrop in connotation with extra yearly
produces and the leaf excerpt can be used as foliar sprig to raise plant progression.
Moringa encompasses zeatin, a plant hormone resultant from the purine adenine. It is an
associate of the plant progression hormone family famous as cytokinins. These plant
hormones relief (Hwang et al., 2012) cell disunion, distinction, and progression, shield
alongside oxidation and help in nutrient integration. The tradition of maize (Khaliq et al.,
2004) has lifted primarily to industrial crop from domestic harvest (Iken and Amusa,
2014).
Now malevolence of the immeasurable abilities of maize together as domestic and
industrial crop numerous difficulties must inhibited its extreme manufacture. The main
restriction to augmented maize assembly is diminutive soil N and the unavailability of
quartz at the accurate interval of agriculture to appendage the soil nutrient unavailability

13
and uniform when accessible greatest peasant ranchers cannot have ample dough (Farhad
et al., 2009, Abera et al., 2005).
Fiodl (2001) recommended active use of MLE, the important agronomic rations
requirement be conveyed for the definite crops. The nutrients at this period were stagnant
acceptable and reachable to chance the seedlings evolution necessities (Bettey et al.,
2000). At the initial phase almost 4 WAP of growth, the endosperm assets develops
bushed and the fluctuations in their canopy shade, dimension and broad onset are as a
significance of the deviations in their capacities to yield assimilates (Revilla et al., 1999),
henceforward the inevitability for spare nutrients for finest maize yield.
This result verifies with the results of Abdalla (2015) and Mvumi et al. (2013) that
around stayed recovering maize growing with the accumulative regularities of MLE and
this was suggested to be remaining to the turnout of the plenteous zeatin in the MLE.
Abdel (2016) too described that MLE significantly augmented the No. of leaves/plant,
yield limitations, neck span and plant loftiness of garlic. This explosion substantiates
folks of Gingula et al. (2005) that augmented photosynthetic capacity and leaf area was
related thru upsurge N on the tissue and cells growth. Passable progress influences
foundation cans assistance postponement in maize leaf senescence so antifungal the leaf
green dye, and functionality for a longer dated. Cytokinins are dynamic hormones
originate in MLE and have stood identified to cause amplified cell separation via
stimulating the mitosis method. Imports augmented mitosis in plant progression
(Schmulling, 2002) and the making of buds and shoots as thriving as progress of seeds
and fruits. Werner et al. (2001) also itemized that cytokinin incomplete plants settled
underdeveloped shoots thru minor apical meristem. The leaf cubicle assembly was one 3-
4 % of rough form representative and total requirement of cytokinin for growth of leaf.
Leaf senescence importantly disturbs photosynthetic capability, dry matter allocation and
production in plants (Gingula et al., 2005). The incidence of the hormones (progression)
in the preserved floras might consequently be accountable (Abosede and Ayodeji, 2018)
aimed at the greater extent of leaves as cytokinins postponement senescence (Sanjay et
al., 2013). A comparable report stood perceived thru the effort complete (Maishanu et al.,
2017); wherever they stated that MLE dried Vigna unguiculata had denser stem than
those cured with urea and rheostat. This support verifies the report of Fuglie et al., 2001
that MLE in zeatin can perfection productivity of crop in 10-45% array. These
consequences might be owed to cumulative glassy of the cytokinins at the numerous
regularities (Werner et al.., 2001).

14
 Cytokinin syndicate thru auxin to lengthen the roots, though passable hoard
postponements shoot senescence consequently collective photosynthetic bulk, gasping
stock division and assembly to monetary parts (Gingula et al., 2005).These consequences
certain with individuals of Sanjay et al., ( 2013) and Utietians et al. (2013) they registered
difficult yields on garden egg plus pea after treated with MLE correspondingly. Plants per
extraordinary premature seedling No. of leaves, altitude, and strength are liable to
institute closer by manipulating the procedure of solar oomph, nutrients, and vacant H 2O
so cumulative the photosynthetic propensity of the plant. This drives consequence hooked
on additional dry staple logjam, which valor be ghettoized to the drop with causing
improved yield of grain (Adetimirin, 2006). The paired result of the MLE with the least N
practical if the essential progression supplies for the progression and instituting of the
maize salted plants thru subsequent mass and No. of cobs. Chang et al. (2007) and
Makkar et al. (2007) definited that the caring of MLE on leaves and stem led to enlarged
income. Also, Anyaegbu (2014) stated that MLE routine improved the accessibility of
macro and micro nutrients plant curiosity in the soil.
Also, better relative water contented and abridged membrane penetrability in
maize plants canned with MLE potency is owing to upkeep of tissue water innards,
upsurge in antioxidant activities and carbohydrate metabolism (Farooq et al., 2008).
Checking prior conclusions that seed priming with MLE enhances maize performance
under cool situations (Afzal et al., 2012). Besides foliar spray of MLE also the
development rate of crop by amassed leaf area and photosynthetic proportion as mineral
arrangement of MLE sorts it an brilliant natural growth endorsing material improve
physiological procedures going on within plant in an optimistic way (Anjorin et al.,
2010). Protagonist of MLE in refining physical qualities and yield of tomatoihas been
stated (Muhamman al., 2013), and alike fallouts for development in leaf area of late sown
wheat have been detected (Yasmeen et al., 2012).
Seed priming occasioned in uniform and rapid germination which frontrunners to
the production of dynamic saplings with high chlorophyll guts in their leaves (Ghassemi
et al., 2008). Seed priming with MLE overdue senescence underneath suboptimal
situations due to key part frolicked by ascorbate, zeatin and minerals comprising K which
are existing in ML (Basra et al., 2011).These outcomes are buoyed by revision (Yasmeen
et al., 2012) that owed to the occurrence of GPS; MLE foliar posy can encompass
periodic duration leaf area, the grain-filling retro and interruption crop maturity that

15
eventually caused into bigger biological and economic yields of wheat crop underneath
late propagated settings.
The nutrient outline, mineral and vitamin conformation of diverse parts of MLE
offer a crucial character of its aqueous quotation in growth and physiology of maize as it
comprises vit B-Complex, vit A, C and nutrients (Fuglie, 2001). Altered vitamins,
nutrients, growth promoting substances and minerals extant in MLE improved the
photosynthetic rate and crop development rate and eventually further photo integrates
were translocate to grain cumulative its oil guts. The lesser protein substances in the
grains from MLE priming plus foliar spray action potency are owing to the detail that in
emerging seed more photosynthetic were translocate to lipid biosynthesis. Alike opposite
relative for protein and oil innards have been described (Truong et al., 2013). Coarse
grains 1.1 billion tons of formed in the domain throughout 2010 for feed, nutriment and
trade resolves, maize explanations for collective productivity 74% (FAO, 2010). In
springtime (planted) maize, a great day of temp 38°C multiplicative stage unswervingly
disturb seed setting and pollination resultant in abridged scrap yield (Wahid et al., 2007).
Some thinkable choice to evade warmth strain is early plan ofmaize spring. Also
early sowing results in heavier and bold grains due to augmented grain filling period.
Initial planted spring maize has veteran a reduction in daily soil temp underneath 10 °C
(Afzal et al., 2008) that roots imbibition wound to germinating seed. In mild areas, short
temp pressure at initial growing phases caused in unfortunate photosynthetic recital of
maize, which additional indications to stunted plant development and growth. Underneath
chilling stress, advanced activities of responsive oxygen species as been noted that reason
oxidative injury to membranes (Farooq et al., 2008) and impairs the usual purposes of
cells by countering with DNA, lipids and proteins.
In springtime planted maize harmful possessions of low-slung temp at seeding
period and of great temp on grain filling then pollination might be abridged by initial
plantation of petite period varieties (Afzal et al., 2012) that are lenient to temp high or
low. Seed improvement methods caused in better stand establishment and germination
underneath low temp situations (Afzal et al., 2008). Soaking seed in elucidation SA
(salicylic acid) persuaded unsettling (Farooq et al., 2008) acceptance in amalgam maize
primarily owing to the antioxidants instigation. Hydro priming dropped the stretch
occupied to 50% propagation and vigor index, difficult incubation guide and closing
genotypes (maize) propagation ratio (Dezfuli et al., 2008).

16
 Wheat seed priming with concentration (optimum) of kinetin solution abridged the
devastating things of salinity on wheat and caused in higher growth of seedling and
amplified dry and fresh weight under together non-saline and saline situations (Afzal et
al., 2005). Foliar app of growth encouraging supplies e.g. SA has been exposed to
upsurge (Khan et al., 2002) rate of photosynthetic, and preserve (Kaya et al., 2010) casing
veracity, in maize. Though plant development and growth is indorsed by the appropriate
exogenous solicitation of plant hormones sideways with antioxidants, nutrients, inorganic
and organic chemicals but these are luxurious and out of spread of reserve deprived
farmers. Moringa oleifera might be a substitute cause of plant hormones as ML are
amusing source of (phenolics, ascorbate) antioxidants, vitamins C,B,A, diverse vital (K,
Ca, Fe) minerals, zeatin and proteins (Foidle et al., 2001). Maize seed priming with MLE
amplified germination index and decreases mean germination that eventually better-
quality seedling growth by cumulative total sugar contents, amylase activity (Afzal et al.,
2012), and chlorophyll content underneath chilling situations. Foliar nosegay of MLE can
encompass the delay crop maturity, grain-filling dated and seasonal leaf area duration that
consequences into larger biological and economic yields of wheat crop underneath late
sown situations (Yasmeen et al., 2012). Till nowadays studies have been approved out to
examine the distinct consequence of seed priming and foliar spray through kinetin and
hydro priming in refining opinion formation and growth (Ding et al., 2009) of maize
underneath stress situations salinity specifically.
2.3 Moringa Leaf Extract as Priming Agent
Submission of nutrients or plant growth regulators throughout other pre-sowing
treatments, pre-soaking, and priming in numerous crops must better seed routine that
fallouts in productivity and total plant progress mainly underneath opposing
circumstances, such as salinity or temp excesses (Bakht et al., 2011). Typical retorts to
briefing are quicker and nearer banquet of eras to appearance concluded all seedbed
surroundings and broader temp variety of emergence, foremost to healthier crop attitudes,
and hereafter better harvest and yield eminence, expressly in the pitch in stress and
suboptimal increasing situations (Halmer, 2004). Besides, the primed seeds frequently
germinate and emerge further rapidly than (seeds) non-primed, particularly under low
temp (Afzal et al., 2008).
Though appropriate exogenous app of (plant) hormones beside through
antioxidants, nutrient, inorganic and biological chemicals approves plant development
and growth, though, these are not charge active and obtainable of the spread of farmers.

