Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

2.1  Clearing and Grubbing 2-1  2.3.4 Method of Measurement 2-6

2.3.5 Basis of Payment 2-6
2.1.1  Description 2-1 
2.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-7
2.1.2 Construction Requirements 2-1
2.1.3 Method of Measurement 2-1 2.4  Borrow Materials 2-7 
2.1.4 Basis of Payment 2-1
2.4.1 Description 2-7
2.1.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-1
2.4.2 Location of Borrow Pits 2-7
2.2  Removal of Structures and 2.4.3 Borrow Material 2-7
Obstructions 2-1  2.4.4 Method of Measurement 2-7
2.4.5 Basis of Payment 2-7
2.2.1 Description 2-1
2.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-7
2.2.2 Construction Requirements 2-1
2.2.2.1  General 2-1  2.5  Embankments 2-7 
2.2.2.2  Removal of Bridges, Culverts
2.5.1 Description 2-7
and Ditches 2-2 
2.5.2 Materials 2-8
2.2.2.3  Removal of Pipes 2-2 
2.5.3 Construction Requirements 2-8
2.2.2.4  Removal of Walls, Rocks and Boulders 2-2 
2.5.3.1  General 2-8 
2.2.2.5  Removal of Fences and Gates 2-2 
2.5.3.2  Trial Embankments Sections 2-9 
2.2.2.6  Removal of Wells and Shafts 2-2 
2.5.3.3  Foundation Preparation 2-10 
2.2.2.7  Removal of Utilities 2-2 
2.5.3.4  Embankment Construction 2-10 
2.2.2.8  Removal of Existing Pavement 2-3 
2.5.4 Testing 2-11
2.2.3 Method of Measurement 2-3
2.5.4.1  General 2-11 
2.2.4 Basis of Payment 2-3
2.5.4.2  Standards of Compaction for Soil
2.2.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-3
and Granular Materials 2-11 
2.3  Roadway Excavation 2-4  2.5.4.3  Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill
Materials 2-11 
2.3.1 Description 2-4
2.5.4.4  Monitoring Settlement of Rockfill 2-12 
2.3.2 Classification of Roadway Excavation 2-4
2.5.5 Method of Measurement 2-12
2.3.3 Construction Requirements 2-4
2.5.6 Basis of Payment 2-12
2.3.3.1  Utilization of Excavated Materials 2-4 
2.5.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-12
2.3.3.2  Drainage of Excavation Areas 2-4 
2.3.3.3  Obliteration of Disused Roadways 2-4  2.6  Subgrade Construction 2-12 
2.3.3.4  Rock Blasting 2-5 
2.6.1 Description 2-12
2.3.3.5  Excavation of Unsuitable Material 2-5 
2.6.2 Materials 2-13
2.3.3.6  Slopes, Subgrade and Ditches 2-5 
2.6.3 Construction Requirements 2-13
2.3.3.7  Unstable Materials outside
2.6.3.1  Subgrade in Cut 2-13 
Right-of-Way 2-6 
2.6.3.2  Subgrade in Embankment 2-14 
2.3.3.8  Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus
2.6.3.3  Surface Tolerances 2-14 
Material 2-6
2.6.3.4  Maintenance of Finished Subgrade 2-14
Ref. Title Page No.
2.6.3.5 Drainage Blanket 2-14 
2.6.3.6 Subgrade Construction on Sabkha
and Gypsum Rich Soils 2-14
2.6.3.7 Subgrade Construction on top
of Dune Sand 2-15
2.6.4 Method of Measurement 2-15
2.6.5 Basis of Payment 2-15
2.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-15

2.7  Excavation and Backfilling

for Structures 2-15 
2.7.1 Description 2-15
2.7.2 Excavation 2-15
2.7.2.1  General 2-15 
2.7.2.2  Temporary Support System 2-16 
2.7.2.3  Excavation for Major Structures 2-16 
2.7.2.4  Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe
Culverts and Miscellaneous Structures 2-16 
2.7.3 Backfilling 2-17
2.7.3.1  General 2-17 
2.7.3.2  Backfilling for Box Culverts, Pipe
Culverts and Miscellaneous Structures 2-18 
2.7.4 Method of Measurement 2-19
2.7.5 Basis of Payment 2-19
2.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-19

2.8  Earthwork for Pipe Trenches 2-19 

2.8.1 Description 2-19
2.8.2 Materials 2-20
2.8.2.1  Backfill Material 2-20 
2.8.3 Construction 2-20
2.8.3.1  Excavation for Pipe Trenches 2-20 
2.8.3.2  Backfilling 2-21 
2.8.3.3  Restoration of Surfaces 2-21 
2.8.4 Method of Measurement 2-21
2.8.5 Basis of Payment 2-21
2.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 2-22
2.1 Clearing and Grubbing
2.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes removal and satisfactory
disposal of all vegetation, surface debris and scattered
stones and rocks within the limits of the actual road width
(including the toes of fill and cut slopes and an additional
5m wide band from both sides), easement areas and
borrow pits.
2 Removal of structures and similar obstructions and
removal of utilities are specified in Sub-section 2.2 -
"Removal of Structures and Obstructions".
2.1.2 Construction Requirements
1 The Contractor shall set out the approved
construction limits and the Engineer will designate all
trees, shrubs, plants, vegetation, etc and other items that
are to remain within the right-of-way (ROW). The
Contractor shall carefully preserve all such items from
damage or defacement. Trees to be removed and
delivered for replanting shall be carefully handled.
2 All surface objects, trees, stumps, roots, stones and
rocks (up to 0.2 cu.m. or 500 kg individual size or weight),
and other protruding obstructions not designated to be
retained shall be cleared or grubbed to ground level. Non-
perishable solid objects (such as boulders, rocks, concrete
blocks, etc.) which will be a minimum of 2m below the
sub-grade or finished ground level may be left
undisturbed at the Engineer’s discretion. If such non-
perishable objects are encountered within 2m below the
sub-grade or finished ground level, they will be removed
and considered as unsuitable material, paid under
Unclassified Excavation.
3 Stump holes and other holes from which
obstructions are removed within the limits of construction,
shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted in
accordance with Sub-section 2.5 - "Embankments". Small
holes that are inaccessible to compaction / tamping
equipment shall be filled and tamped manually using a
steel rod with a 10-15cm diameter steel disc attached to its
end.
4 Perishable material shall be disposed of or burned
under the constant care of competent watchmen at such
times and in such a manner that any vegetation or other
items designated to remain in the ROW, or other adjacent
property, will not be jeopardized. Burning shall be carried
out in accordance with applicable laws and ordinances.
5 Materials, stones, rocks, and debris which cannot be
burned and perishable materials, shall be removed from
the ROW and disposed of at dumping areas off the Site,
approved by the concerned authorities, provided
permission of the respective property owners has been
obtained in writing to dump such materials on their land.
The Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements
with property owners for obtaining such written
permission at his own expense.
2.1.3 Method of Measurement
1 Clearing and grubbing is measured in square meters
of the cleared area within the limits described in Item 1 of
Clause 2.1.1 above and approved by the Engineer.
2 Trees with a trunk diameter 300mm or more when
measured 750mm above existing ground level are
measured by the number removed and delivered to the
Employer or disposed of as directed by the Engineer.
2.1.4 Basis of Payment
1 The area of completed and accepted clearing and
grubbing work measured as provided for above, will be
paid at the unit rates stated in the Bill of Quantities, which
rates shall be full compensation for labor, equipment and
other items necessary for completion of the work..
2 Removal of trees with trunk 300mm diameter or
greater will be paid for by the number removed as stated
above. Removal of trees with trunk less than 300mm
diameter is deemed to be included in the rate for clearing
and grubbing
3 Rates for all clearing and grubbing and tree removal
shall include for filling holes and depressions with
material as specified
2.1.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Clearing and grubbing
ii. Removal and delivery or disposal of trees of
300mm trunk diameter or greater
2.2 Removal of Structures and
Obstructions
2.2.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes the removal, wholly or in
part, and satisfactory disposal of all buildings, fences,
structures, abandoned pipelines, and any other
obstructions, as shown on the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer, which are not designated or permitted to remain,
including salvaging of designated materials and backfilling
the resulting trenches, holes and pits.
2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record for
himself all obstructions and utilities before the
commencement of the Works.
2.2.2 Construction Requirements
2.2.2.1 General
1 The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of all
buildings, foundations, structures, fences and other
obstructions, any portions of which are on the ROW,
except utilities and items for which other arrangements for
removal have been made. All designated salvageable
material shall be removed, without causing unnecessary
damage, and in sections or pieces which may be readily
♦ 2-1 ♦
transported, and shall be stored by the Contractor at
approved locations, for later use or possession of others.
2 Unusable perishable material shall be destroyed.
Non-perishable material may be disposed of off the Site,
provided permission of the respective property owners
has been obtained in writing to dump such materials on
their land.
3 Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall
be filled to the level of the surrounding ground and, if
within the prism of construction, shall be compacted to
the type of compaction within the range for the adjacent
roadway embankment as specified in Sub-section 2.5 –
‘Embankments’.
4 Salvaged pipe culverts and other re-usable materials
shall be stored at accessible approved locations on Site
and shall become the property of the Employer.
2.2.2.2 Removal of Bridges, Culverts and Ditches
1 Bridges, culverts and other drainage structures in
locations traversed by traffic shall not be removed until
arrangements, detours and traffic management plans have
been made by the Contractor and approved by ROP to
maintain the flow of traffic.
2 Substructures in watercourses shall be removed
down to the level of the natural stream bed. Those parts
outside the stream shall be removed to 300 mm below
natural ground surface. Where such portions of existing
structures lie wholly or in part within the limits for a new
structure, they shall be removed to the extent necessary to
accommodate construction of the proposed structure.
3 Steel bridges and timber bridges, designated to be
salvaged shall be dismantled without causing unnecessary
damage. Steel members shall be match marked, unless
this requirement is waived by the Engineer. All salvaged
material shall be stored as previously specified for reuse
or possession of others.
4 Blasting or other operations necessary for removal of
existing structures or other obstructions, and which may
damage new construction in the vicinity, shall be
completed prior to commencing the new construction.
Explosives shall be used only as permitted by the
appropriate security authorities and shall be approved by
the Engineer. The Contractor shall observe the
requirements of Section 1, Sub-section 1.9, Clause 1.9.2
for all blasting operations
5 The Contractor shall carry out a structural survey of
all the existing buildings and structures located within the
blasting influence distance. The survey shall include
detailed photographic records for the adjacent buildings
and structures before and after blasting, in order to avoid
later claims by public.
2.2.2.3 Removal of Pipes
1 All pipes unless otherwise directed shall be removed
and precautions taken to avoid breaking or damaging the
pipes. The Contractor shall exercise utmost care during
the removal of pipes so as to avoid unnecessary damage.
♦ 2-2 ♦
2.2.2.4 Removal of Walls, Mortared and Loose Riprap,
Gabions, Rocks and Boulders
1 Masonry walls, mortared and loose riprap, gabions
and accumulated stones, large rocks and boulders of
individual size greater than 0.2 cu.m.or greater than 500 kg
in weight which lie within the limits of the Works, shall be
removed and disposed of as directed.
2.2.2.5 Removal of Fences and Gates
1 When fences and gates enclosing pasture land or
farm land are to be removed, the Contractor shall notify
the Engineer sufficiently in advance to permit the property
owner reasonable time to construct alternative fencing or
make other suitable arrangements.
2.2.2.6 Removal of Wells, Shafts and Falajs
1 Existing wells and shafts, abandoned or active, which
lie within the limits of the Works, shall be dismantled,
backfilled, and compacted. All salvageable materials shall
be removed and stored at approved locations on Site. All
salvageable material shall become the property of the
Employer. Wells shall be filled to the level of the
surrounding ground and, if within the prism of
construction, shall be compacted after obtaining the
Engineer's permission to the type of compaction within
the range designated.
2.2.2.7 Removal of Utilities
1 The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and
shall notify all Utility Authorities and co-operate and
coordinate with them in respect of removals and
relocations.
2 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings,
realignment or relocation of active utilities will be to the
approval of the respective authorities and such work shall
be coordinated by the Contractor. The Contractor shall
perform the necessary coordination with the relevant
utility authorities ahead of time in order to avoid
unnecessary delay to the Works.
3 The removal of all disconnected or abandoned
utilities within the ROW shall be performed by the
Contractor as directed by the Engineer, unless the utility
authorities indicate their intention to carry out such
removal and salvaging of materials, fittings, parts, etc.
4 The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and
shall advise each affected utility authority in writing of his
proposed construction schedule and shall arrange for
inspection, disconnection or interruption of services by the
utility authorities as appropriate.
5 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting
and protecting realigned utilities and existing utilities that
are to remain in place, for the duration of the Contract and
shall provide all necessary Temporary Works in this
respect, all in compliance with Section 1, Sub-section 1.8,
Clause 1.8.3…..and the requirements of the relevant utility
owner. Any damage caused to utilities and attributable to
the Contractor shall be repaired at his expense.
6 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the will not be paid for directly but will be considered as
requirements of Sub-sections 2.3 - ’Road Excavation‘, 2.5 – subsidiary work related to other items in the Bill of
’Embankments’ and Sub-section 2.7 - ’Excavation and Quantities.
Backfilling for Structures‘, as appropriate.
2.2.4 Basis of Payment
2.2.2.8 Removal of Existing Pavement
1 The quantities of completed and accepted work,
1 The Contractor shall remove, wholly or in part, as measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, relevant unit rates stated in the Bill of Quantities , which
existing asphalt, tiles and/or concrete pavement layers, rates shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
and any granular or stabilized base courses., including labor, materials, transporting and dumping, and for other
disposal of debris and salvaging of designated materials, items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
and backfilling the resulting holes where and as instructed
by the Engineer. 2.2.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities
2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record all
i. Removal of existing building (type and
obstructions and utilities that may be affected by removal
description), (Nr. or Length /
of existing pavements at the commencement of the Works.
Area / Volume as appropriate).
3 The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of old
ii. Removal of reinforced concrete (type,
pavement of different types, (i.e. down to the bottom of location, and dimensions), (cu.m).
the base course) or as directed by the Engineer, for the
iii. Removal of mass concrete (type, location
portions which are within the limit of Works.
and dimensions), ( cu.m).
4 Unusable perishable material shall be disposed of in iv. Removal of pre-stressed concrete (type,
accordance with the applicable laws and ordinances. Non- location and dimensions), ( cu.m.)
perishable material may be disposed of off the Site, v. Removal of curbs (Type), (lin.m.)
provided permission of the concerned authorities and/or vi. Removal of Tiles (Type and Size), (sq.m).
the respective property owner has been obtained in vii. Removal of pipe culverts (type
writing to dump such materials on their land. and diameter) , (lin.m.)
5 Cavities left by pavement removal shall be filled to viii. Removal of existing pavement
the level of the surrounding ground and, if within the (description and type), (cu.m).
prism of construction, shall be compacted to the type of ix. Removal of reusable road studs, (nr).
compaction specified in Sub-section 2.6 – ‘Subgrade x. Removal of steel safety barrier including
Construction’. post and foundations (dimensions and
Type), (lin.m).
6 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting
xi. Removal of concrete safety barrier
and protecting existing Utilities that are to remain in place,
including foundations
for the duration of the Contract and shall provide all
(dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
necessary Temporary Works in this respect. Any damage
xii. Removal of sign boards including
caused to utilities and attributable to the Contractor shall
post and foundations (size), (nr).
be repaired at his expense.
xiii. Removal of Floodway marker posts and
7 The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall foundations (size), (nr.)
ensure that pavement removal operations are completed xiv. Removal of re-usable steel safety barrier
without applying extreme vibration and heavy loading that including post and foundations
might damage the existing underground utilities. (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
2.2.2.9 Removal of Existing Road Furniture xv. Removal of re-usable concrete safety
barrier including foundations (dimensions
1 Road Furniture items such as curbs, tiles, steel and and Type), (lin.m).
concrete safety barriers, lighting poles, sign boards, etc. xvi. Removal of re-usable sign board including
which lie within the limits of the Works, shall be removed post and foundations (size), (nr.)
and disposed of as directed. xvii. Removal of reusable Floodway marker
posts including foundations (size), (nr).
2.2.3 Method of Measurement xviii. Removal of drainage protection
works (type), (sq.m.)
1 Removal of structures and obstructions is measured
xix. Removal of existing fences and
by number, length, area or volume as appropriate for the
gates (description and type), (lin.m.)
relevant work, unless Item 2.2.3 (2), applies. The rates
xx. Removal of existing block and
shall include in full for the removal, storage, protection
masonry walls (Size and Type) (cu.m)
and disposal of the structure or obstruction, including
xxi. Removal of ditches (Type and
items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
width), (lin.m).
2 If the Bill of Quantities does not contain separate xxii. Removal of bridges (dimensions,
items for removal of structures and obstructions, this work

♦ 2-3 ♦
 type and description) (nr).
xxiii. Removal of rocks and boulders
larger than 0.2cu.m. or 500 kg
(description), (cu.m).
xxiv. Removal of wells and shafts (description
and location), (nr).
xxv. Removal of sand dunes (location
and description) (cu.m.)
xxvi. Removal of Light Poles including
cabling and foundation (Size), (nr).
2.3 Roadway Excavation
2.3.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes excavation in the cut
sections of the roadway, including watercourses, ditches
and wadi relocations (but excluding borrow pits and
structural excavation) all as and where shown on the
Drawings, and hauling the excavated material either to
locations for roadway embankments or to stockpiles or to
waste.
2 The work also includes any necessary excavations
outside the ROW ordered by the Engineer to safeguard
and protect the Works, including diversion of existing
wadi channels; excavation of materials obstructing or
impairing the flow along stream channels; and excavation
of unstable materials which may slide or encroach into
ditches or onto the ROW. Disposal of all such excavated
materials shall be as instructed by the Engineer.
2.3.2 Classification of Roadway Excavation
1 Road excavation shall be considered as ’Unclassified
Excavation’ which includes all materials encountered of
any nature including silts, clays, sand, gravel, granular
materials, all cohesive and fractured, jointed cohesionless
materials and/or massive rock and unsuitable material.
2 Any information concerning properties of the soil
which may be shown on the Drawings, in the Bill of
Quantities, in supplementary reports, or as a result of
discussion with the Engineer or others shall be considered
as gratis and shall not be a basis for the Contractor's
determination of his bid prices.
2.3.3 Construction Requirements
2.3.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials
1 All materials removed from the excavation shall be
used in the formation of the embankment, sub-grade,
shoulder, dykes, and at such other places as directed,
unless it is declared unsuitable and ordered to be wasted
by the Engineer.
2 Unsuitable material shall include:
i. Unstable materials incapable of being
compacted to the specified density using
mechanical compaction methods at optimum
moisture content for the equipment being used
for compaction.
♦ 2-4 ♦
ii. Material too wet to be compacted and where
circumstances prevent suitable in-place drying
prior to incorporation into the work.
iii. Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for
use in or under the embankment.
3 No excavation material shall be wasted without
written permission from the Engineer.
4 If the Contractor chooses to excavate suitable
material to waste or put it to other uses, and replace it by
borrow excavation for embankment areas, this shall be
undertaken at no extra cost to the Employer.
5 Excavated rock which is not immediately suitable for
incorporation in the works can either be broken down to
acceptable sizes or wasted at Contractor's own expense. If
such material is wasted or used in concrete, granular
subbase, aggregate base, asphalt mixtures or any other
works, the Contractor shall replace it by borrow
excavation for embankment at no extra cost to the
Employer.
6 Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer, salvaged materials such as existing concrete,
bituminous or other pavements shall, be stockpiled for a
specific purpose or for future use. Such materials shall be
excavated and handled in a manner that will exclude
foreign or undesirable material. Stockpiles shall be neatly
formed and maintained in an approved manner.
7 Where specified or directed by the Engineer, suitable
topsoil material shall be stockpiled during excavation
operations and shall subsequently be spread and
compacted on embankment slopes and elsewhere as
directed, to facilitate re-growth of vegetation.
2.3.3.2 Drainage of Excavation Areas
1 During construction, surfaces in excavation areas
shall be adequately drained at all times. Side ditches or
gutters emptying from cut to embankment shall be so
constructed as to avoid damage to embankments by
erosion.
2 The Contractor shall, at an early stage of the Works,
provide adequate drainage by scheduling ditch and other
construction so as to prevent saturation or erosion of
embankments and cut slopes. All such drainage ditches
and construction grades shall be cleaned and trimmed at
regular intervals and when directed to maintain an
unobstructed runoff of stormwater during construction.
3 Damage to the Works attributable to saturation or
erosion of slopes during the period of execution through
failure to provide adequate drainage shall be repaired by
the Contractor at his own expense.
4 Whenever groundwater is encountered which may
adversely affect construction, the Contractor shall advise
the Engineer who will evaluate the situation and order
necessary remedial measures.
2.3.3.3 Obliteration of Disused Roadways
1 Obliteration of roadways which are no longer in use
shall include filling of all ditches and rough grading of the
old roadway to produce within the ROW a neat and well
drained ground surface.
2.3.3.4 Rock Blasting
1 Rock blasting explosives may comprise a diversity of
systems, including dynamite explosives, watergels, slurry
explosives and slurry blasting agents, pumpable blasting
agents, emulsion explosives and aluminized explosives.
Whenever instructed by the Engineer, blasting shall be
carried out after pre-splitting the rock mass by using small
localized charges in pre-drilled holes.