17
Consequently exertions ought to be completed to explore the inexpensive and finest
substitutes of luxurious grooming mediators. Amongst dissimilar natural bases used to
excerpt PGR (Foidl et al., 2001), Moringa is ahead a slice of magnetism. In adding, MLE
is likewise opulent in carotenoids, acrobats‟, phenols, Ca and K, which have PGP
capabilities and frequently useful as exogenous plant progression garnishes (Foidl et al.,
2001).
The better performance of MLE strength is due to greater vitamins and nutrients,
which were misplaced throughout freezing leaves of Moringa (Begum et al., 2009). Thru
priming with MLE, which is rich in K, C and ascorbate, most of the Ca 2+ and N seemed
to be divided to embryo, which improved subsequent growth and seedling emergence of
maize seedlings (Farooq et al., 2010). Priming not only endorses subsequent growth and
germination rate under cool circumstances but also assistances in expansion the variety of
temp through germination, which eventually improves crop yield (Farooq et al., 2008).
Experience of maize plants to frightening pressure leads to the ROS generation, which
can react with significant macromolecules producing oxidative injury and prejudicing
functions the optimal cellular (Farooq et al., 2008). Plant phenolics have a useful role
throughout oxidative spurt, development of germination and vigor under stress, soluble
phenolic were donated to high activity of antioxidant (Randhir et al., 2004). In preceding
studies linking pea and beans, a noteworthy upsurge in total phenolic was pragmatic,
which connected with improved seedling weight and height (Randhir & Shetty, 2003;
Mccue et al., 2000). Burguieres et al. (2007) also linked an upsurge of phenolic innards in
pea seedlings by the surge in growth response of seedlings owing to seeds exposure to
vitamin C or folic acid.
Moringa is an extremely nutritive (Fuglie 1999) versatile plant grown for
vegetable (fresh), green manure, biogas, livestock fodder, seed assembly, biopesticide,
and medicine. MLE being gorgeous in AA, Ca, K, ascorbate, Fe, and zeatin (GRH), is an
idyllic PGP (Basra et al. 2009b, 2009a). Such PGPs impact plant growing in numerous
means and similarly encourage protection appliances in contradiction of abiotic anxieties
by congruent the PGR endogenous attentiveness. PGR are commonly castoff as a foliar
submission or a seed-priming mediator.
Agriculture is mainstay of the Pakistan economy, and fronting remarkable
contests for globally security of food. Dissimilar sorts of abiotic issues such as drought
(Jaleel et al., 2009), salinity, phytotoxic elements, water-logging (Olgun et al., 2008,
Jamal et al., 2006; Munns and Tester, 2008), nutrient deficiency in the soil, heat stress (F

18
ageria et al., 2010; Wahid et al., 2007), and solar rediation (Alexieva et al., 2001) are
destructive to harvest efficiency. Definite inner plant influences like regulators of plant
progress (Pospisilova et al., 2000), status of water in plant (Athariand Ashraf, 2005),
antioxidants, mineral nutrientsi (Shoresh et al., 2011; Azeem and Ahmad, 2011), and are
correspondingly significant which are prejudiced by exterior aspects as thriving. Between
wholly factors (abiotic), major problem (Tuncturk et al., 2011) is salinity of regions
(semi-aridiand arid) of the world. Salts confession on surface (soil) is primarily unpaid
(Iqbal et al., 2009) to (irrigated soils) water-logging. Nigh around 70-80% of the removed
minced water is twisted hooked on slaine-sodic (Ghafoor et al., 2004), which are
dangerous to progress of crop. It is wanted to upsurge the output (20% and 60%) of
agricultural products in industrialized and developing countries correspondingly to
achieve the request of cumulative population of world (Cakmak, 2002).
Agriculture is fronting extraordinary tests to satisfy the food obligation of the
cumulative domain population. Preserving food obligation of cumulative world populace
by exploiting partial possessions is reasonably problematic. Wild (2003) described that
the 2025 and 2050 demand globally (food) estimated 38 and 50% correspondingly and
about 15% of the total world land has been besmirched and develop saline by together
chemical and physical erosion. To meet the food obligation of growing world population
it is want to get additional and extra produce by the fruitful tilling of saline extent over
managing performs (Haque, 2006).
Maize is a significant food grain crop (Pakistan) grown 1.08 m ha on an area
(Govt. of Pakistan, 2011-12) of having 4.27 MT total productions. It is reflected as the
ruler of iota crops and graded 3rd later rice besides wheat (Bukhsh et al., 2012).
Moreoveriits routines for human, animals, poultry feedstuff (Witt and Pasuquin, 2007), it
can be consumed in built-up tabloid, tabloid boards (Bukhsh et al., 2011) and business
by-products for assembly custard, energies, flakes, jelly and glucose. Maize emollient of
is castoff for (purpose) cookery though hers arrowroot is the underdone substantial
(Ahmad et al., 2007) for bio firewood manufacture. It is likewise disbursed thru livestock
(Ayeni et al., 2012) later dispensation hooked on silage plus hay. Maize is precise subtle
to salinity plus drought besides nearly 75% of obtainable H 2O is essential to prompt its
(potential) vintage (Bilgin et al., 2008). Maize germination and growth is unfavorably
caused (Khatoon et al., 2010) underneath stress of salt. Owed towards implication, around
is a terrible essential toward defend (maize) shrubberies from opposing belongings of
salty strain thru persuading salt lenience.

19
 Improvement of various variations by florae to endure underneath traumatic
illness such as amendmenti(osmotic), portion (intracellular) of solutes and assembly of
(Sairam and Tyagi, 2004) antioxidants are thriving notorious. Emergent yields over
refinement programmer are arduous as fit as phase intense (Javid et al., 2011).
Exogenous submission of plant progress osmoprotectants, commercially, stimulants and
regulators offered progression (Ashraf et al., 2008) stimulators efficaciously working to
persuade the forbearance of salt. Among the numerous tactics castoff to ease the abiotic
pressures counting in plants salinity, the submission exogenous of MLE has besides been
described in precise nonfiction. Maringa, the utmost affecting development marketer and
thru manifold growing endorsing negotiators, is utmost sentimental maize seed briefing
(Basra et al., 2011). Development then growth of the grasses rangeland is upgraded by
seed instructing (Nouman et al., 2012) with MLE. Moringa consuming therapeutic worth
has stood castoff by maximum people as a basis of medications subsequently antique
spells. It is castoff as medicine, humanoid food (Anwar et al., 2007), besides production
of oil. Moringa submission on wheat diminishes the damaging result of salinity (Yasmeen
et al., 2012) and upsurges its harvest by cumulative leaf region to ease supreme
photosynthetic ratio. MLE app likewise boosted (seed germination) sorghum garner
(Phiri, 2010). Hormones occurrence in MLE such by way of purine, zeatin, adenine and
cytokinin (Makkar et al., 2007) guard the compartment since the opposing consequence
of ROS (Zhang and Ervin, 2004).
Craving to harvest high salt tolerant genotypes in the latter period has been
augmented due to upsurge in salinity problem (Sivritepe et al., 2003). Seed priming
before spreading is extra tactic to recover the physiology, growth and germination of
dissimilar crops below drought and salinity complaint. See priming recover the growth
and germination (Yuan et al., 2010) of rice, (Murungu et al., 2003) cotton and maize,
(Selvarani and Umarani, 2011) carrot and onion, and melon (Sivritepe et al., 2003).
Moringa is besides described as an operative primer of the seed. Instructing of seed thru
MLE recovers the progress and incubation in rangeland grasslands (Nouman et al., 2012)
and too in mixture (Basra et al., 2011) maize. Moringa amusing in growth proxies and
likewise with calcium, ascorbate, iron, AA and K is dignified by way of progression
arranger (Mahmood et al., 2010).
Moringa leaf obligate (medicinal) worth and stay (nutrients) opulent (Kimoro,
2002) in carotenoids, AA (Olugbemi et al; 2010) and vitamins, (Sarwatt et al., 2002)
livestock (Kakengi et al., 2007), obsessive by humanoid (Makkar and Becker, 1996).

20
MLE having property (antifungal) is an active agent (phytotherapic) alongside
fundamental representative (Patel, 2011) as prescription (Fahey, 2005). Numerous integer
of livestock, youngsters and human exist deceased (Jose et al., 2010) owed dirtied water
although Moringa kernel (Ayotunde et al., 2011) devouring cancer-causing composite is a
significant H2O cleansing mediator. Moringa leaves, florae, fruits, and origins augment
thru Ca, vit A plus C, flavonoid, keratin (Nambiar et al., 2005) and Fe are as herbal
disbursed (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003).
Rerun salt accepting genotypes of numerous crops such as rice (Shannon et al.,
1998), wheat (Ali et al., 2002; Khan et al., 2003 b), maize (Khan et al., 2003 a), maize
(Kamal et al., 2003), cotton (Azhar & Ahmad, 2000) and sorghum (Azhar & Khan,
1997), by recognizing their germplasm is essential. Foliar submission of proline surges
the uptake nutrient in maize underneath drought anxiety (Qasim Ali et al., 2008).
Frequently, submission of PGRs syndicate with inorganic and organic compounds,
antioxidants and nutrients are being castoff to recover the development (Ashraf and
Foolad, 2007) and growth of plant below drought to receive additional income (Farooq et
al., 2009). Solicitation cytokinin upsurge yield and growing of dissimilar crops together
below normal besides stress circumstances (Zahir et al., 2001).
Exertions to get potential yield from salty area have an incomplete
accomplishment since available information of the instruments of salty lenience has not
stood curved hooked on convenient assortment standards aimed at the positive refinement
underneath salty ranges genotypes (Ashraf et al., 2008). Efforts have stood thru to assess
salty patience at seedling besides in maize germination phases (Basra et al., 2011),
nonetheless this initial assessment seems to obligate (Munns, 2002) slight relative to total
concert in saline situations of maize. Yet Na+ barring and K+ : Na+ have stayed
recommended to stand consistent personae aimed at choosing salt-tolerant harvests
(Poustini and Siosemardeh, 2 the world of this mannerism has not stood rummage-sale
normally in plant upbringing databases nonetheless salty lenient harvests are serious
aimed at agronomic databases. So, the situation is wanted towards recognize traits allied
with salinity lenience besides toward progress repeatable and modest rerun approaches
near apprise a huge genotypes integer.
2.4 Moringa oleifera
Moringa is extensively occurring in (world) semi-arid and arid regions. It is innate
to Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan (Fahey, 2005) besides (Anwar et al.,
2005) termed as Moringa. Moringa is cultured thru the domain owing to the state versatile