2 When blasting of rock slopes is carried out, a
reasonably uniform face shall be left, regardless of
whether or not the excavation is carried beyond the
specified side slopes as shown on the Drawings. All
breakage and slides shall be removed and disposed of as
directed. A dust control system shall be designated by the
Contractor and shall be implemented during rock blasting
after obtaining the Engineer’s approval.
3 All drilling and blasting shall be done in such a
manner as will most nearly complete the excavation to the
required grade lines, and produce the least possible
disturbance of the material to be left in place. Blasting by
means of drill holes, tunnels, or any other methods shall
be entirely at the Contractor's risk. Explosive materials
shall be stored and kept under the constant surveillance of
the Royal Oman Police.
4 Where necessary or directed, the Contractor shall
provide heavy mesh blasting mats or controlled blasting
for protection of persons, properties, and the Works. If, in
the opinion of the authorities and the Engineer, blasting
would be dangerous to persons or adjacent structures, or
is being carried out in an unsafe or unacceptable manner,
the Engineer may prohibit blasting and order the rock to
be excavated by other means.
5 During explosion works, traffic shall be suspended
from the routes linking to the Site and all diversions and
other arrangements shall be carried out in full
coordination with the Royal Oman Police. The Contractor
shall secure approval of his schedule for such
interruptions and his proposed methods for safeguarding
the public and property.
6 Excessive blasting will not be permitted.
Overbreakage and the backfilling thereof shall be at the
Contractor’s expense. Any material outside the approved
cross section limits which may be shattered or loosened
because of blasting shall be removed by the Contractor at
his own expense. All rock slopes with loose material shall
be scaled by workmen and all loose material removed at
the Contractor’s expense.
7 Backfilling of overbreakage shall be carried out as
directed, using approved soil or crushed materials or other
special aggregate or cyclopean concrete, as shown on the
Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Undrained
pockets shall not be left in the surface of the rock.
8 Following blasting, cleaning and scaling rock slopes,
the face, benches and back of the slope shall be inspected
for potential failure planes and the necessary remedial
measures shall be taken, as approved by the Engineer, at
the Contractor’s expense.
2.3.3.5 Excavation of Unsuitable Material
1 Unsuitable materials are materials that do not
comply with the requirements for suitable materials as
described under Clause 2.5.2 below.
2 Where excavation to finished grades and cross
sections exposes unsuitable material in the sub-grade,
slopes or ditch inverts, etc the Engineer may require the
Contractor to remove the unsuitable material and backfill
the excavated areas using approved material. The
Contractor shall plan his operations so that necessary
cross section measurements are taken before such backfill
is placed.
3 Unsuitable material shall be disposed off as directed.
Wasted unsuitable material shall not be deposited on any
cropland.
4 When the Contractor is directed to excavate
unsuitable material below the surface of the original
ground in fill areas, other than that required for clearing
and grubbing, the depth to which unsuitable material shall
be removed will be determined by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall plan the excavation so that cross sections
are taken before and after material has been removed.
2.3.3.6 Slopes, Sub-grade and Ditches
1 All excavated slopes, sub-grade and ditches shall be
finished true to lines, grades and cross sections as shown
on the Drawings.
2 Slopes, except in massive rock or other material
which require special treatment, shall be trimmed to
slopes not steeper than the specified slope angles and
rounded at top and bottom to a smooth profile to blend in
with the adjacent terrain. Material shall not be loosened
beyond the specified slope lines. High cut areas shall
continuously be monitored by an engineering geologist or
a geotechnical engineer.
3 In cuts where earth overlays a rock formation, slopes
shall be benched in an approved manner.
4 Ditches of all types shall be excavated and trimmed
neatly in conformity with the specified grades and cross
sections. All projecting rock, stumps, roots or similar shall
be removed. Ditches include side ditches, interception
ditches in the berm of cut slopes, furrow ditches, irrigation
ditches, wadi relocations, etc.
5 Where the sub-grade is composed of rock as defined
in Sub-section 2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, it shall be
undercut to a depth of 200 mm below top of sub-grade to
allow for subsequent placing and compaction of the
leveling sub-grade layer in accordance with Sub-section
2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, paragraph 2.6.3.1.
6 The sub-grade in cut, where the soil is unsuitable for
retention as the sub-grade layer, shall be sub-excavated to
a depth of 200 mm below top of sub-grade to allow for
subsequent placing and compaction of the sub-grade layer.
♦ 2-5 ♦
If the material of the sub-grade is suitable for retention as
sub-grade layer then it shall be scarified to the required
depth, watered and compacted in accordance with Section
2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’, paragraph 2.6.3.1.
7 The Engineer will periodically check all or any part of
the work, to determine conformance to the correct lines,
grades and elevations. Tolerances on finished sub-grade
levels and on levels of the surface at the underside of the
sub-grade layer shall be as specified in Sub-section 2.6 –
‘Sub-grade Construction’, Paragraph 2.6.3.3.
8 In cases where rock or soil excavations reveal that
the adopted cut slopes are not suitable and if failures
occur during or after completion of the excavation works
and while the Contractor is still on Site, the Engineer may
request the Contractor to re-excavate according to the
newly established cut slopes, the extra work will be
measured and valued as Unclassified Excavation at the
same rate given in the Contract. However, in such case,
the Contractor may submit a proposal for any other
alternative solution for the stability of the cut slopes, for
the Engineer’s appraisal and final decision.
2.3.3.7 Unstable Materials outside Right-of-Way
1 Materials outside the ROW or ditch slopes which, in
the opinion of the Engineer, are potentially unstable and
liable to slide or encroach into the ROW or into the ditches,
shall be excavated and disposed of as specified for
unsuitable material, unless it is approved for use as
embankment fill.
2.3.3.8 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Material
1 Unsuitable and surplus materials disposed of within
approved areas shall be spread, leveled and shaped as
directed so as to present a neat and tidy appearance. No
materials shall be disposed of in such a way as to
adversely affect natural drainage courses or to cause
damage to the highway or adjacent public or private
property.
2 If approved by the Employer, Government land may
be used for disposal to the maximum extent practicable. If
private land is used for disposal, the Contractor shall
secure the consent of the landowner or tenant and, if
necessary, and at his own expense, pay for the use of such
land. The use of cropland for disposal purposes will not
be permitted.
2.3.4 Method of Measurement
1 All excavated material of whatever type (except for
unauthorized undercut below top of sub-grade or
excavations taken wider than required) shall be measured
as ‘Unclassified Excavation’ which shall be deemed to
include all materials encountered of any nature, including
silts, clays, sand, gravel and granular materials and
fractured, jointed and massive rock, whether weak or
strong, and unsuitable material, as approved and
instructed by the Engineer.
♦ 2-6 ♦
2 Unclassified Excavation shall be measured by cu.m.
of material excavated, hauled away and either wasted,
stockpiled, or deposited on or in vicinity of roadway
embankments and dykes. Measurements shall be of
volumes computed from the cross sections shown on the
Drawings and the original ground elevations taken jointly
by the Engineer and the Contractor after clearing and
grubbing operations. Rates shall include for costs of
supporting sides of excavation where necessary, keeping
excavations free from water, proper formation of
embankments, trimming of slopes, preparation and
completion of the roadway, sub-grade, dykes and
shoulders and scarifying for suitable sub-grade material.
3 Excavation of unstable material (from areas outside
the ROW) shall be measured by cu.m. of material
excavated, hauled away and disposed of as directed,
completed and accepted. Measurements shall be of
volumes computed from surveyed cross sections of
original and final ground elevations. When cross
sectioning is impractical in the opinion of the Engineer,
approval may be given to measure volumes in the
vehicles removing such excavated material.
4 Ditch excavation and excavation of unstable material
are considered part of the unclassified excavation.
5 Rock blasting, backfilling of overbreakage, trimming
and grading of cut slopes, ditches and of other below-sub-
grade surfaces, drainage of excavation areas, obliteration
of disused roadways, and other ancillary excavation
Works shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall
be considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will
be deemed to be included in the rates for Unclassified
Excavation
6 Excavation under water shall be measured by cu.m.
of material excavated, hauled away and disposed of as
directed, completed and accepted (including any side
support or other enabling works). Measurements shall be
of volumes computed from surveyed cross sections of
original and final ground elevations. When cross
sectioning is impractical in the opinion of the Engineer,
approval may be given to measure volumes in the
vehicles removing such excavated material.
7 Hauling of excavated materials shall not be
measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as
subsidiary work the cost of which will be deemed to be
included in the rates for Unclassified Excavation,
regardless of the distance required for hauling the
materials to an approved dumping area.
8 Excavation, Stockpiling and recompaction of suitable
topsoil material shall be measured by cubic meter, laid,
completed and accepted as directed by the Engineer.
2.3.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, materials, transporting and hauling, and for other
items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
2.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Unclassified Excavation
ii. Excavation of unstable material
outside Right-of-Way
iii. Unclassified Excavation under water
iv. Excavate and Stockpile Suitable topsoil and
recompact as directed
2.4 Borrow Materials
2.4.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes excavation of suitable
material from borrow pits, channels and designated
borrow areas and hauling to locations of embankments or
to stockpiles, all as shown on the Drawings, or as directed
by the engineer.
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for locating
suitable borrow pits and for the suitability and sufficiency
of borrow materials to meet the specified embankment
and other backfilling requirements.
3 Borrow pits shall be utilized if there is insufficient
suitable excavated material to satisfy the embankment
and other backfilling requirements or if the Contractor
chooses to excavate suitable material to waste or put it to
other uses, and replace it by suitable material excavated
from borrow pits at the Contractor’s expense.
2.4.2 Location of Borrow Pits
1 Generally, the borrow pits shall not be located within
50 m from the toe of embankment slope or top of cut or
formed slope, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
2 In no case shall borrow pits be located within 200 m
downstream of a drainage structure without the written
approval of the Engineer. Unauthorized borrow pits shall
be backfilled and compacted, as directed by the Engineer,
at the Contractor's expense.
3 In each case where a borrow pit is proposed within
privately-owned property, the Contractor shall secure the
consent of the landowner in writing, if necessary, and
shall, pay for the use of the material and land. The
Contractor shall be solely responsible for any claims for
compensation or complaints arising out of borrow pit
operations.
4 The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability
of the side slopes of borrow pits and channels at all times,
until the pit or channel is abandoned.
5 Details of the Contractor's proposed haul routes and
traffic arrangements in relation to borrow pit operations
shall be submitted for approval before any borrow
excavation commences.
6 Overburden and any unsuitable top layers within
each borrow pit shall be completely removed and
stockpiled in the vicinity, ready for re-use prior to
abandonment of the pit.
7 Prior to abandonment of any borrow pit or borrow
area, the Contractor shall spread and level the original
overburden over the exposed surfaces and clean up, grade
and contour the pit or area and the adjoining properties
occupied during execution of borrow operations, whether
Government, or privately-owned, all to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
2.4.3 Borrow Material
1 Borrow shall be material approved by the Engineer
as meeting the requirements for the particular
embankment, backfill or other use for which the material
is intended.
2 The Contractor shall submit representative samples
of materials from each of the proposed borrow pits or
borrow areas. A minimum of three sets of tests shall be
performed for each borrow area for each type of material.
No borrow material shall be brought to the site or used in
the Works before its approval.
3 The Engineer will periodically require follow-up
testing of borrow materials to verify that no change in
quality has occurred since the original approval.
2.4.4 Method of Measurement
1 Borrow Excavation shall be measured by cu.m. of
suitable material excavated, hauled and used in the proper
formation of embankments, including trimming of slopes,
preparation and completion of the roadway sub-grade,
shoulders and dykes.
2 The quantity of borrow excavation shall be
determined by calculating the total quantity of filling after
compaction and deducting therefrom the total quantity of
unclassified excavation less an allowance for material
condemned by the Engineer as unsuitable for filling.
2.4.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for borrow excavation in the Bill of Quantities ,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, materials, transporting hauling and placing, and for
other items necessary for the proper completion of the
work.
2.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Borrow excavation.
2.5 Embankments
2.5.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes construction of roadway
embankments, including preparation of the areas upon
which they are to be placed; placing and compacting
approved material within areas where unsuitable material
has been removed; and placing and compacting approved
♦ 2-7 ♦
embankment material in holes, pits and other depressions
within the constructed area, all in accordance with the
lines, grades and cross sections shown on the Drawings.
2.5.2 Materials
1 Materials suitable for embankment shall be of classes
A-1, A-2-4, A-2-5 or A3 ‘when confined’ groups as in
AASHTO M145 and complying with Table 2.5.2.1, and
shall be used when available, except for rock fill
embankments. If material of this character is not available,
then material from A-2-6, A-2-7, A-4, A-5, groups (AASHTO
M145) may be used provided it complies with the
requirements of Table 2.5.2.1; however, special attention
shall be given to its suitability for the particular
construction
Requirements
1 Maximum dry density not less than 1.7
(AASHTO T-180 Method D)
2 Organic matter not more than 5% (AASHTO T-
267)
3 thickness
Gypsum content not more than 5%.
4 Passing 0.42mm (Sieve # 40) ........25% maximum
No use of A-6, A-7 soil (AASHTO M-145)
5 Maximum size not more than 1/2 of the layer
thickness
6
Plasticity Index (P.I.) less than 20%
4-day soaked C.B.R. should not be less than 8%
. 7 (AASHTO T-193) when compacted at 100%
maximum dry density in accordance with
AASHTO T-180 Method D.
Table 2.5.2.1: Soil Suitable for Embankment
2 The 200 mm depth of embankment sub-grade layer
immediately below the bottom of sub base shall consist of
selected sub-grade material having a 4-day soaked C.B.R.
of at least 25% when tested in accordance with AASHTO
T193 and when compacted at 100% Modified Proctor
Density in accordance with AASHTO T-180D, with a
gradation and P.I. as specified under Sub-section 2.6 –
‘Sub-grade Construction’.
3 The 600 mm depth of embankment immediately
below the sub-grade layer shall consist of suitable
material having a 4-day soaked C.B.R of at least 15% when
compacted to 95% maximum dry density in accordance
with AASHTO T-180D and tested in accordance with
AASHTO T-193 with a P.I. not more than 15%. If rockfill is
used for the bottom 400 mm depth then these
requirements shall apply to the top 200 mm depth below
the sub-grade layer.
4 Rockfill shall not be used in the top 200 mm of the
embankment below the sub-grade. If found necessary and
if approved by the Engineer, water may be added as
required to achieve maximum compaction.
5 In areas subject to flooding and prolonged inundation
of the embankment, such as at bridge and culvert sites,
the material used in embankment shall conform to
AASHTO M 145, Class A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4. Rockfill can
♦ 2-8 ♦
also be used in these conditions, except for the top
600mm of the embankment.
6 Where embankments are to be constructed using
material classified as A3 (AASHTO M 145) or other
material subject to side slope erosion or requiring
confinement for stabilization purposes, the embankment
plating or confining layer shall be constructed using
AASHTO M 145 Class A-1-a, A-1-b, or A-2-4 materials or as
otherwise approved.
7 The material used in rockfill embankments shall
consist predominantly of rock fragments of such size that
the material can be placed in layers of the thickness
prescribed conforming to the requirements stated in Table
2.5.2.2. The size distribution of rockfill shall be determined
according to CIRIA Special Publication 83: Manual on the
use of Rock in Coastal and Shoreline Engineering –
Appendix 2.
Requirements
1 Maximum particle size ........1/2 loose layer
2
Uniformity coefficient, Cu.......5 minimum, where
Cu = D60/D10
3 D60 = the Particle size at which 60% passes
D10 = the Particle size at which 10% passes
Table 2.5.2.2: Rock Suitable for Embankment
8 Rockfill material shall be obtained from quarries and
shall be sound, dense, hard and durable rock capable of
being spread and compacted as specified. Individual
pieces are to be clean and angular. It shall be the
Contractor's responsibility to excavate material from rock
cuts, whether by blasting or other means, so that all
excavated materials are of suitable size.
9 When suitable materials of widely divergent
characteristics are drawn from different sources, such
materials may, if approved, be mixed to meet the
embankment requirements. Rock and other materials shall
be incorporated in such manner as to avoid segregation
and an accumulation of boulders, etc., at the toe of
embankment slopes.
10 Logs, trees, stumps, weeds, heavy grass, vegetable
matter or other undesirable and non compatible materials
shall not be placed in embankments.
11 Rocks larger than 100 mm in any dimension shall not
be used as fill material in areas where piling works are to
be carried out.
2.5.3 Construction Requirements
2.5.3.1 General
1 Prior to placing embankment material on any area,
the ground shall have been cleared and grubbed as
specified in Sub-section 2.1 – ‘Clearing and Grubbing’, and
the foundation prepared as specified herein.
2 Equipment used for foundation preparation and for
placing, spreading and compacting embankment materials
shall be of approved types and furnished in sufficient
numbers for the purposes intended. Provision and use of
such equipment shall conform with Section 19 ‘Plant and
Equipment’
3 Draglines shall not be used to construct embankment
unless approval is given and only when special
procedures are adopted to keep the layers uniform and the
embankment properly graded and well-drained at all times.
4 Surfaces of embankment layers shall be kept
properly shaped and drained at all times. The Contractor
shall utilize a sufficient number of motor graders or
tractors to level and maintain the surface of each layer of
embankment during all placing and compacting
operations.
5 Whenever feasible, trucks, scrapers, tractors, loaders
and other heavy hauling equipment shall be routed over
the embankment in such a manner as will contribute
effectively to compaction of the fill material.
6 Where an embankment is to be constructed over an
area previously occupied by a building basement, cellar,
irrigation canal, well, any previous excavation, or adjacent
to structures, and where the proper use of normal
compaction equipment is not practicable, the
embankment shall be constructed and compacted in
accordance with the backfilling requirements of Sub-
section 2.7 – ‘Excavation and Backfilling for Structures’
until the use of normal compaction equipment is
practicable. Layers shall not exceed 200 mm thickness
(before compaction) and shall be compacted to the degree
of compaction specified for the embankment. The
embankment construction under this item shall be
measured and paid under the requirements of Clause
2.7.4.8:’“Unclassified Structural Excavation’
7 Each embankment layer shall be tested and approved
prior to placing the following layer in accordance with
Clause 2.5.4 ‘Testing’.
8 The Engineer may at any time order suspension of
delivery of materials to the embankment sites until
previously delivered materials have been properly placed
and preceding layers are leveled and uniformly compacted
to the specified density.
9 Unacceptable material placed in any embankment
shall be removed and disposed of by the Contractor at his
own expense, immediately after receiving the Engineer’s
instructions in this regard. Any expected delay with the
removal of such material shall be coordinated and agreed
with the Engineer.
10 The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability
of all embankments and shall replace all embankment
sections which, in the opinion of the Engineer, have been
damaged or displaced due to carelessness or neglect on
the part of the Contractor, or due to normally occurring
natural causes, such as storms, and not attributable to the
unavoidable movement of the natural ground upon which
the embankment is constructed.
11 All embankment side slopes shall be neatly finished
true to the lines and not steeper than the slope angles as
shown on the Drawings. The bottom (toe) of side slopes
shall be graded to a well rounded, smooth profile to blend
in with the adjacent terrain.
12 Where directed by the Engineer, the side slopes of
rockfill embankments shall be thoroughly blanketed with
A-1, A-2-4 material, and compacted to the satisfaction of
the Engineer
13 The Engineer may permit the Contractor to utilize
suitable surplus material at his own expense to widen
embankments or flatten slopes, etc within the right-of-way.
Surplus material used in such manner shall be compacted
to 90 per cent of maximum density. When widening
embankments, the Contractor shall bear the cost of
modifying the culverts and any protection work necessary.
14 Rockfill shall not be used within 5m of a structural
element (next to bridge abutments footings, etc). In some
specific cases, rock fragments not exceeding 75mm
particle size may be used next to structural elements, but
only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval on the
location and extent of the work.
15 Rockfill shall not be used within 600 mm of top and
bottom of box and pipe culverts. Subgrade material shall
be used in these areas up to width excavated for
structures.
16 Potable or sea water can be used for all embankment
construction works, except that only potable water shall
be used for compaction of fill material within 1m from all
surfaces of structures.
2.5.3.2 Trial Embankments Sections
1 If shown on the Drawings, or if required by the
Engineer, a trial embankment shall be constructed. The
trial section shall be at least 2 lanes wide by 100 m long at
approved locations at or adjacent to the Site. Compaction
and other equipment used shall be as specified in Section
19 ‘Plant and Equipment’.
2 The initial sections of rock embankment shall serve
as the trial sections for rock fill, in order to establish the
optimum degrees of consolidation for the different layer
thickness. This shall be obtained by compaction trials
correlating number of passes of the roller with settlement
of the layer, or by different approved methods. The
maximum permitted layer thickness shall be related to the
unit weight of the vibratory roller and for compaction, as
given in Table 2.5.3.1 and shall not exceed 800 mm loose
thickness.
♦ 2-9 ♦
 Maximum Thickness of
Minimum Roller Mass*
Layer
(Kg/m Width)
(Loose Thickness)
400 mm 2300 - 2900
500 mm 2900 - 3600
600 mm 3600 - 4300
700 mm 4300 - 5000
800 mm > 5000
* For multiple rollers, this shall be assumed as
the high axle load.
Table 2.5.3.1: Maximum Layer Thickness / Minimum Roller
Mass Requirements
2.5.3.3 Foundation Preparation
1 If the original surface upon which embankment is to
be placed is an existing pavement, the surface shall be
ploughed, scarified, or otherwise broken up regardless of
the height of the embankment to be placed thereon.