21
custom (Farooq et al., 2012). Rendering to Moringa Nambiar (2006) with nutritious
worth might be rummage-sale to battle thru micronutrients and vit lack. Reported, Abbas
and Ahmed (2012) that Moringa seed (nutritious compounds) rich, and for the broilers
food important. Leaves (Moringa) rich in pharmaceutical and nutrition worth (Thurber
and Fahey, 2009) are rummage-sale via medic for wellbeing. Covering dissimilar
quartzes essentials used Moringa, as (addition) nutrients (Anjorin et al., 2010). Moringa
have probable to recover crop productivity plus growth owing to covering all the vital
micro (Zn, Fe, Mn and B) and macro (K, S, N, Mg, Ca and P) nutrients. Thus it can be
rummage-sale as an alternative cause by the farmer‟s natural manure (Phiri, 2010).
Tender plus soft stems (Moringa) are for livestock (Kakengi et al., 2007) edible
food, and almost 80.4% oily acerbic (polyunsaturated) is contemporary in the lubricate
excerpt in seed of Moringa (Anwar and Rashid, 2007). Moringa leaves and seed comprise
AA and vit so it partakes therapeutic prominence (Olugbemi et al., 2010) and the
situation is an significant fare for putting fowl (Abou-Elezz et al., 2011). Moringa mine
can too be rummage-sale as a substitute (Rashid et al., 2008) foundation of biodiesel.
Moringa seed is a significant (Seifu, 2012) cause of protein besides oil, that is rummage-
sale aimed at salad and cooking (Lalas et al., 2006). Bases of eating H2O in emerging
states are successful to stand dirtied due to the issue of poisonous compounds and reason
numerous fitness illnesses to the poultries, faunas and human (Jose et al., 2010). Though
the Moringa comprises cancer-causing composites and these usual cancer-causing mixes
are rummage-sale for the sanitization of H2O from these noxious mixtures (Ayotunde et
al., 2011).
Moringa can be applied foliarly plus its stem, leaves and seeds portions (Foidl et
al., 2001) stand similarly exploited as (green) muck to light the petition crop nutrient.
Yisehak et al. (2011) stated that the Moringa seed bar taking amusing N cause can
efficiently be rummage-sale in arena crop assembly to acquire all-out yield of grain.
Moringa consuming robust (Nouman et al., 2012) antioxidant stuff can live under 8dS m-1
salinity. Fuglie et al. (2001) combined 25days timeworn seedling (Moringa) in soil depth
15cm which deliver sufficient nutrients to achieve the nutrient obligation of crop ensuing.
Incidence as deciduous, (Moringa) shrubberies can stand used as green manuring to
mend soil output besides its excerpt foliar sprays recover voluminous crops yield such as
maize, coffee, sorghum, onion, bean, sugarcane, and soybean up to 14–48% (Foidl et al.,
2001).

22
 Moringa is an actual antioxidant besides it performances (Basra et al., 2011)
forager of ROS. Ogbe and Affiku (2011/12) stated the inanimate arrangement leaf of
Moringa. They originate that leaf (Moringa) covers crude protein (17.01%), carbohydrate
(63.11%), fatty acid (1.69%), ash (7.93%) and crude fibre (7.09%), crude fat (2.11%),
about. The unpolished ash covers P (30.15), K (0.97%), Mn (81.65) Ca (1.91%), Zn
(60.06), Na (192.95) and Fe (107.48), ppm. While the Mg (0.38%) and Cu (6.10) were
originate in suggestions. Amusing in dissimilar nutrients, it can remain used by way of an
addition cause of nutrients to recover poultry health and crop productivity. Comprising
wholly vital progress nutrients, Moringa is measured as accompaniment plant progression
(Mahmood et al., 2010).
2.5 Exogenous Application Of Moringa Leaf Extract (Mle)
The usage of plant excerpts, an ecological practice, acquisition additional courtesy
now a day trendy the field of cultivation (Duru et al., 2003; Costa et al., 2000). The
submissions of extracts (aqueous) of entirely fragments of the Moringa (Ashfaq, 2012)
augment the productivity then growth of numerous inexpensive plants. Therefore it is
selected to travel extra potentials in contradiction of (drought and salinity) abiotic strains
that chief problematic catastrophe of crops underneath semi-arid and arid sections of the
domain.
Several tactics obligate rummage-sale aimed at refining salt lenience in arena
crops. Amongst these salty lenient genes, transmission of salt accepting harvest cultivars
by leading turf hearings (Munns et al., 2006) and concluded equilibrium inanimate
nourishment. Salty agriculture and exogenously practical growth enhancers plus mineral
nutrients comprising MLE have been measured a substitute methods to worsen the
opposing possessions of salts in numerous produces. It is described Moringa leaves
opulent in β-carotene, antioxidants Makkar et al. (2007) and vit. The submission of MLE
bettered unfavorable possessions of salinity in wheat with uniform besides quick advent,
raised antioxidant activities and proteins solvable, and so better wheat grain vintage.
Development with MLE application in wheat grain yield was absolutely related with late
crop adulthood, protracted cyclic leaf expanse period, and grain substantial retro
underneath late embedding (Yasmeen et al., 2013) and salinity anxiety. Moringa
submissions upsurge the leaf extent, thus that the photosynthetic competence of plant
amended (Rehman and Basra, 2010).
Excerpt gotten from sundry plants stated towards improve (Farooq et al., 2008)
crops yield besides growth and MLE is a perfect instance (Mahmood et al., 2010) of

23
(plant growing) accompaniment. MLE covers diverse kinds of antioxidants, nutrients
growth endorsing managers that efficiently increase the progression of plant (Basra et al.,
2009). Cumulative salty attentiveness reductions maize (Cicer and Cakirlar, 2002) sprout
length, although, that seed preparing with MLE 30times dilute with D.I. recover the
maize sprouting (Basra et al., 2011) as likened to valve. Foidl et al. (2001) have itemized
that Moringa covering unalike natures of vit and minerals, acts as a (plant growth)
promoter. Culver et al. (2012) have stated that foliar submissions ME 14 days after
germination suggestively better the root extent and augmented uptake nutrient, hence the
entire vintage and progression of the plant amended. Fuglie (2000) described foliar tender
of MLE amended the growth of coffee, sorghum, maize, onion, and soybean. Inclusive
yield of all this plant was 20-35% augmented thru foliar solicitation of ME. Additional
the nutrient acceptance besides further determination be the development plant. Upsurge
in root progression growths; nutrient receipt of plant underneath abiotic strains.
Buildup K in wheat remained augmented thru the submission of ascorbic mordant
beneath salty anxiety (Ather et al., 2008). Attendance K, Ca, vitamins then proteins:
Moringa submission progress sapling robustness underneath (Makkar et al., 2007) strain
complaint. It has stood shown salinity strain significantly inspirations at seedling stage
the maize growth. Foliar posy of Moringa has momentous consequence on (maize) sprout
additional weight. In alternative learning shoot dehydrated staple (tomato) stayed
meaningfully enlarged once 20g Moringa leaves sideways with 675 ml of ethanol 80%
was scattered. They originate that Moringa have the possible to progress parched staple
invention in tomato vegetal. Excerpt gotten from Moringa seed obligate the latent to stay
rummage-sale aimed (Anwar and Rashid, 2007) at profitable resolve.
2.6 Moringa, An Effective Priming Agent
Seed preparing is a significant skill to the yield plus growth of the plants. On-farm
seed preparing progress sprouting yield plus growth recital of plant abiotic plus normal
stresses (Chen and Arora, 2013). Seed priming better-quality the germination plus initial
(Basra et al., 2011) evolution of maize, rice (Yuan et al., 2011), melon (Sivritepe et al.,
2003), cotton (Murungu et al., 2003), barley (Rashid et al., 2006), onion and carrot
(Selvaran and Umarani, 2011), mung bean (Rashid et al., 2004), rangeland grasses
(Nouman et al., 2012) and chick pea (Harris et al., 2000). Seed briefing isa significant
practice to recover (Harris et al., 2001) seed germination. Diverse mixes as per sugar,
compatible solutes, plant progression controllers, Moringa extract (Basra et al., 2011),
and inanimate salts (Pill and Savage, 2008) are the most vital seed priming agents. These

24
advance the propagation of pit to stand superior crop. Taiz and Zeiger (2002) stated
passage of inorganic solutes or else sugar to the plumage that greater seed germination.
Seed preparing in rice (Ruan et al., 2002) with CaCl2 and cytokinin (Iqbal and Ashraf,
2006) in wheat recover emergence plantlet. Iqbal et al. (2006) stated preparing seed with
cytokinin better-quality pressure lenience in wheat. Seed preparing with NaCl better salty
lenience in maize. Leaf area, sprout extent, chlorophyll and figure of verdures fillings
maize stood suggestively better in seed preparing with NaCl as associated to resistor.
Thus the general lenience maize to salty pressure stood augmented meaningfully by stone
(Farahbakhsh and Saiid, 2011) briefing thru NaCl. Anwar et al. (2011) stated barley seed
preparing with NaCl abridged opposing salinity result.
Phiri and Mbewe (2010) everyday on legumes MLE such as groundnut (Arachis
hypogea L.), Phaseolus vulgaris L. and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and detected
general growth and propagation of the peas better-quality. Phiri (2010) realistic MLE at
1:10(w/v) on cereals such as rice (Oryzae sativa. L), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) maize
(Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L), spores to learning its consequence on
early seedling development and germination. He initiate that MLE augmented sorghum
seeds propagation, wheat hypocotyle extent and radical maize length.
Basra et al. (2011) realistic MLE at 100%, 10 besides 30 times thinned with D.I.
too thru ascorbate (50mgL-1), CaCl2 (2.2%), BAP 50mgL-1, as a pit reader on amalgam
maize. They dogged that the preparing aptitude maize seed remained augmented that
stood 30times sopping in diluted MLE sideways 18hrs thru ascorbate. Better sprouting
and primary founding of maize seed was pragmatic with MLE 1:30in case of priming
below short and great malaise strain. Total, enhanced sprout progress maize preparing
with MLE stood owing to multipart chlorophyll and phenolic mixtures (Basra et al.,
2011) likened to hydro priming, instantaneous saturated, and control. Rehman and Basra
(2010) stated BAP and MLE upsurge the primary assembly of cytokinin that stops since
prompt shoot senescence which consequences in upsurge photosynthetic activity and leaf
expanse of floras.

25
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A pot experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of foliar spray of
moringa leaf extract on vegetative growth and yield parameters of maize varieties.
The sites and soil
The current study was carried out agronomic research area Ghazi University Dera
Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan to check effect of foliar spray of moringa leaf extract on
vegetative growth and yield parameters of maize varieties. The physical and chemical
properties of soil were tested either sowing of crop regarding the soil texture class,
fertility status, pH and EC.
3.1 Table Physicals and chemical properties of experimental sites

Texture class Sandy loam

Sand (%) 74.63 %

Silt (%) 9.94 %

Clay (%) 10.86 %

pH 7.65

EC (dS/m) 1.12 dS/m

N (mg/kg) 0.008 mg/kg

P (mg / kg) 7.14 mg/kg

K (mg / kg) 70 mg/kg

The preparations of Moringa leaf extracts

The MLE was equipped according to procedure described by (Nouman et al.,
2012) with modifications styled by Yasmeen et al. (2012). Young leaves of the moringa
were collected from nearby farm area. The collected leaves were blended for 15 minutes
with ratio water 10 L: kg-1 moringa. The extract was sieved through 2 mm sieve and took
150 ml of moringa leaf extract was engaged into volumetric flask by adding distilled
water and makes a volume 1 L respectively.

26
Factor (A)
Maize Varieties:

V1 = SG-2002

V2 = HB-033

Factor (B):
Moringa leaf extract
T0 = Control, only water

T1 = moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 weeks after germination

T2 = moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 and 4 weeks after germination

T3 = moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 weeks after germination at every 2 weeks

thereafter.

The investigation was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
factorial arrangement. The study was conducted three replicates.
Observations
Observations regarding different crop parameters will be taken randomly.
1) Plant height (cm)
2) Number of leaves plant-1
3) Shoot length (cm)
4) Root length (cm)
5) Root fresh weight (g)
6) Root dry weight (g)
7) Grain yield (t ha-1)
8) Cob length (cm)
9) Cob diameter (cm)
10) Number of gram cob-1
11) 100- grain weight (g)
12) Grain yield plant-1 (g)

27
1) Plant height ( cm)
After harvesting plants the height of each plant was measured with measuring
tape and then averaged.
2) Number of leaves plant-1
After harvesting plants plant leaves were calculated then averaged.
3) Shoot length (cm)
Shoot length of maize plant was counted after harvesting of plants and then their
average was taken.
4) Root length (cm)
Root length of maize plant was counted after harvesting of plants and then their
average was taken.
5) Root fresh weight (g)
Roots were sampled from where shoots of plants were taken. Roots were collected
and weighing on digital balance and then averaged.
6) Root dry weight (g) at average
Dry roots of maize were taken by collecting roots and sundried for one week and
then oven dried at 72 oC for 30 mints. Weighing on digital balance until constant weight
is obtained and then averaged.
7) Grain yield (kg ha -1).
Later sun drying, crop of each plot was threshed and grains were separated and
then grains were weight on electrical balance in kilograms then converted in to kg per
hectare.

Grain yield (kg ha-1) = Eq 1

8) Cob length (cm)

Data at the maturity the maize plants were nominated randomly in every pot of
replication. Length of cob was measured with scale rod from base of the cob to tip
excluding awns. Cob Length of sample plants was noted and their average was calculated.
9) Cob Diameters (cm)
Diameter of cob of maize plant calculated as selecting plants randomly in each
pot. Diameter of cob was measured by scale and their middling was calculated.
10) The Number of grains cob -1
Data at ripeness plants were nominated randomly in each plot of replication.
Number of grains per cob was recored by threshing cob of maize manually. The typical

28
number ofigrains per cob was intended by dividing the total number of grains with the
number of cobs of the selected plants.
11) 100 grains weight (kg ha-1)
From yields of individually pot of each replication, 100-grain was taken at
random. The wieght of 100-grain was recorded in gram consuming an electronic
balance and then average.
12. Grain yield plant-1 (g)
After sun drying, crop of each pot was threshed and the grains was separated and
son these grains was weight on electrical balance in grams to calculate grain yield plat -1.
The average grain yield plant -1 was considered by deviding the total number of grain
weight to the number of cobs of the selected plant.
Statistical Analysis
The data concerning all the parameters was composed using with standard
techniques and was analyzed by using Fisher‟s Analysis of varience Technique. LSD test
at 1% probability was employed to compsre the differences among the treatments‟ means
(Steel and Torrie, 1980).

29
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Plant Height (cm)

From the data existing in Table 4.1 B revealed that plant height of maize was
significantly affected among cultivars. From the data maximum plant height of 37.08 cm
was recorded in SG-2002 which was significantly taller than other cultivars. The
minimum plant height (34.55 cm) was recorded in HB-033. The alterations in plant
height between maize cultivars might be due to their genetic constitutions which make
them able to differentiate from each other. These results are in line with those of
Khodabandeh, (2003) and Biswas et al. (2015), who also reported that plant height
significantly diverse among altered cultivars of maize.
Plant height (cm) of maize significantly different among various moringa
treatments (Table 4.1B). The highest plant height 42.85 cm observes in treatment T3
where moringa was applied on each and every two week after germination of maize. The
minimum plant height 29.42 cm was recorded in control treatment where moringa
was not applied (T0). This difference in in plant height occurred due to variabilityin
application of moringa on germination and different growth stages of maize. Ali et al.
(2011) and Cattivelli et al. (2008) also concluded the same results while studying on
different moringa treatments applications at every 2 week interval of maize at anthesis
stage. Increase in plant height recover the development and growth of plant below
drought to receive additional income recover the development and growth of plant below
drought to receive additional income micronutrients with moringa application which help
in enhancing the seedlings by the surge in growth response of seedlings owing to seeds
exposure plant and finally more plant height. Hussain et al. (2012) and Basra et al. (2011)
also reported that moringa applications especially at different growth stage have a
magical effect on plant height of maize.
Data on plant height (Table 4.1B) indicated that variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 produced the highest plant height (44.96 cm) where
moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3) which was Experience of
maize plants to frightening pressure leads to the ROS generation, which can react with
significant macromolecules producing oxidative injury and prejudicing functions the
optimal cellular. The a smaller amount plant height (28.46 cm) obtained in cultivar HB-
033 where moringa treatment were not applied (V 2T0). Our results are confirmatory with
Singh et al. (2015) who stated the In preceding studies linking pea and beans, a

30
noteworthy upsurge in total phenolic was pragmatic, which connected with improved
seedling weight and height.
Table 4.1A. ANOVA of effect of application of moringa treatments on plant height
maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 588.62 196.20 2868.83 0.00
(T)

Variety (V) 1 38.50 38.50 563.02 0.00

T×V 3 5.79 1.93 28.22 0.00

Error 14 0.95 0.06

Total 23 634.09

*=Significant

Table 4.1B. Effect of moringa treatments on plant height (cm) of maize .

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) Means
V1 V2

T0 30.36 g 28.46 i 29.42 d

T1 34.56 e 32.56 h 33.54. c

T2 38.43 c 36.43d 37.43 b

T3 44.96 a 40.73 b 42.85 a

Variety
37.08 a 34.55 b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination.
T2= moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3= moringa leaf spray at
every 2 weeks after germination.

31
4.2. Number of leaves plant -1
The number of leaves (Plant-1) significantly varied among various cultivars
(Table 4.2 B). The highest number of leaves of 10.53plant -1 was observed in SG-2002
which differed significantly from HB-033 producing minimum number of leaves of 10.01
plant-1. The better performance of MLE strength is due to greater vitamins and nutrients,
which were misplaced throughout freezing leaves of moringa (Begum et al., 2009). Thru
priming with MLE, which is rich in K, C and ascorbate, most of the Ca2+ and N seemed
to be divided to embryo, which improved subsequent growth and seedling emergence of
maize seedlings (Farooq et al., 2010).
From the evident from the table 4.2 B that there were significant changes
among number leaves plant -1 of maize by applications of different moringa treatment at
different stages of the maize. Treatment T 3 where mringa was applied at every two weeks
after germination produced maximum number of leaves (11.61 plant -1) and minimum
leaves (9.30 plant -1) in treatment T0 where maize plant was not treated with moringa. The
increase in number of leaves plant -1 was probably due to the moringa applications at each
growth stage of maize. These conclusions substantiate with the consequences of Mehboob
(2011) and Mvumi et al. (2013) who described amplified stover and grain yield in maize
by smearing MLE. Abbas et al. (2013) chronicled minimum advantageous for the
(vigour) growth (Chang et al., 2007), deeper root growth and seed germination improved
(Kannaiyan, 2000), postponement of fruit senescence and progress yield quantity/quality
(Phiri and Mbewe 2010; Nasira et al., 2016).
Table 4.2 A. ANOVA of effect of application of moringa treatments on No. of leaves
maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 17.37 5.79 4615.07 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 1.63 1.63 1305.46 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 0.72 0.24 193.05 0.00

Error 14 0.01 0.00

Total 23 19.76

*=Significant

32
 The data table 4.2 B on number of leaves plant-1 designated that the interaction of
variety × treatment was also significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the highest number of
leaves (12.16 plant -1) where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks after germination
(V1T3). Less number of leaves (9.07 plant -1) recorded in HB-033 where moringa
treatment was not applied (V2T0). These consequences were companionable with those of
Ali et al. (2013) they argued that the number of leaf significantly influenced by the
submission of moringa with respect to maize cultivars.
Table 4.2B. Effect of moringa treatments on number of leaves of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 9.53 g 9.07 h 9.30 d

T1 9.97 e 9.79 f 9.88 c

T2 10.47 c 10.12 d 10.29 b

T3 12.16 a 11.06 b 11.61 a

Variety Means 10.53 a 10.01 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,
T2= moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T3=moringa leaf spray at
every 2 weeks after germination.
4.3. Shoot length (cm)
The data existing in Table 4.3 B revealed that shoot length of maize was
significantly affected among cultivars. The maximum shoot length of 26.25 cm was
noted in SG-2002 which was significantly taller than other cultivars. The minimum
shoot length (25.54 cm) was recorded in HB-033. The differences in shoot length among
various cultivars foliar spray and seed priming with dissimilar withdrawal campaigns of
MLE Khodabandeh, (2003) and Biswas et al. (2015), who also reported the involvement
of genetics that significantly varied shoot length among different cultivars of maize.
Shoot length (cm) of maize significantly varied among various moringa treatments
( Table 4.3B). The highest shoot length 27.90 cm was observed in treatment T3 where
moringa was applied on each and every two week after germination of maize. The

33
minimum shoot length 23.48 cm recorded in control treatment there moringa was not
applied (T0). This variation in in shoot length occurred due to variability in application of
moringa on germination and different growth stages of maize. Ali et al. (2011) and
Cattivelli et al. (2008) also decided the similar results while studying on different
moringa treatments applications at every 2 week interval of maize at anthesis stage and
thereafter. Increase in shoot length might be due to the in correlated with nutrients
applications along with moringa leaf extract application which help in improving
biochemical responses for growth lastly important to development of more shoot length.
Hussain et al. (2012) and Basra et al. (2011) also testified that moringa submissions
particularly at anthesis and different other growth stages have enchanted effect on shoot
length of maize.
Data on shoot length (Table 4.3B) indicated that variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 created the uppermost shoot length (28.35 cm)
where moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V1T3) which was
significantly higher as compared to all other treatments which fluctuated significantly
among themselves. The less shoot length (23.11 cm) obtained in cultivar HB-033 where
moringa treatment were not applied (V2T0). Foliar submission of proline surges the
uptake nutrient in maize underneath drought anxiety (Qasim Ali et al., 2008). Frequently,
submission of PGRs syndicate with inorganic and organic compounds, antioxidants and
nutrients are being castoff moringa application.
Table 4.3 A. ANOVA for of application of moringa treatments on shoot length (cm)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment 0.0
3 63.17 21.05 24097.80
(T) 0*
0.0
Variety (V) 1 3.03 3.03 3469.53
0*
0.0
T×V 3 0.08 0.02 34.08
0*