2 Clearing and grubbing, and removal of tree stumps,
shall be undertaken. The degree of compaction for the
area to be cleared shall then be determined. The top 150
mm of the surface on which the embankment is to be
placed shall be scarified, brought to a uniform moisture
content within the specified range, and compacted to the
density specified for the embankment. Hard and smooth
surfaces are to be roughened before filling is placed.
3 Where embankment is to be placed over topsoil
containing unsuitable organic material which does not
meet the requirements of Table 2.5.2.1, the ground shall
be stripped off to a depth of 200mm and the cleared
surface shall be scarified to a minimum depth of 200mm
or as directed by the Engineer, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and
compacted to the density specified for the embankment.
4 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted
on hillsides or where new embankment is to be
compacted against existing embankments or where
embankment is built part width at a time, the slopes
steeper than 3:1 (H:V) when measured at right angles to
the road centerline shall be continuously benched as the
embankment is brought up in layers. Benching shall be of
sufficient width to permit operation of spreading and
compaction equipment, and in any case not less than 2 m
wide except where insufficient width is available between
existing and new embankments. Each horizontal cut shall
begin at the intersection of the original ground and the
vertical sides of the previous cuts. The vertical face of
each bench shall not be less than 1 m in height and not
exceed 2 m. Approved benching shall be measured as
unclassified excavation.
5 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted
on wadi slopes, the entire slope area shall be graded and
trimmed to remove any vertical faces and overhangs. The
final graded slope shall not be steeper than 1.5H:1V. The
slope shall then be continuously benched as the
embankment is brought up in layers, all as described
above for embankment on hillsides.
♦ 2-10 ♦
6 Rockfill shall not be placed on any slopes steeper
than 1:1. All slopes steeper than 1:1 shall therefore be re-
graded to a slope of 1:1 or milder and all vertical faces and
overhangs removed.
2.5.3.4 Embankment Construction
1 Roadway embankment consisting of soil or granular
material shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding
200 mm compacted thickness, compacted as specified and
approved prior to placing the next layer. The thickness of
the first layer over areas of Class A-3 dune sand may
exceed 250 mm in order to bridge these areas.
Approximately uniform thickness of each layer shall be
achieved prior to compaction. As the compaction of each
layer progresses, continuous leveling and working of the
material shall be carried out to ensure uniform density.
The correct moisture content shall be maintained at all
times.
2 Where embankments are to be constructed to a
height in excess of 1.5 m above top of original ground
level, the Engineer may approve layers up to 250 mm
compacted thickness if these layers are located at depths
greater than 1.5m from the final elevation of embankment
and if the Contractor's equipment and the nature of the
material result in the required density throughout the layer
thickness.
3 When the moisture content of the embankment
material does not fall within the required moisture range,
(optimum moisture ± 2%) water shall be added and
thoroughly mixed into the soil by approved methods or
the material shall be aerated, whichever is necessary to
adjust the material to the required moisture content.
4 When water is added to embankment material, the
amount added shall be sufficient to provide a moisture
content within the required range plus a reasonable
additional amount to compensate for evaporation and
other unavoidable losses. Water added in excess of this
amount shall be removed by aeration or other approved
means at the Contractor's expense. Satisfactory methods
and sufficient equipment shall be used for the furnishing
and handling of the water in a manner that will minimize
loss due to evaporation or waste.
5 Embankments that consist of rock-soil material with
sufficient soil to make rolling feasible shall be placed and
compacted in an approved manner and to the required
degree of compaction. Water shall be added as and when
directed to assist in the compaction of such materials.
6 In the case of embankments which are to be formed
of approved rock-soil material containing an appreciable
quantity of rock fragments (normally not exceeding 30%
greater than 80mm) and which cannot be placed in layers
of the thickness prescribed without crushing, pulverizing,
or otherwise breaking down the fragments, the
embankment may be constructed in layers not exceeding
in thickness twice the average size of the largest rock
fragments and in any case not exceeding 600 mm (before
compaction).
7 Rockfill materials shall be placed in such a manner
that the larger rocks are well distributed and the voids are
filled to the maximum practical extent by smaller particles
of rocks, gravel or approved granular materials. Each layer
shall be bladed into a neat and homogeneous mass prior
to compaction. Any rocks found protruding from the
leveled surface shall be removed and replaced by smaller
particles. Initial breakdown compaction shall be
performed with heavy bulldozers. The top level of each
layer must be surveyed before and after compaction and
approved by the Engineer before the next layer is placed.
Oversize rock pieces (i.e. exceeding the maximum particle
size defined in Table 2.5.2.2 by not more than 10%) may
be used in high rockfill embankments to a level 3 meters
below sub-grade.
2.5.4 Testing
2.5.4.1 General
1 For verification of material, moisture content,
compaction, thickness and other properties of the
materials or workmanship the Engineer shall at all times
have access to all parts of the Works and Site. All
sampling and testing of material and work shall be carried
out as specified to the satisfaction the Engineer.
2 Materials shall be tested in accordance with BS 930,
AASHTO T96, AASHTO T204, AASHTO T205, AASHTO
T104, AASHTO T176, BS 1377, AASHTO M145, ASTM
D1556 and other applicable and relevant standards.
3 The Engineer shall test the compaction of
embankment materials in accordance with the
Specification to ensure that adequate compaction or
consolidation has been achieved. All such tests shall be
fully documented by the Contractor, in an approved
manner.
4 In the case of cohesionless, free draining rock-soil
materials, where maximum density tests fail to produce a
well defined moisture/density relationship, the relative
density test shall be used. Alternatively an electronic
compaction meter or any other approved test equipment
shall be provided by the Contractor and used to determine
the degree of compaction achieved.
5 To determine the degree of compaction for
embankment consisting of rock fill, average differential
settlement values shall also be determined from surveys
of an adequate number of grid point elevations as directed
by the Engineer at the commencement of, during and after
embankment construction. (Refer to Item 6 of Paragraph
2.5.4.3 below).
6 For rockfill embankments, the modulus of soil
reaction shall be determined by the plate bearing test;
using the method given in AASHTO T222.
2.5.4.2 Standards of Compaction for Soil and Granular
Materials
1 The following compaction standards shall apply to
embankment materials other than predominantly rock
materials. The ‘maximum density’ of soil type materials
shall be the modified maximum density determined in
accordance with AASHTO T 180 (Method D). The ‘relative
density’ shall be the relative density determined in
accordance with ASTM D 4254, which identifies the state
of compactness of the material with respect to its loosest
and densest state. The relative density shall be the
standard to which the field density is referred for
comparison in the case of cohesionless, free draining
granular materials.
2 Soil type materials shall be compacted to at least
90% modified maximum density for the full depth of
embankment; except for the 600 mm of embankment
material immediately below the sub-grade layer that shall
be compacted to at least 95% modified maximum density.
Moisture content shall be within plus or minus 2% of
optimum at the time of compaction.
3 Cohesionless, free draining granular materials (of 75
mm maximum size, with not more than 15% passing 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve and a plasticity index (PI) not
exceeding 20%) shall be compacted to at least 70% of
relative density for the full depth of embankment. The 600
mm depth of such material immediately below the sub-
grade layer shall be compacted to at least 75% of relative
density.
4 Minimum soil tests required during the construction
of sub-grade and/or embankment are:
- One sample for CBR, classification (AASHTO
M145), and laboratory (Moisture - density) or
relative density compaction from each source
prior to use. Each sample shall represent not
more than 5,000 cubic meters.
- One sample for classification representing not
more than 3,000 cubic meters of the material in
use.
- For every completed layer, one field density
shall be determined for each 1500 square
meters or 100 linear meters, whichever is less.
Testing shall be in accordance with ASTM D
1556 or ASTM D 2167 or BS 1377 Part 9.
2.5.4.3 Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill Materials
1 To ensure proper compaction of rockfill
embankments, the Contractor shall conduct compaction
tests such as the plate load bearing test or other approved
equivalent tests using equipment and materials available
in order to determine the best compaction control criteria.
2 A rockfill test section shall be placed on a firm
surface approved by the Engineer, and the material and
layer thickness shall conform to the requirements of these
specifications.
3 The test section shall be of sufficient dimensions to
permit the establishment of at least twenty leveling points
on a 5 meter (5m) square grid, and no fewer than 3 points
on any one line and no point less than three meters from
the edge of the layer. The arrangement of the leveling
points shall be approved by the Engineer.
♦ 2-11 ♦
4 Compaction shall then commence with a minimum
of three passes of a vibratory roller, as shown in Table
2.5.3.1. Leveling points shall then established, short
lengths of painted steel bars hammered flush with the
surface of the rockfill are suitable for this purpose. A level
reading shall be taken at each leveling point on top of a
moveable 300 mm square flat steel plate with a hole
drilled in the center of the plate to enable a visual check to
be made that the plate is located centrally over the bar.
5 Further readings shall be taken at the leveling points
after two additional passes with the roller. If the average
settlement is less than half of one per cent (0.5%) of the
average compacted layer thickness, or as determined by
the Engineer, the rockfill compaction test is deemed
complete.
6 If the average settlement is more than half of one
percent (0.5%), two additional passes of the roller are
required and the leveling procedure shall be repeated. If
the average settlement is then less than half of one
percent (0.5%), of the average compacted layer thickness
the test is deemed complete. If not, this step shall be
repeated.
7 The total number of passes of the rolling equipment
necessary to obtain the required result will establish the
minimum number of passes to be used on the rock
embankments. However, in no case shall the number of
passes be less than five (5).
8 This verification procedure shall be conducted for
each change of material and at least once each week
during the initial stages of construction until a reliable
rolling pattern is established. The frequency verification
procedure can then be reduced as approved by the
Engineer.
9 Documentation of the rockfill compaction tests shall
be maintained by the Contractor in the project records and
shall be copied to the Engineer.
2.5.4.4 Monitoring Settlement of Rockfill
1 On completion of the embankment, the Contractor
shall carry out precise leveling of the crest of the
embankment. This shall consist of leveling transverse
sections (a minimum of five points) at a maximum spacing
of 30 m along the embankment. These shall be referenced
to a stable approved datum. Leveling shall be carried out
at suitable time intervals until the average rate of
settlement over a period of one month does not exceed
0.1 mm per day. No permanent pavement construction
will be permitted until the specified criteria are achieved.
Adequate time shall be allowed in the construction
program for the settlement survey.
2.5.5 Method of Measurement
1 No separate items are included in the Bill of
Quantities for embankments. The cost is deemed to be
included in the items for excavation and borrow
excavation stated in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4..
♦ 2-12 ♦
2 The volume of embankment displaced by pipe
culverts, box culverts and associated end walls shall be
deducted from the measured volume of embankment. No
deduction shall be made for pipes less than 500 mm in
diameter and associated end walls.