Error 14 0.01 0.00

Total 23 66.30

*=Significant

34
Table 4.3 B. Effect of moringa treatments on shoot length (cm) of maize.

Variety (v) Treatment

Treatments (T)
Means
V1 V2

T0 23.85 g 23.11 h 23.48 d

T1 25.86 e 25.26 f 25.56 c

T2 26.94 c 26.34 d 26.64 b

T3 28.35 a 27.45 b 27.90 a

Variety Means 26.25 a 25.54 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.4. Root length (cm)
Root length data accessible in Table 4.4 B revealed that root length of maize
was significantly precious among cultivars. The supreme root length of 12.16 cm was
documented in SG-2002 which was significantly taller than other cultivars. The
minimum root length (11.48 cm) was recorded in HB-033. The differences in root length
among various cultivars might be due to their genetic constitution. These consequences
were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et
al. (2009).
Root length (cm) of maize significantly varied among various moringa treatments
(Table 4.4B). The highest root length 13.65 cm was observed treatment T3 where
moringa was applied on each and every two week after germination of maize. The
minimum root length 9.55 cm was detailed in control treatment where moringa was
not applied (T0). The current information determined that Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves)
covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with verified fertilization outstanding
several issues viz. the PSΠ efficiency, the solidity of ultrastructure chloroplast, the
improved rate of CO2 preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell and moringa treatments

35
applications at every 2 week interval of maize at anthesis stage. Increase in root length
might be due to the in relationship with availability of micronutrients along with moringa
application which help in increasing the enzymatic active reactions for growth which
leads to develop more length of the root of maize plant. Hussain et al. (2012) and Basra et
al. (2011) also reported that moringa applications at different growth stage of maize have
a magical influence on root length of maize.
Table 4.4 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on root length (cm)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 55.31 18.43 27733.80 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 2.71 2.71 4081.24 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 0.02 0.00 14.61 0.00*

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 58.07

*=Significant

Table 4.4 B. Effect of moringa treatments on root length (cm) of mazie.

Variety (v) Treatment

Treatments (T)
Means
V1 V2

T0 9.93 g 9.17 h 9.55 d

T1 11.84 e 11.14 f 11.49 c

T2 12.91 c 12.27 d 12.59 b

T3 13.94 a 13.36 b 13.65 a

Variety Means 12.16 a 11.48 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

36
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
Data on root length (Table 4.4 B) indicated that variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 formed the uppermost root length (13.94 cm) where
moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3) Such growths present in
MLE not only enlarged shoot effectiveness nonetheless too generate the plant to a dressed
brashness smooth underneath demanding co Shehu et al., (2017) assessed boost extra
should be applied in combination with NPK while moringa leaf extract. The less root
length (9.17 cm) obtained in cultivar HB-033 where moringa treatment were not applied
(V2T0). These consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova
(2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding
several issues preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell. The current information
determined that Moringa leaves.
4.5. Root fresh weight (g)
Data on root fresh weight presented in table 4.1 B revealed that root fresh
weight of maize was significantly affected among cultivars. The maximum root fresh
weight of 87.75 g was recorded in variety SG-2002 that was significantly bigger than
other cultivars. The minimum root fresh weight (84.60 g) was recorded in HB-033. The
differences in values of root fresh weight among maize cultivars influence be due to
their genetic makeup. These results are in line with those of Khodabandeh, (2003)
and Biswas et al. (2015), who also informed that root fresh weight significantly
different among dissimilar cultivars of maize.
The data accessible in Table 4.5 B revealed that root fresh weight of maize
significantly affected by different moringa treatments applied at different stages. The
maximum root fresh weight of 95.06 g recorded where moringa was applied at every 2
weeks after germination (T3) that was significantly developed than all other
treatments. The minimum root fresh weight (76.97 g) recorded in control treatment T0
there moringa was restricted at every stage of maize. The differences in root fresh weight
might be due to moringa application ateach and every\2 week after germination. Moringa
application in maize has been found to produce more root fresh weight than all other
treatments probably due to expand net photosynthetic degree and metabolic activity of
the plant hence more root fresh weight. Many researchers pronounced similar arguments
about root fresh weight among different moringa treatments applications at different
stages of maize (Kaya et al. (2013) and Basra et al. (2011).

37
 Data on root fresh weight (Table 4.1B) specified that variety × treatment
interaction was also significant. Here SG-2002 twisted the highest value of root fresh
weight (96.70 g) where moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3)
which was significantly upper as related to all former actions which changed
significantly between themselves. The less root fresh weight (74.55 g) obtained in
cultivar HB-033 where moringa treatment was restricted to apply (V 2T0). These
consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and
Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding moringa
application.
Table 4.5 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on root fresh weight
maize.
SOV DF SS MS F P
Treatment
3 1065.25 355.08 16009.8 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 59.76 59.75 2694.23 0.00
(V)
T×V 3 8.21 2.73 123.46 0.00
Error 14 0.31 0.02
Total 23 1133.78
*=Significant
Table 4.5 B. Effect of moringa treatments on root fresh weight (g) of maize.
Treatments Variety (v) Treatment
(T) V1 V2 Means
T0 79.40 g 74.55 h 76.97 d
T1 84.48 e 82.92 f 83.70 c
T2 90.43 c 87.51 d 88.97 b
T3 96.70 a 93.42 b 95.06 a
Variety Means 87.75 a 84.60 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.

38
4.6. Root dry weight (g)
The data presented in Table 4.6 B revealed that root dry weight significantly
affected among maize cultivars. The maximum root dry weight of 32.88 (g) was recorded
in SG-2002 (V1) which was significantly maximum among other maize cultivar. The least
root dry weight (29.34 g) was verified in HB-033 (V2). Differences in root dry weight
among maize cultivars might be due to their genetic composition of maize cultivars t
show variations regarding root dry weight. These consequences were companionable with
those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming
diverse fertilization outstanding maize cultivars.
This is apparent after the Table 4.6B that here were significant alterations
amongst root dry weight of maize by applications of moringa treatments at different stage
of the maize. Treatment T3 where moringa was applied at every 2 weeks after on
produced maximum root dry weight (40.44 g) and minimum (22.45 g) in in treatment T 0
where moringa was skipped at every stage stage of maize. The increase in root dry weight
was perhaps due to the moringa submissions at all growth stage of maize. This
intensification in root dry weight might be associated with the obtainability of
nutrients and water in root zone to extract more and hence to lead enhanced uptake for
integrates by the plant metabolic processto increase root dry weight. These results are
confirmatory with Abdalla (2013) and Khan et al. (2003) These consequences were
companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al.
(2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding
The data (Table 4.6 B) on root dry weight indicated that the interactions of
variety × moringa was also significant Cultivar SG-2002 formed the utmost root dry
weight (42.62 g) was obtained in treatment (V1T3) was applied and this was
significantly higher as compared to all other moringa treatments. Less root dry weight of
maize (20.39 g) recorded in HB-033 under no application of moringa (V1T0). Similar
results were also published by Dewal and Pareek, (2004) and Singh, (2004) they reported
that root dry weight improved significantly by the moringa application on maize.

39
Table 4.6 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on root dry weight of
maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 1076.74 358.91 10378.4 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 75.33 75.33 2178.29 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 3.05 1.01 29.39 0.00

Error 14 0.48 0.03

Total 23 1155.70

*=Significant

Table 4.6 B. Effect of moringa treatments on root dry weight (g) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) Means
V1 V2

T0 24.51 g 20.39 h 22.45 d

T1 29.16 e 26.52 f 27.84 c

T2 35.24 c 32.19 d 33.71 b

T3 42.62 a 38.26 b 40.44 a

Variety
32.88 a 29.34 b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.7. Grain yield (kg ha-1)
The data presented in Table 4.7 B exposed that grain yield of maize was
significantly pretentious among cultivars. The maximum grain yield of 4382.80 kg ha-1

40
was noted in SG-2002 which was significantly loftier than other cultivars. The
minimum grain yield (4314.40 kg ha-1) was verified in HB-033. The differences in grain
yield among various cultivars might be due to their genetic constitution. These results
are in streak with those of Khodabandeh, (2003) and Biswas et al. (2015), who also stated
that grain yield significantly diverse amongst dissimilar cultivars of maize.
The Grain yield (kg ha-1) of maize significantly varied among various moringa
treatments (Table 4.7 B). The uppermost grain yield 4638.30 kg ha-1 was experiential in
treatment T3 where moringa was applied on each and every two week after germination of
maize. The minimum grain yield 3778.00 kg ha-1 was logged in control treatment where
moringa was not applied (T0). This variation in in grain yield occurred due to
variabilityin application of moringa on germination and different growth stages of
maize. Ali et al. (2011 ) and Cattivelli et al. (2008) also concluded the same results
while studying on different moringa treatments applications at every 2 week interval of
maize at anthesis stage. Increase in grain yield might be due to the in association with
nutrients availability along with moringa application which help in enhancing the
metabolic reactions such as photosynthesis lastly principal to development of more grain
yield. Hussain et al. (2012) and Basra et al. (2011) also reported that moringa applications
at dissimilar growth stages have a magical effect on grain yield of maize.
Table 4.7 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on grain yield (kg ha -1)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 2739762 913254 19789.30 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 28085 28085 608.58 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 6035 2012 43.59 0.00*

Error 14 646 46

Total 23 2774604

*=Significant

The Data on grain yield (Table 4.7 B) indicated variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 produced the highest grain yield (4658.00 kg ha-1)

41
where moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3) that significantly
higher as associated to all other treatments which diverged significantly between
themselves. The less grain yield (3717.30 kg ha-1) obtained in cultivar HB-033 where
moringa treatment were not applied (V2T0). These consequences were companionable
with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming
diverse fertilization outstanding moringa application.
Table 4.7 B. Effect of moringa treatments on grain yield (kg ha-1) of maize

Variety (v)
Treatments Treatment
(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 3838.70 g 3717.30 h 3778.00 d

T1 4459.00 e 4395.70 f 4427.30 c

T2 4575.70 c 4526.00 d 4550.80 b

T3 4658.00 a 4618.70 b 4638.30 a

Variety
4382.80 a 4314.40 b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.8. Cob length (cm)
The data on cob length (cm) obtainable in Table 4.8 B exposed that cob length
of maize was significantly affected among maize cultivars. The maximum cob length
of 19.62 cm was noted in variety SG-2002 which was significantly taller than other maize
cultivars. The lowest cob length (15.38 cm) was noted in HB-033. The differences in
coblength among maize cultivars might be due to their genetic constitution. These
consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and
Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding cultivars of
maize.
Cob length (cm) of maize was significantly influence by moringa treatment
application. The extreme cob length (19.38 cm) was created where moringa leaf was

42
sprayed at every 2 weeks after germination (T3) which differed significantly from all
other moringa treatments (Table 4.8B). Minimum cob length (15.72 cm) recorded in
moringa treatment T0 there moring was skipped at germination stage of maize. The
differences in cob length due moringa application at germination stage produce vigorous
plant development and expansion that improving cob length of maize plant. These results
are in line with those of Mahmood et al., (2010) and Zhang et al. (2006), they also
reported that cob length of maize significantly influenced by moringa application at
different stage of maize. Related dispute were also circulated by Basra et al. (2009) and
Cutler et al. (2010) they reported that cob length of maize plant improved meaningfully
by the application of moringa treatment.
Data on cob length (Table 4.8B) indicated that variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 produced the top value of cob length (21.94 cm)
where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks after germination (V1T3) that was
pointedly complex as matched to all other moringa treatments which differed
significantly among themselves. The cob length (13.92 cm) recorded in cultivar HB-033
where moringa treatment was restricted to apply (V2T0). These consequences were
companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al.
(2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding Furthermore, plants treated with MLE
showed more disease and pest resistance.

Table 4.8 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on cob length of maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 44.57 14.85 10435.10 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 108.12 108.12 75937.20 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 1.78 0.59 418.18 0.00*

Error 14 0.02 0.00

Total 23 154.50

*=Significant

43
Table 4.8 B. Effect of moringa treament on cob length (cm) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 14.75 g 13.92 h 15.72 d

T1 16.83 e 16.02 f 16.85 c

T2 18.95 c 17.53 d 18.05 b

T3 21.94 a 20.08 b 19.38 a

Variety Means 19.62 a 15.38 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.9 Cob diameter (cm) in pots to maturity
The facts obtainable in Table 4.9 B exposed that cob diameter significantly
precious among maize cultivars. The determined cob diameter of 8.06 (cm) was
documented in SG-2002 (V1) which was significantly maximum among other maize
cultivars. The minimum cob diameter (5.91cm ) was recorded in HB-033 (V2). The
differences in cob diameter among maize cultivars The current information determined
that Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves) covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with
verified by Biswas et al. (2015) and Tahir et al. (2008), they also reported that cob
diameter of maize significantly varied among different maize cultivars.
It is manifested after the Table 4.9B that there were significant modifications
amongst cob diameter of maize by applications of moringa treatments at different stage of
the maize. Treatment T3 here moringa was applied at every 2 weeks after on produced
maximum cob diameter (7.89 cm) and minimum (6.08 cm) in in treatment T 0 where
moringa was skipped at germination and every stage stage of maize. These consequences
were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et
al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding several issues viz. the PSΠ
efficiency, the solidity of ultrastructure chloroplast, the improved rate of CO2
preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell. The current information determined that

44
Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves) covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with
verified moringa at different stages of maize for cob diameter.
From the data (Table 4.9 B) on cob diameter specified that the interaction of
variety × moringa was also significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the maximum cob
diameter (8. 94 cm) was obtained in treatment (V1T3) was applied and this was
significantly higher as equated to all other moringa treatments. Less cob diameter of
maize (5.65 cm) recorded in HB-033 under no application of moringa (V2T0). Similar
results were also available by Dewal and Pareek, (2004) and Singh, (2004) they stated
that cob diameter better significantly by the moringa submission on maize.
Table 4.9 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments cob diameter of maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 10.58 3.52 9159.14 0.00*
(T)

Variety (V) 1 27.73 27.73 72016.70 0.00*

T×V 3 0.08 0.02 72.96 0.00*

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 38.41

*=Significant
Table 4.9 B. Effect of moringa treatments on cob diameter of maize

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 5.65 g 4.92 h 6.08 d

T1 6.84 e 6.25 f 6.75 c

T2 7.85 c 7.23 d 7.24 b

T3 8.94 a 8.24 b 7.89 a

Variety
8.06 a 5.91 b
Means

45
V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after
germination,
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.10. Number of grains cob-1
The number of grains (Cob-1) significantly diversed among various cultivars of
maize (Table 4.10 B). The highest number of grains per cob-1 of 401.08 was observed in
SG-2002 which differed significantly from HB-033 producing minimum number of
grains of 10.01 cob-1. The results of existing education are related with the outcomes of
Mer et al., 2014 and Wongmo et al. (2005) they conveyed dissimilarities in amount of
grains per cob between countless maize cultivars.
It is apparent from the Table 4.10 B that there were significant variances among
number grains cob-1 of maize by applications of different moringa treatment at different
stages of the maize. Treatment T3 where mringa was applied at every two weeks after
germination produced maximum number of grains (484.67 cob-1) and minimum grains
(274. 83 cob -1) in treatment T0 where maize plant was not treated with moringa. The
psurge in number of grains cob-1 was probable due to the moringa applications at each
growth stage of size. This increase in number of grains per cob might be associated with
the availability of nutrients at anthesis that leads to optimal nutrients accessibility in the
vicinity of roots and their possible influence which indications to improved acceptance
for integrates by the plant in association to increase grain numbers. These consequences
are assenting with Abdalla (2013) and Khan et al. (2003) they also reported the
promotingIeffect of moringa at different stages on number of grains per cob of maize.
The data table 4.10 B on number of grains cob-1 indicated that the communication
of variety × treatment was also significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the uppermost
number of grains (494.00 cob-1) where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks after
germination (V1T3). Less number of grains (255.33 cob-1) recorded in HB-033 where
moringa treatment was not applied (V2T0). Our consequences are analogous with Ali et
al., (2013) they claimed that number grains per cob significantly prejudiced by the
submission of moringa with respect to maize cultivars.

46
Table 4.10 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatment on number of grain cob-1

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 141230 47076.80 5605.18 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 3528 3528.40 420.10 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 437 145.80 17.36 0.00*

Error 14 118 8.40

Total 23 145337

*=Significant
Table 4.10 B.Effect of moringa treatement on number of grain cob-1 of maize

Variety (v)
Treatments Treatment
(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 294.33 g 255.33 h 274.83 d

T1 383.33 e 364. 33 f 373.83 c

T2 432.67 c 412.33 d 422.50 b

T3 494.00 a 475.33 b 484.67 a

Variety
401.08 a 376.83 b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.11. 100 grain weight (g)
It is obvious from the Table 4.11 B that there is significant variances between
various maize cultivars regarding 100 grain weight. Maize cultivar SG-2002 formed
maximum 100 grain wieght of 27.19 g which was significantly highest among other

47
maize cultivar. The minimum 100 grain weight of 24.94 g was given by HB-033.
Numerous investigators have described comparable 100 grain weight levels among
different cultivars of maize (Yasir et al., 2014) and Tahir et al. (2008). Varietal character
is responsible with respect to different maize cultivars to show their genetic potential
regarding 100 grain weight. The results of Ali et al (2017) also related to the finding of
current result.
Exogenous moringa application significantly improved the 100 grain weight of
maize. Data showed that treatment T 3, where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks
after germination produced higher 100 grain weight (28.58 g) as likened to all additional
moringa treatments. According to the data \(Table 4.11B) less 100 grain weight (24.94
g) was recorded in treatment T0 where moringa leaf extract was not functional.
The interactive data of among variety × nutrients on 100 grain weight indicated
significant influence on 100 grain wieght of maize (Table 4.11 B). According to data
(Table 4.11B) cultivar SG-2002 fashioned the uppermost 100 grain weight (28. 91 g)
which was statistically maximum among all other moringa treatments (V 1T3). Less 100
grain weight of maize (24.56 g) recorded in HB-033 under no application of moringa
(V2T0). These consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova
(2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding
several issues viz. the PSΠ efficiency, the solidity of ultrastructure chloroplast, the
improved rate of CO2 preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell. The current DATA
determined that Moringa leaves covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with
verified.
Table 4.11 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on 100 grain weight (g)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 42.74 14.24 16162.50 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 2.70 2.70 3070.53 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 0.02 0.00 8.22 0.00*

Error 14 0.01 0.00

Total 23 45.48

*=Significant

48
Table 4.11 B. Effect of moringa treatment on 100 grain weight (g) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) Means
V1 V2

T0 25.33 g 24.56 h 24.94 d

T1 26.79 e 26.15 f 26.47 c

T2 27.75 c 27.15 d 27.45 b

T3 28.91 a 28.24 b 28.58 a

Variety
27.19 a 26.52 b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.12. Grain weight plant-1 (g)
Result after the Table 4.12 B revealed that there were significant alterations
amongst various maize cultivars regarding grain weight plant -1. Maize cultivar SG-2002
produced supreme grain heaviness of 268.36 g plant-1which was significantly highest
among other maize cultivar. The minimum grain weight of 240.12 g plant -1 was given by
HB-033. Many researchers have described similar arguments regarding grain weight
plant-1among dissimilar cultivars of maize (Yasir et al., 2014) and Tahir et al. (2008). It
might be the genetic character which is responsible among different maize cultivars to
show their genetic potential regarding grain weight plant -1. The results argued by Ali et al
(2017) are also confirmatory to the finding of current result.
Moringa treatment application significantly improved the grain weight plant -1 of
maize. Data showed that treatment T 3, where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks
after germination produced higher grain weight (331.86 g plant -1) as likened to all
additional moringa treatments. According to data (Table 4.12B) less grain weight
-1
(158.05 g plant ) was noted in treatment T0 where moringa leaf extract was not applied.
The data of interaction among variety × nutrients on grain weight plant-1 indicated
significant influence on grain weight plant-1 of maize (Table 4.12 A). According to the

49
data (Table 4.12B) cultivar SG-2002 produced the highest value of grain weight (338.75
g plant-1) which was statistically maximum among all other moringa treatments (V1T3).
However less grain weight of maize (158.05 g plant -1) recorded in HB-033 under no
application of moringa (V2T0). This potency be due to the energetic part of moringa at
generative stage that eventually pointers to vigorous and added grain plant-1. Singh et al.
(2015) and Ali et al. (2013) also started more grain number plant-1 by the submission of
moringa in maize as equated to control treatment.
Table 4.12 A. ANOVAof application of moringa treatments on grain weight plant -1
(g)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 108817.00 36272.40 24927.70 0.00*
(T)

Variety (V) 1 4788.00 4787.50 3290.17 0.00*

T×V 3 1206.00 401.80 276.16 0.00*

Error 14 20.00 1.50

Total 23 114831.00

*=Significant

Table 4.12 B. Effect of moringa treatments on grain weight plant-1 (g) of maize.