3 Surplus materials utilized at the Contractor's option
within the ROW but, beyond the cross sections shown on
the Drawings, are not measured as part of the
embankment.
4 Benching described under Item 4 of Paragraph 2.5.3.3
is measured as Unclassified Excavation, under Clause
2.3.4.
5 No adjustments or allowances are made in respect of
expansion or shrinkage of earthwork volumes which may
occur during excavation and compaction..
6 Embankment foundation treatment such as stripping,
scarifying and re-compaction of topsoil containing
unsuitable organic material, as detailed in Item 3 of
Paragraph 2.5.3.3 is not measured but shall be considered
as subsidiary work the costs of which are deemed to be
included in the rates for excavation and borrow excavation
in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4
7 Scarifying old pavement beds, construction of the
trial embankment section if it is outside the pavement,
foundation, preparation, testing, including furnishing and
using an approved type electronic compaction meter and
grid pattern consolidation surveys, and all other ancillary
embankment work are not measured, but shall be
considered as subsidiary work the costs of which are
deemed to be included in the rates for excavation and
borrow excavation in Sub-sections 2.3 and 2.4
2.5.6 Basis of Payment
1 No separate payment will be made for any work in
this Sub-section 2.5. The cost of all work for embankments
is deemed to be included under Sub-sections2.3 and 2.4.
2.5.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities
1 No items are included in the Bill of Quantities. All
items under Sub-section 2.5 are subsidiary to other items.
2.6 Sub-grade Construction
2.6.1 Description
1 This Subsection describes construction of the sub-
grade layer and preparing the sub-grade surface ready to
receive the pavement structure including shoulders, all as
shown on the Drawings.
2 The sub-grade layer is the 200 mm minimum depth
of selected material immediately below the sub-grade
surface, or as defined in the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer.
3 Wherever shallow ground water is expected under
the roadway and wherever damage to the pavement
layers is potential due to water impact, a suitable
subsurface drainage blanket shall be installed under the
sub-grade of the roadway. Drainage blanket is a course of 5 The layer directly underneath the drainage blanket
washed granular material placed to cut off upward and the one directly above it shall satisfy the following
capillary flow of pore water under paved areas, where and filter criteria:
as shown on the Drawings.
i. The 15% size of filter (D15 Filter) shall not be
2.6.2 Materials greater than 4 times the 85% size of the
1 Sub-grade material shall consist of suitable materials surrounding material (D85 Surrounding
of Classes A-1, A-2-4 or A-2-5 having a 4-day soaked CBR material):
of not less than 25% when tested in accordance with D15 Filter < 4 D85 Surrounding material.
AASHTO T 193 when compacted at 100% of modified ii. The 15% size of filter (D15 Filter) shall not be
proctor AASHTO (T-180-D) and having a maximum P.I. of less than 4 times the 15% size of the
12% and Gypsum Content not exceeding 3%. The surrounding material (D15 Surrounding
Maximum Dry Density of Sub-grade material shall be material):
equal or greater than 1.9 t/cu.m. Sub-grade gradation shall D15 Filter > 4 D15 Surrounding material.
be reasonably smooth without gap grading. All material iii. The 50% size of filter (D50 Filter) shall not
shall pass 75 mm sieve. The percent of material passing exceed 25 times the 50% size of the
the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not exceed 18% and surrounding material (D50 Surrounding
shall not be less than 5%. Where directed by the Engineer, material):
the Contractor shall screen the sub-grade material at his
D50 Filter < 25 D50 Surrounding material.
own expense. The top 200mm sub-grade material shall
iv. The plasticity index of the portion of all filter
not contain more than 0.2% total Sulphate content and
materials passing sieve # 40 shall not exceed
0.05% total Chloride content.
6%.
2 If a drainage blanket is shown on the Drawings to be
The filter materials shall not contain more than
installed directly underneath the sub-grade, the sub-grade
5% material passing through sieve # 200.
material shall respect the filter criteria specified under
Item 5 of this Clause 2.6.2.
2.6.3 Construction Requirements
3 Aggregate material for use in drainage blanket shall
be rapid draining crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed 2.6.3.1 Sub-grade in Cut
gravel conforming to the properties stated in Table 2.6.2.1
1 Where the sub-grade is located in rock, the sub-grade,
below:
unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, shall be
Property Range undercut to a depth of 200 mm by drilling or blasting as
Permeability in m/day – ASTM D2434 300 - 1500 directed. No rock shall project more than 50 mm above
the undercut surface elevation. The sub-grade layer shall
Effective Porosity 0.25
then be constructed using approved sub-grade material.
% Fractured Faces – (COE Method) Min. 75%
Cu (D60/D10) > 3.5 2 Where the sub-grade is on in-situ soil which is of a
L.A. Abrasion – AASHTO T96 < 40 quality and CBR value at least equal to those specified for
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) – sub-grade, the 200 mm depth of such material
> 30% immediately below top of sub-grade shall be scarified and
AASHTO T193
Table 2.6.2.1: Properties of Rapid Draining Materials for all roots, sod, vegetable and other undesirable matter and
stones larger than 75 mm in any dimension shall be
use in Drainage Blanket
removed. The material shall then be brought to uniform
4 The gradation of the rapid draining material for use moisture content within the specified range and
in drainage blanket shall be as provided in Table 2.6.2.2 compacted to 100% AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum
below: density.
3 Where the sub-grade is on in-situ soil which is
Sieve Designation (mm) Percent Passing unsuitable for retention as the sub-grade layer, such
38.0 (1-1/2 in.) 100 material immediately below the top of sub-grade layer
25.0 (1 in.) 70 – 100 shall be sub-excavated to a depth of 200 mm, hauled away
19.0 (3/4 in.) 55 – 100 and disposed of unless approved for use as embankment
fill. The sub-grade layer shall then be constructed using
12.5 (1/2 in.) 40 – 80
approved sub-grade material, as specified for sub-grade in
9.5 (3/8 in.) 30 – 65 embankment. If the material below sub-grade does not
4.75 (No. 4) 10 – 50 consist of suitable materials satisfying the requirements of
2.4 (No. 8) 0 – 25 top 600mm embankment, it shall be excavated for further
1.2 (No. 16) 0–5 200mm and replaced by suitable material to satisfy the
requirements of the top 600mm of the embankment.
Table 2.6.2.2: Gradation of Rapid Draining Materials for
use in Drainage Blanket

♦ 2-13 ♦
4 The underlying natural material shall be scarified, ii. Place drainage blanket in layers not exceeding
leveled and rolled. The surface of the natural soil shall be 150mm compacted thickness each, with no
approved by the Engineer before placement of suitable layer less than 75 mm thick when compacted.
material.
2.6.3.6 Preparation of Sub-grade Construction on
2.6.3.2 Sub-grade in Embankment Sabkha and Gypsum Rich Soils
1 The 200 mm minimum depth of embankment 1 Where the road sub-grade passes over sabkha areas
immediately below top of sub-grade shall consist of or gypsum-rich soils with a high water table the
selected, approved sub-grade material. The material shall Contractor shall take the special precautions mentioned
be spread in one layer over the full width of the top of below if the sabkha or the gypsum-rich soils are
embankment, brought to a uniform moisture content encountered within the top 1m below the sub-grade level.
within the specified range and compacted to 100%
2 These precautions shall include but shall not be
AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum density.
limited to the construction of suitable temporary haul
2.6.3.3 Surface Tolerances roads for all construction plant operating in the area. Such
haul roads shall be constructed, at the Contractor’s
1 All finished levels, lines and grades shall be in expense. using rock fill and geotextiles as necessary to
accordance with the details shown on the Drawings. Each ensure a safe stable surface,
cross section shall be checked at maximum intervals of 20
3 If directed by the Engineer the Contractor shall
m, at each change in cross slope and elsewhere as
construct sub-grade and embankment (where applicable)
directed.
over sabkha areas or gypsum-rich soils with a surcharge
2 The tolerances on levels of finished sub-grade, top of of excess material that shall remain in place till all
embankment under the sub-grade layer and sub- appreciable settlement has stopped. The Contractor shall
excavated (undercut) surface shall be as given in Table provide a means of monitoring the settlement. The
2.6.3.1. Engineer shall decide when appreciable settlement has
stopped.
Surface Tolerances
4 Unless a specific treatment for using geotextiles,
Finished Sub-grade Soil +10 or -30 mm geogrids or geosynthetics is described elsewhere in the
contract, work over sabkha or gypsum-rich soils shall
Rock (if approved) +50 or -50 mm
consist of initially stabilizing the existing weak soil by
Top of Embankment or Sub- laying and rolling rock fill layer type 1 according to Table
+10 or -30mm
excavated Surface Soil 2.6.3.2 below. This operation should be continued by
Table 2.6.3.1: Tolerances on Elevations of Finished Sub- adding and rolling type 1 rock fill layer with steel vibratory
grade roller till the layer is completely stabilised.
5 A layer of geotextile fabric shall be laid over the
3 If instructed by the Engineer, when the finished sub-
compacted type 1 pervious material. A layer of 50mm
grade surface is tested with a 4 m long straightedge
pervious backfill type 2 according to Table 2.6.3-2 shall be
placed parallel to, or at right angles to the centerline, the
laid over the stabilised layer to protect the geotextile fabric.
maximum depression of the surface from the straight
edge shall be 30 mm.
US Standard Percentage Passing
2.6.3.4 Maintenance of Finished Sub-grade Sieve Size Type 1 Type 2
6 inch 100 -
1 The finished and approved sub-grade shall be
5 inch 85 - 100 -
continuously maintained in a smooth, well compacted and
4 inch 75 - 90 -
properly drained condition until the sub-base (or base)
2 inch 45 - 65 -
course is constructed. Reapproval of the sub-grade will be
required if the overlying course is not constructed within 1 1/2 inch 35 - 55 -
14 days of sub-grade completion or if the sub-grade layer 3/4 inch 20 - 35 100
is damaged by traffic or any other causes prior to the 1/2 inch 10 - 25 95 - 100
placement of the sub-base layer. 3/8 inch 5 - 20 70 - 100
No.4 - 0 - 55
2.6.3.5 Drainage Blanket No.8 - 0 - 10
1 Wherever and as shown on the drawings, place No. 16 - -
drainage blanket under roadway pavements on prepared No. 200 - 0-3
sub-grade as follows: Table 2.6.3.2: Definition of Type 1 and Type 2 Rockfill
i. Compact drainage blanket to required cross Materials for Sabkha Treatment
sections and thickness to not less than 95
percent of maximum dry density according to
ASTM D 1557.

♦ 2-14 ♦
6 A layer of 200mm thick capillary break rock fill type 1 2.6.5 Basis of Payment
shall be laid over type 2 pervious backfill to receive the
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
required road layers after the above operation.
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the relevant items in the Bill of Quantities ,
2.6.3.7 Preparation of Subgrade Construction on top of which rate shall be full compensation for supplying
Dune Sand materials, transporting, hauling and placing, for labor,
equipment, tools and other items necessary for the proper
1 Dune sand roadbed shall be compacted only after
completion of the work.
being confined by special means and methods that shall
be approved by the Engineer. These methods may include
the construction of an edge dyke of various materials on
2.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
both sides of the road to provide the necessary i. Sub-grade preparation in cut (sq.m.)
confinement. ii. Drainage blanket (cu.m.)
2 Dune sand material will be allowed to receive dry iii. Preparation of sub-grade
compaction only if the material is tested and proven to be construction on sabkha or
A-3 type and only in case where the Proctor test showed a gypsum-rich soils (sq.m.)
maximum dry density at 0 % moisture. Otherwise, the iv. Preparation of sub-grade construction on top of
material shall be brought to uniform moisture content dune sand (sq.m.)
within the specified range and shall be compacted to 100%
AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum density. 2.7 Excavation and Backfilling for
Structures
2.6.4 Method of Measurement
1 Sub-grade layer in embankment is not measured 2.7.1 Description
separately but is included as part of the computation for
1 This Sub-section describes excavation in any
the volume of embankment.
material for buildings and pump houses; bridges, culverts,
2 Sub-grade preparation in cut is be measured by sq.m. pipe culverts, under-drains; drainage and utility
of top width of sub-grade layer computed from cross structures; flood areas cut-off-walls; retaining walls of all
sections shown on the Drawings. The rate shall include for types; and for other major and minor structures; including
all excavation below top of sub-grade, scarifying removing all necessary clearing and grubbing; bailing; drainage;
undesirable matter and compacting of replaced matter pumping; dewatering; sheeting; temporary shoring and
where necessary. cribbing; construction of temporary cofferdams or cribs;
3 Drainage blanket shall be measured by cubic meters backfilling with suitable approved material to the level of
of aggregate materials, furnished, screened, washed, original ground or to the top level of any adjacent
placed, spread, compacted, completed and accepted. embankment; and disposal of all surplus or unsuitable
Measurement shall be of volumes computed from the excavated material, all as shown on the Drawings, or as
cross sections shown on the Drawings and of the field directed by the Engineer.
measurements of area and compacted depth of each trial 2 The work also includes removal of those portions of
section. No allowance shall be made in the measurement existing structures below ground which would in any way
for overdepth and/or overwidth construction, regardless of obstruct or interfere with construction of new structures.
the Engineer’s permission for it to remain in place.
3 The Contractor will be deemed to have satisfied
4 Sub-grade construction on sabkha or gypsum-rich himself, at the time of tendering, as to the type and nature
soils shall be measured by sq.m. of top width of sub-grade of soils and rock that will be encountered in structural
layer computed from the cross sections shown on the excavations.
Drawings The rates shall include for all excavation below
top of sub-grade, scarifying, removing undesirable matter, 2.7.2 Excavation
construction of temporary haul roads, any rockfill,
geotextile or geo-synthetics used, surcharge materials, 2.7.2.1 General
compaction and completion and any accessories all as
1 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer a sufficient
specified in Paragraph 2.6.3.6 and as shown on the
time in advance of the beginning of any excavation for
relevant drawings,.
structures so that the Engineer may, where necessary,
5 Sub-grade construction on top of dune sand shall be survey and record the cross sectional or longitudinal
measured by sq.m. of top width of sub-grade layer elevations and measurements of the existing ground and
computed from cross sections shown on the Drawings. existing structures affected by the proposed structure.
The rates shall include for all excavation below top of sub- Any materials removed or excavated before these
grade, scarifying removing undesirable matter, installation measurements have been taken and approved by the
and dismantling of the confinement structure or side Engineer will not be paid for.
embankment and compacting the soil layers as specified

♦ 2-15 ♦
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for the safety of
all foundation and trench excavations whether supported
or not. Approval of the Contractor's support system or
omission of a support system for any excavations will not
absolve the Contractor from his sole responsibility in this
regard.
3 The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions,
including shoring or other means, to protect employees
and others in the excavation and on the ground above.
4 The sides of all foundation pits and trenches
shallower than 1.5m shall be vertical and adequately
supported unless otherwise shown on the Drawings. Sides
more than 1.5 m in depth shall be sloped at a stable slope
or supported in an approved manner unless the material
through which the pit or trench is cut is deemed to be
sufficiently self-supporting and not requiring support.
5 Pits and trenches shall be kept free from water until
footing concrete has been placed or pipes have been
installed. The Contractor shall minimize, as far as
practicable, the length of time excavated areas are open.
The Contractor shall be responsible for repair of damage
due to weather, equipment, and other causes during
periods when the excavations are left open.
6 The Contractor shall plan the Works so that no
excavation is left in an exposed condition for a period
greater than 30 days unless otherwise approved.
7 Where excavation is adjacent to public highways and
walkways, warning lights, barriers and barricades shall be
provided to the Engineer’s satisfaction. No excavation
shall be left in an exposed condition for more than 7 days
unless otherwise approved.
8 For excavation in material sensitive to moisture (stiff
clays, marls, etc.) the excavation shall be cleaned and a
concrete blinding layer cast immediately on completion of
the excavation.
9 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of any sign
of failure or cracks within or around the excavation
immediately when such signs are noticed.
2.7.2.2 Temporary Support System
1 When a temporary support system is required to
protect adjacent property or to protect the public during
construction, the Contractor's design for such support
system shall be submitted for approval prior to
commencing its construction.
2 All temporary support systems shall be designed
with adequate factors of safety to serve with minimal
maintenance, for the duration of its intended use, and
shall include adequate safety provisions to protect the
public from construction activities.
3 Notwithstanding any approval of temporary support
systems, the Contractor shall be solely responsible for the
adequacy of their design and construction and for
maintenance and all necessary safety precautions
associated therewith.
♦ 2-16 ♦
2.7.2.3 Excavation for Major Structures and Bridges
1 Foundations for buildings, pump houses and other
major structures and bridges, shall be excavated in
accordance with the dimensions as shown on the
Drawings and shall be of sufficient size to permit placing
of the full width and lengths of the footings.
2 Excavation shall be carried down to the levels shown
on the Drawings or as established by the Engineer based
on previous investigations. No concrete shall be placed
prior to approval of the excavation pit.
3 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, the
bottom of all excavations shall be covered with a 75mm
minimum depth of lean (blinding) concrete Class 15 to
serve as a working platform.
4 Foundation pits or trenches shall be of sufficient size
and provide minimum sufficient working space to permit
construction of structures or structure footings of the full
width and length shown on the Drawings.
5 Where footings are constructed using formwork, the
excavations shall generally not extend more than 500 mm
beyond the maximum dimension on each side of the
proposed footing unless additional working space is
clearly required and approved by the Engineer. Any
unauthorized overwidth of excavation beyond the lateral
limits or depths shown on the drawings or approved by
the Engineer shall be backfilled with selected fill or lean
concrete as directed by the Engineer at the Contractor’s
expense.
6 Where footings are located, in or adjacent to firm,
original ground and where formwork is not required or
ordered, any unauthorized overdepth excavation below
the approved elevation of base of footing shall be
backfilled with blinding concrete.
7 Where excavation to rock foundation is required, the
excavation shall proceed in such a manner as to allow the
solid rock to be exposed and prepared in horizontal beds
or properly serrated for receiving the concrete. All loose
and disintegrated rock and thin strata shall be removed.
8 When unstable material or other unsuitable material
is encountered below foundation elevation, the Contractor
shall excavate such material and replace it with suitable
backfill material or concrete to the depth as directed by the
Engineer.
9 If temporary works are required for maintaining the
excavation dry, the Contractor shall be responsible for the
design and execution of the works. The proposed design
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval but, such
approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his sole
responsibility in this regard.
2.7.2.4 Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts and
Miscellaneous Structures
1 Excavation shall be carried out to the limits required
for construction and to the depth required for bedding
material or removal of unsuitable material. All trench
excavation shall proceed upgrade, commencing at the
downstream end.
2 Foundation material supporting the bedding or
structure shall be AASHTO M 145 Class A-1-a, A-1-b or A-
2-4 compacted to 95% AASHTO T 180 maximum density.
If the natural material does not meet the classification
requirements, it shall be sub-excavated to a depth of at
least 200mm and replaced with material meeting the
specified requirements. Any rock or hard material within
200 mm of the bottom of the pipes shall be similarly sub-
excavated and replaced with material meeting the
specified requirements.
3 If no special bedding material is required, the
foundation for precast and prefabricated culverts shall be
formed to the shape of the culvert, including all
protrusions. The shaping shall extend to 25% of the
height of culvert.
4 Where rock is encountered in the toe wall excavation
for concrete box culverts or concrete cut-off-walls for
floodway, embankment protection and pipe culverts and
the rock is of such quality as will prevent erosion, part of
the toe wall may be eliminated in the rock strata as
directed and the toe wall shall be keyed into the rock strata
in a satisfactory manner. The minimum thickness of the
key shall be as shown on Drawings or as instructed by the
Engineer.
5 Precast concrete pipes and metal pipes shall be
installed in trenches cut into previously constructed and
compacted embankment or from top of sub-grade. Unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings, trench width shall not
be greater than the external diameter of the pipe plus 500
mm on each side.
6 In the case of metal pipes, the bottom of the trench
shall be shaped to a template so that at least 10% of the
overall height of pipe or arch will be in contact with the
bottom of the trench as excavated. Recesses shall be
excavated to receive any parts of the pipe which extend
below the outside perimeter. Where rock, hardpan or
other unyielding material is encountered it shall be
removed below design grade or as ordered by the
Engineer for a depth of at least 200 mm and backfilled as
specified.
7 Trenches for cast in-situ pipes shall be cut into
previously constructed and compacted embankment from
top of sub-grade or embankment height or twice the
nominal span of the pipe whichever is less. Trench width
shall not be greater than the external diameter or span of
pipe plus 500 mm on each side when external forms are
used, or the external span of pipe including protection
plus 100 mm on each side when external forms are not
used.
8 When excavation is required for installation of ducts,
the Contractor shall notify the Engineer upon completion
of the excavation. No duct shall be laid until the depth
and cross section of the excavation has been approved.
9 Over-width or over-depth excavation for precast
concrete pipes shall be made good at the Contractor's
expense by provision of an in situ concrete cradle or
increased thickness of concrete bedding as directed, or by
the use of other approved suitable materials.
10 Over width excavation for in situ concrete pipes shall
be made good at the Contractor's expense by concrete
bedding brought up to the external haunch of the pipe or
by the use of other approved suitable materials.
11 Over depth excavation for metal pipes shall be made
well by furnishing and backfilling an approved, fine
granular material containing not more than 0.5% of
combined chlorides and sulfates.