Variety (v)
Treatments (T) Treatment Means
V1 V2

T0 183.94 g 132.17 h 158.05 d

T1 238.51 e 215.23 f 226.87 c

T2 312.26 c 288.10 d 300.18 b

T3 338.75 a 324.97 b 331.86 a

Variety Means 268.36 a 240.12 b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

50
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
Reproductive Data
4.13. Plant .Height (cm)
From the .data existing in Table 4.13..B .revealed that plant height of maize .was
.significantly .affected among cultivars. From the data .maximum plant height of 181.08
cm was recorded in SG-2002 which was significantly taller than other cultivars. The
minimum plant height (168.58 cm) was recorded in HB-033. The alterations in plant
.height between maize cultivars .might be .due to their genetic constitutions which make
them able to differentiate from each other. These .results are .in line with .those of
Khodabandeh, (2003) .and Biswas et al. (2015), who also reported .that .plant height
significantly diverse among altered cultivars of maize.
Plant height (cm) of maize .significantly different.among.various moringa
treatments (Table 4.13B). At the reproductive stage the .highest plant height 206.33 .cm
observed in .treatment T3 .where moringa was applied on each and every two week after
germination of maize. The .minimum .plant height 135.83 .cm .was recorded in .control
.treatment .where moringa was not applied (T0). This difference in in plant height
occurred due to variabilityin application of moringa on germination and different growth
stages of maize. Ali et al. (2011) and Cattivelli et al. (2008) also concluded the same
results while studying on different moringa treatments applications at every 2 week
interval of maize at anthesis stage. Increase in plant height recover the development and
growth of plant below drought to receive additional income recover the development and
growth of plant below drought to receive additional income micronutrients with moringa
application which help in enhancing the seedlings by the surge in growth response of
seedlings owing to seeds exposure plant and finally more plant height. Hussain et al.
(2012) and Basra et al. (2011) also reported that moringa applications especially at
different growth stage have a magical effect on plant height of maize .
Data on plant height (Table 4.13B) indicated that variety × treatment interaction
was also significant. Here SG-2002 produced the highest plant height (211.67 cm) where
moringa leaf spray at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3) which was . Experience of
maize plants to frightening pressure leads to the ROS generation, which can react with
significant macromolecules producing oxidative injury and prejudicing functions the
optimal cellular. The smaller amount plant height (125.33 cm) obtained in cultivar HB-

51
033 where moringa treatment were not applied (V 2T0). Our results are confirmatory with
Singh et al. (2015) who stated the In preceding studies linking pea and beans, a
noteworthy upsurge in total phenolic was pragmatic, which connected with improved
seedling weight and height.
.Table .4.13A. .ANOVA of effect of application of moringa treatments on plant
height maize.

SOV DF. .SS .MS .F .P

Treatment
3 16350.3 5450.11 2359.84 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 937.5 937.50 405.93 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 146.8 48.94 21.19 0.00

Error 14 32.3 2.31

Total 23 17469.3

*=Significant
.Table .4.13B. .Effect .of moringa treatments on .plant .height (cm) of maize .

Variety (v) Treatment

Treatments (T)
Means
V1 V2

T0 146.33g 125.33h 135.83d

T1 173.67e 164.33f 169.00c

T2 192.67c 183.67d 188.17b

T3 21..67a 201b 206.33a

Variety Means 181.08a 168.58b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at .2 .weeks after

germination,
T2=.moringa leaf spray at .2 and .4 weeks .after germination, T3=.moringa leaf spray .at
every 2 .weeks .after germination.

52
4.14. -.Number of leaves plant-1.
The .number of .leaves . (Plant-1) .significantly varied among various cultivars
(Table. 4.14. B). At the reproductive stage The highest .number of .leaves of 15.53plant-1
.was observed in SG-2002 which differed significantly from HB-033 producing minimum
number of leaves of 14.75 plant-1. The better performance of MLE strength is due to
greater vitamins and nutrients, which were misplaced throughout freezing leaves of
moringa (Begum et al., 2009). Thru priming with MLE, which is rich in K, C and
ascorbate, most of the Ca2+ and N seemed to be divided to embryo, which improved
subsequent growth and seedling emergence of maize seedlings (Farooq et al., 2010).
From the .evident .from the .table .4.14B .that .there .were .significant .changes
.among number leaves plant-1 of maize by applications of different moringa treatment at
different stages of the maize. Treatment T 3 where mringa was applied at every two weeks
after germination produced maximum .number of .leaves (17.44 plant.-1) .and minimum
leaves (13.20 plant-1) in treatment T0 where maize plant was not treated with moringa.
The .increase in .number of leaves plant -1 was probably due to the moringa applications at
each growth stage of maize. These conclusions substantiate with the consequences of
Mehboob (2011) and Mvumi et al. (2013) who described amplified stover and grain yield
in maize by smearing MLE. Abbas et al. (2013) chronicled minimum advantageous for
the (vigour) growth (Chang et al., 2007), deeper root growth and seed germination
improved (Kannaiyan, 2000), postponement of fruit senescence and progress yield
quantity/quality (Phiri and Mbewe 2010; Nasira et al., 2016).
Table 4.14a. ANOVA of effect of application of moringa treatments on no. of leaves
maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 58.27 19.42 37946.8 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 3.61 3.61 7070.20 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 0.06 0.02 40.65 0.00

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 61.96

*=Significant

53
 The data table .4.14 B on .number of .leaves .plant.-1 .designated .that the
.interaction of variety × treatment .was also .significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the
.highest .number of leaves (17. 92 plant-1) where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2
weeks after germination (V1T3). Less number of leaves (13.53 plant-1) recorded in HB-
033 where moringa treatment was not applied (V2T0). Here consequences were
companionable with those of .Ali .et al. (2013) they .argued .that the number of leaf
significantly influenced by the submission of moringa with respect to maize cultivars.
.Table 4.14B. .Effect of moringa treatments on .number of leaves of maize.

Variety (v) Treatment

Treatments (T)
V1 V2 Means

T0 13.53g 12.86h 13.20d

T1 14.81e 14.07f 14.44c

T2 15.88c 15.12d 15.50b

T3 17.92a 16.97b 17.44a

Variety Means 15.53a 14.75b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=.moringa .leaf spray at .2 and .4 weeks .after germination, T3=moringa .leaf spray at
every 2 .weeks after germination.
4.15. Cob length (cm)
The .data at the reproductive stage on cob .length (cm) obtainable in Table 4.15 B
exposed that .cob length of .maize .was .significantly affected among maize cultivars. The
.maximum cob .length of 27.66 cm was noted in variety SG-2002 which was significantly
taller than other maize cultivars. .The lowest cob .length (26.53 .cm) was noted in HB-
033. .The differences in coblength among maize cultivars might be due to their genetic
constitution. These consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and
Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization
outstanding cultivars of maize.
.Cob .length (cm) of .maize .was significantly influence by moringa treatment
application. The extreme cob .length (30.41 cm) was created where moringa leaf was

54
sprayed at every 2 weeks after germination (T 3) which differed significantly from all
other moringa treatments (Table 4.15B). Minimum .cob .length (23.74 cm) recorded in
moringa treatment T0 there moring was skipped at germination stage of maize. The
differences in cob length due moringa application at germination stage produce vigorous
plant development and expansion that improving cob length of maize plant. These results
are in line with those of Mahmood et al., (2010) and Zhang et al. (2006), they also
reported that cob length of maize significantly influenced by moringa application at
different stage of maize. Related dispute were also circulated by Basra et al. (2009) and
Cutler et al. (2010) they reported that cob length of maize plant improved meaningfully
by the application of moringa treatment.
Data on cob length (Table 4.15B) indicated that variety × .treatment .interaction
.was also .significant. .Here SG-2002 produced the top value of cob length (30.96 cm)
where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks after germination (V 1T3) that was
pointedly complex as matched to all other moringa treatments which differed
significantly among themselves. The cob length (23.12 cm) recorded in cultivar HB-033
where moringa treatment was restricted to apply (V2T0). These consequences were
companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al.
(2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding Furthermore, plants treated with MLE
showed more disease and pest resistance.

Table 4.15 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on cob length of maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 147.99 49.33 118905 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 7.68 7.68 18521 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 0.02 0.00 19.00 0.00

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 155.71

*=Significant

55
Table 4.15 B. Effect of moringa treatments on cob length (cm) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 24.36g 23.12h 23.74d

T1 26.56e 25.47f 26.01c

T2 28.76c 27.66d 28.21b

T3 30.96a 29.86b 30.41a

Variety Means 27.66a 26.53b

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.16 Cob diameter (cm)
The facts obtainable in Table 4.16 B exposed that cob .diameter .significantly
precious among .maize cultivars. The determined cob diameter of 19.05 (cm) was
documented in SG-2002 (V1) which was significantly maximum among other maize
cultivars at the reproductive stage. The minimum cob diameter (18.35 cm) was recorded
in HB-033 (V2). The differences in cob diameter among maize cultivars The current
information determined that Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves) covers substantial quantities of
precise plant dyes with verified by Biswas et al. (2015) and Tahir et al. (2008), they also
reported that cob diameter of maize significantly varied among different maize cultivars.
It is manifested after the .Table 4.16B that .there were significant modifications
amongst cob diameter of maize by applications of moringa treatments at different stage of
the maize. Treatment T3 here moringa was applied at every 2 weeks after on produced
maximum cob diameter (20.55 cm) and minimum (16.56 cm) in in treatment T0 where
moringa was skipped at germination and every stage stage of maize. These consequences
were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova (2009) and Amaya-Carpio et
al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding several issues viz. the PSΠ
efficiency, the solidity of ultrastructure chloroplast, the improved rate of CO2
preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell. The current information determined that

56
Moringa (pods, seeds, leaves) covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with
verified moringa at different stages of maize for cob diameter.
From the .data (Table 4.16 B) on cob diameter specified that the .interaction of
variety × moringa was also significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the maximum cob
diameter (20. 97 cm) was obtained in .treatment (V1T3) was applied and this was
significantly higher as equated to all other moringa .treatments. .Less cob diameter of
maize (16.14 cm) recorded in HB-033 under no application of moringa (V2T0). Similar
results were also available by Dewal .and Pareek, (2004) and .Singh, (2004) they stated
that cob diameter better significantly .by the moringa submission on maize.
Table 4.16 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments cob diameter of maize.

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 50.54 16.84 8863.6 0.00
(T)
Variety
1 2.94 2.94 12017.5 0.00
(V)

T×V 3 0.11 0.03 160.05 0.00

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 53.60

*=Significant
Table 4.16 B. Effect of moringa treatments on cob diameter of maize
Treatments Variety (v) Treatment
(T) V1 V2 Means
T0 16.97g 16.14h 16.56d
T1 18.73e 18.11f 18.42c
T2 19.53c 19.02d 19.27b
T3 20.97a 20.13b 20.55a
Variety
19.05a 18.35b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

57
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.17. .Number of .grains cob.-1
The number of grains. (Cob-1) significantly diversed among various .cultivars.of
.maize (Table 4.17 B). At the reproductive stage The highest number of grains per cob-1
of 476.92 was observed in SG-2002 which differed significantly from HB-033 producing
minimum number of grains of 465.50 cob-1. The .results of .existing education are related
with the outcomes of Mer .et .al., 2014 and Wongmo et al. (2005) they conveyed
dissimilarities in amount of .grains per cob between countless maize .cultivars.
It is .apparent from the Table 4.17B that .there were .significant variances among
number grains cob-1 of maize by applications of different moringa treatment at different
stages of the maize. Treatment T3 where mringa was applied at every two weeks after
germination produced maximum .number of .grains (506.67 cob.-1) and minimum grains
(430. 83 cob.-1) in treatment T0 where maize plant was not treated with moringa. The
psurge in number of grains cob-1 was probably due to the moringa applications at each
growth stage of maize. This increase in number of grains per cob might be associated
with the availability of .nutrients at anthesis that leads to optimal nutrients accessibility in
the vicinity of roots and their possible influence which indications to improved
acceptance for integrates by the plant in association to increase grain numbers. .These
consequences are assenting with Abdalla (2013) and Khan .et al. (2003) they also
reported the promoting effect of moringa at different stages on .number of grains per cob
of .maize.
The data .table 4.17 B on .number of .grains cob-1 indicated that the
communication of variety × treatment was also .significant. Cultivar SG-2002 formed the
uppermost number of grains (511.00 cob-1) where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2
weeks after germination (V1T3). Less number of grains (424.67 cob-1) recorded in HB-
033 where moringa treatment was not applied (V2T0). Our consequences are analogous
with Ali et al., (2013) they claimed that number grains per cob significantly prejudiced by
the submission of moringa with respect to maize cultivars.

58
Table 4.17 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on number of grains
cob-1

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 19477.5 6492.49 7037.02 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 782 782.04 847.63 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 36.5 12.15 13.17 0.00*

Error 14 12.9 0.92

Total 23 20320

*=Significant
Table 4.17 B. Effect of moringa treatments on number of grains cob-1 of maize.

Variety (v)
Treatments Treatment
(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 437g 424.67h 430.83d

T1 468e 453f 460.50c

T2 491.67c 482d 486.83b

T3 511a 502.33b 506.67a

Variety
476.92a 465.50b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.

59
4.18. 100 grain weight (g)
.It is obvious from the Table 4.18 B .that .there is significant variances between
various maize cultivars regarding 100 grain weight. Maize cultivar SG-2002 formed
maximum 100 grain weight of 30.03 g which was significantly highest among other
maize cultivar At the reproductive stage. The minimum 100 .grain weight of .29.35 .g
was given by HB-033. Numerous investigators have described comparable 100 grain
.weight .levels .among .different cultivars of maize Yasir et al. (2014) and Tahir et al.
(2008). Varietal character is responsible with respect to different maize cultivars to show
their genetic potential regarding 100 grain weight. The results of Ali et al (2017) also
related to the finding of current result.
Exogenous moringa application significantly improved the 100 grain weight of
maize. Data showed that treatment T3, where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks
after germination produced higher 100 grain weight (31.56 g) as likened to all additional
moringa .treatments. According to the .data.\(Table 4.18B) less 100 grain weight (27.55
g) was recorded in treatment T0 where moringa leaf extract was not functional.
Table 4.18 A. ANOVA of application of moringa treatments on 100 grain weight (g)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 53.45 17.81 56160 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 2.80 2.80 8852.32 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 0.09 0.03 95.76 0.00*

Error 14 0.00 0.00

Total 23 56.35

*=Significant
The interactive .data of among variety × nutrients on 100 grain weight indicated
significant influence on 100 grain .weight of .maize (Table 4.18 B). According to the data
(Table 4.18B) cultivar SG-2002 fashioned the uppermost 100 grain weight (31. 95 g)
which was statistically maximum among all other moringa treatments (V 1T3). Less 100
grain weight of maize (27.14 g) recorded in HB-033 under no application of moringa
(V2T0). These consequences were companionable with those of Karanatsidis and Berova

60
(2009) and Amaya-Carpio et al. (2009) consuming diverse fertilization outstanding
several issues viz. the PSΠ efficiency, the solidity of ultrastructure chloroplast, the
improved rate of CO2 preoccupation and its fixation by leaf cell. The current information
determined that Moringa leaves covers substantial quantities of precise plant dyes with
verified.

Table 4.18 B. Effect of moringa treatments on 100 grain weight (g) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) Means
V1 V2

T0 27.96g 27.14h 27.55d

T1 29.46e 28.96f 29.21c

T2 30.77c 30.13d 30.45b

T3 31.95a 31.18b 31.56a

Variety
30.03a 29.35b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
4.19. Grain weight plant-1 (g)
Result after the .Table 4.19 B revealed that .there were significant alterations
amongst various maize cultivars regarding grain weight plant -1. Maize cultivar SG-2002
produced supreme grain heaviness of 120.75 .g plant.-1which .was significantly highest
among other maize cultivar At the reproductive stage. The minimum grain weight of
109.58 g plant-1 was given by HB-033. Many researchers .have described similar
arguments regarding grain .weight plant-1among dissimilar cultivars of maize (Yasir et al.,
2014) and Tahir et al. (2008). It might be the genetic character which is responsible
among different maize cultivars to show their genetic potential regarding grain weight
plant-1. The results argued by Ali et al (2017) are also confirmatory to the finding of
current result.

61
 Moringa treatment application significantly improved the grain weight plant -1of
maize. Data showed that treatment T 3, where moringa leaf was sprayed at every 2 weeks
after germination produced higher grain weight (147.50 g plant-1) as likened to all
additional moringa .treatments. According to data (Table 4.19B) less grain weight (80.00
g plant-1) was noted in .treatment T0 where moringa leaf .extract was not applied.
Table 4.19 A. ANOVAof application of moringa treatments on grain weight plant -1
(g)

SOV DF SS MS F P

Treatment
3 14937 4979 3414.17 0.00*
(T)
Variety
1 748 748.17 513.03 0.00*
(V)

T×V 3 54.2 18.06 12.38 0.00*

Error 14 20.4 1.46

Total 23 15763.3

*=Significant
Table 4.19 B. Effect of moringa treatments on grain weight plant-1 (g) of maize.

Treatments Variety (v) Treatment

(T) V1 V2 Means

T0 88g 72h 80d

T1 111e 102f 106.c

T2 132.33c 121d 126.67b

T3 151.67a 143.33b 147.50a

Variety
120.75a 109.58b
Means

V1=SG-2002, V2=HB-033, T0=Control, T1=moringa leaf spray at 2 weeks after

germination,

62
T2=moringa leaf spray at 2 and 4 weeks after germination, T 3=moringa leaf spray at every
2 weeks after germination.
The data of interaction among variety × nutrients on grain weight plant -1 indicated
significant influence on grain weight plant -1 of maize (Table 4.19 A). According to the
data (Table 4.19B) cultivar SG-2002 produced the highest value of grain weight (151.67
g plant-1) which was statistically maximum among all other moringa treatments (V1T3).
However less grain weight of maize (72.00 g plant-1) recorded in HB-033 under no
application of moringa (V2T0). This potency was due to the energetic part of moringa at
generative stage that eventually pointers to vigorous and added grain plant-1. Singh et al.
(2015) and Ali et al. (2013) also started more grain number plant-1 by the submission of
moringa in maize as equated to control .treatment

63
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In order to education the result of foliar spray of moringa leaf extract on
vegetative growth and yield parameters of maize varieties was carried out agronomic
research area Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. The objective of
this study was to assess the potential of moringa leaf extract (MLE) and frequency of
application to enhance maize productivity. Moringa leaf extract has capability to enhance
the growth of agronomic crops. To assess the effects of moringa leaf extrect , two maize
varieties (V1 SG-2002 and V2 HB-033) were sown in pots. The research was
encompassed of four treatments viz., T0 (control, only water), T1 (moringa leaf extract
sprayed at 2 weeks after germination), T 2 (moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 and 4 weeks
after germination) and T3 (moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 weeks after germination at
every 2 weeks thereafter).
The designed used was completely randomized (CRD) with three replicates in
factorial fashion. Uniform size maize seedlings kept five per pot. The plants were
permissible to raise for supplementary process. All the necessary in puts such as fertilizer
application, weeding and irrigation application was carried out on demand by standard
method.
During the course of experimentation the data of following parameters was
recorded, plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, shoot length (cm), root length (cm),
root-fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), grain yield (t ha -1), cob length (cm), cob
diameter (cm), number of grains cob-1, 100-grain weight (g) and grain yield plant-1 (g).
The data was collected through standard method and was analyzed statistically by
using statistix 8.1 versions at 1% probability. Least significant different test (LSD) was
applied to separate treatment means.
After statistical procedure the consequences reveals that moringa application
showed promoting effect on all the parameters of maize. Maximum promoting effect was
measured in the treatment T3 where moringa leaf extract was sprayed at 2 weeks after
germination at every 2 weeks thereafter. The data comprising on maize varieties was also
noted significant with respect to all parameters. Among maize varieties SG-2002
possessive maximum growth and yield parameters as compared to HB-033 showing
minimum out comes regarding growth and yield perameter respectively. Data reflected
that plant parameters like plant height (cm), number of leaves plant -1, shoot length (cm),
root length (cm), root-fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), grain yield (t ha -1), cob length

64
(cm), cob diameter (cm), number of grains cob -1 , 100-grain weight (g) and grain yield
plant-1effectively improved by applying moringa leaf extract at 2 weeks after germination
at every 2 weeks thereafter in maize variety SG-2002 as compared to HB-033.
CONCLUSIONS:
 Among maize varieties SG-2002 showed best performance as compared to HB-
033 who performed less.
 All the like plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, shoot length (cm), root
length (cm), root-fresh weight (g), root dry weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), cob
length (cm), cob diameter (cm), number of grains cob-1, 100-grain weight (g) and
grain yield plant -1effectively improved by moringa application.
 Moringa leaf extract sprayed at 2 weeks after germination at every 2 weeks
\thereafter proved to be effective to improve maize growth.
Recommendations:
So it is recommended that moringa leaf extract that was sprayed at 2 weeks after
germination at every 2 weeks thereafter on maize cultivar HB-2002 proved to be
operative to progress growth and yield of maize.

65
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