2.7.3 Backfilling
2.7.3.1 General
1 The Contractor shall obtain approval for his proposed
method and rate of placing of backfill before work
commences.
2 Backfill materials shall be uniformly graded granular
material, capable of being compacted to required
compaction, and having adequate permeability to permit
free drainage through it. Backfill material shall also
conform to the requirements listed in Table 2.7.3.1 below:
Surface Requirements
Minimum D10 value 1 mm
Maximum Plasticity Index 10 per cent
Requirements for bridges, culverts etc. shall be as
specified in subsequent sections
Table 2.7.3.1: Requirements for Backfill Materials
3 Backfill material shall not be placed against any
structure until approval is given. Unless otherwise shown
on the Drawings structures shall be backfilled to the same
requirements as specified for the adjacent embankment.
4 Backfill shall be placed in level layers for the full
width of the excavated area until the elevation of the
original ground or surrounding embankment is reached.
Backfill next to walls, between columns or in other
confined areas, shall be compacted by approved hand or
portable equipment.
5 Each successive layer of backfill shall contain only
sufficient material to ensure proper compaction and in no
case shall any layer be greater than 150 mm thickness
(after compaction). The moisture content of the backfill
material shall be uniform and within the moisture range
designated. Backfill material shall be compacted to 95% of
the maximum density as determined by AASHTO T 180
(Method D).
6 Jetting of fills or other hydraulic methods involving
or likely to involve liquid or semi-liquid pressure will not
be permitted.
7 Water shall be drained from the areas to be backfilled
wherever practicable. In cases where, in the opinion of
the Engineer, it is not practicable to drain the areas to be
backfilled, the initial backfill material shall consist of
♦ 2-17 ♦
crushed, open graded material conforming to
gradation given in Table 2.7.3.2 below:
ASTM Sieve Percentage Passing Size
3/8" 100
No. 4 < 85
No. 30 < 45
<5
No. 200
Table 2.7.3.2: Requirements for Open Graded Backfill -
Gradation
Such material may be deposited below the standing water
level without compaction. Above the water level normal
laying and compaction will be considered.
8 Additional water to be added during placement of
backfill material to achieve required compaction shall be
fresh water or brackish water approved by the Engineer.
9 Minimum tests required during backfilling operations
to verify material are:
- One Proctor test for each structure.
- One gradation of materials when materials
changed.
- One plasticity index and field density for 50%
of the layers and for each footing and
abutment as instructed by the Engineer.
2.7.3.2 Backfilling for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts,
Bridge and Building Foundations, Walls,
Abutments and Miscellaneous Structures
1 Structures shall not be subject to the pressures of
backfilling or to live loads until the 28-day strength of the
concrete has been reached, unless a shorter period is
approved in special circumstances where the load is
sufficiently small as not to constitute a risk of any damage
to the structure in the opinion of the Engineer. This period
may be extended if subnormal curing conditions exist.
2 Backfill placed around culverts shall be deposited on
both sides to approximately the same level at the same
time. Special care shall be taken to prevent any wedging
action against the structure and slopes bounding the
excavation shall be stepped, where necessary, to prevent
such wedge action occurring.
3 All backfill intended to support false work loads,
including temporary fills shall be selected to support the
required load. As a minimum, such material shall be
AASHTO M 145, Class A-1-a, A-1-b or A-2-4, compacted to
90% of the maximum density as determined by AASHTO T
180 (Method D).
4 Backfill around bridge and building foundations,
abutment walls and retaining walls shall be completed to
the level of the original ground line and to such heights
above original ground line or to the levels as shown on
the Drawings. Care shall be exercised to prevent forward
movement of the wall.
♦ 2-18 ♦
the 5 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, when
special permeable backfill (sheathing) is to be placed
against the back faces of retaining walls or wing walls, it
shall consist of a continuous covering of approved type
proprietary filter cloth protected by a continuous wall of
200mm minimum thickness precast, porous (no-fines)
concrete blocks laid with dry joints. Prior to construction
of the block wall, ensure that all underdrains or perforated
pipes are laid along the base of the wall under the
sheathing, as shown on the Drawings.
6 Backfill material for culverts, pipe culverts and
miscellaneous structures within 300 mm of any part of the
structure shall be Class A-1-a, A-1-b or A-2-4. The 200 mm
minimum thickness of sub-grade layer shall consist of
approved sub-grade material placed and compacted to
100% maximum density as specified under Sub-section
2.6 – ‘Sub-grade Construction’. The backfill shall be
completed to the level of the original ground or to the top
elevation of any adjacent embankment.
7 Backfilling around and over pipe culverts shall not
commence until headwalls and wingwalls have been
constructed and attained the specified 28-day strength.
8 Water used for compaction of backfill around metal
pipes and reinforced concrete structures shall be from an
approved source and shall not contain more than 0.5%
combined chlorides and sulphates nor contain other
potentially harmful minerals.
9 When pipes or other structures temporarily extend
above the grade of the partially constructed embankment,
the Contractor shall construct the fill over the structure of
sufficient depth to protect the structure from any damage
resulting from construction or other traffic.
10 The Contractor shall complete the backfill around box
culverts to the level of the original ground line and to the
full width of excavation area. If the top of culvert extends
above the original ground line the Contractor shall
continue the backfill to the top of culvert and for a width of
3 m on each side of the culvert for the full width of
roadway embankment. If the embankment is in place at
the time of backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around
the culvert to the top of embankment.
11 Backfill around pipe culverts shall be completed to
the level of original ground line and to the full width of
excavation area. If the top of the culvert extends above
the original ground line the Contractor shall continue the
backfill to the top of culvert for a width of 1.5 times the
maximum external width of the culvert on each side of the
culvert centerline to the full width of the roadway
embankment. If the embankment is in place at the time of
backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around the culvert
to the top of culvert or as shown on the Drawings.
12 Any existing roadway pavement cut through,
damaged or removed during excavation for pipe culvert
installation shall be reinstated, after pipe installation and
trench backfilling, using approved base and surfacing
course materials at least equivalent to those in the original
pavement. Materials and construction shall conform to the
relevant requirements Sections 3 and 4 of this
specification.
13 Miscellaneous structures other than pipe culverts
shall be backfilled in accordance with the methods
specified. Compaction of backfill when structures are
outside the roadway right-of-way or in approach roads,
minor roads or similar areas, shall be to 90% of maximum
density as determined by AASHTO T 180 (Method D).
2.7.4 Method of Measurement
1 All structural excavation, of whatever type, shall be
measured as ‘unclassified’ which shall be deemed to
include all materials encountered of any nature, including
silts, clays, sand, gravel and granular materials and
fractured, jointed and solid rock.
2 Structural excavation is measured by cubic meter of
material excavated for the major structures hauled away
and disposed of as directed, or stockpiled. Measurement
of structural excavation shall be from original ground
levels or ground levels after removal of all unclassified
highway excavation. Limits shall not be greater than
vertical planes 500 mm from the maximum dimension, on
each side of the footing or other controlling portion of the
structure. Where structures are constructed against
natural ground or rock, excavation limits shall be the
dimensions of the structure as shown on the Drawings.
Bottom limits shall be the ordered foundation levels. Only
material excavated from its original position shall be
measured for payment. No measurements shall be made
of structural excavation in embankments previously
constructed by the Contractor.
3 Additional excavation in unstable material or other
unsuitable material encountered below foundation level
shall be measured as part of the unclassified structural
excavation.
4 Structural Excavation under Water shall be measured
by cu.m. of material excavated for the major structures,
hauled away and disposed of as directed, or stockpiled on
or in the vicinity of the Works, and the excavated areas
backfilled, completed and accepted.
5 Unauthorized overdepth and overwidth excavation in
soil and rock and the backfill material including blinding
concrete required in such cases, shall not be measured for
direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work
the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the
rates for structural excavation
6 Structural excavation in any material or under water
for box culverts less than one sq.m. in external cross
section, and structural excavation for pipe culverts,
underdrains (subsoil drains), pits, catchbasins, manholes,
inlets, energy dissipaters, slope protection, fence posts,
guardrail posts, lighting columns, sign posts, signal
supports and all other minor structures, shall not be
measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as
subsidiary work the costs of which will be deemed to be
included in the rates and prices for the relevant items..
7 Unless specified otherwise in the special
specifications, temporary cofferdams, temporary support
system, bailing, drainage, dewatering, pumping, sheeting,
concrete blinding layers and all other Temporary Works
shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be
considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be
deemed to be included in the rates for structural
excavation.
8 Backfilling to structural excavation shall not be
measured separately but is considered as subsidiary work
the cost of which are deemed to be included in the rates
for structural excavation
9 Any blinding concrete used at the bottom of
excavations, as shown on the Drawings or as instructed by
the Engineer shall be measured and paid for in accordance
with the relevant method of measurement under Clause
5.1.5 of Section 5 ‘Concrete and Concrete Structures’.
2.7.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities ,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing, and for
other items necessary for the proper completion of the
work.
2.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Unclassified structural excavation
(depth 0 to 2m) (cu.m.)
ii. Unclassified structural excavation
(2m < depth < 4m) (cu.m.)
iii. Unclassified structural excavation
(depth > 4m) (cu.m.)
iv. Structural Excavation under Water (cu.m.)
2.8 EARTHWORK FOR PIPE
TRENCHES
2.8.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
excavation of trenches in any material for water supply,
sewage, stormwater drainage and irrigation pipes, and all
other associated works, including all necessary clearing
and grubbing, bailing, draining, shoring, planking,
strutting and supporting the sides of excavation. The work
includes backfilling with suitable approved material and
disposal of the excess material to designated and
approved tip locations.
♦ 2-19 ♦
2.8.2 Materials i. For pipes not exceeding 65 mm diameter:
Nominal diameter plus 300 mm.
2.8.2.1 Backfill Material ii. For pipes over 65 mm and not exceeding 600
1 Initial backfill (up to 300 mm above the top of the mm diameter: Nominal diameter + 600 mm.
pipe) shall be selected fill, sand or other approved material iii. For pipes over 600 mm diameter: Nominal
and shall conform to the following: diameter + 1000 mm.
7 Where the above specified trench widths are
Standard Percent by Weight Percent by exceeded; the Contractor shall provide additional pipe
Sieve Size Passing for Pipes Weight Passing
protection or pipes of increased strength if the Engineer
(mm) other than uPVC for uPVC Pipes
calls for such measures, all at his own expense.
19 100 -
8 Excavation of trenches with battered sides will not be
4.76 25 – 100 100 permitted within 4m of any building or other structure.

1.19 10 – 75 25 – 75 9 When the pipes are to be laid in embankments or

0.354 5 – 30 10 – 30
0.177 3 – 10 3 – 10
0.074 0–5 0–5
Table 2.8.2-1: Requirements for Initial Backfill - Gradation
2 For GRP pipes, graded crushed stone 2.83-8 mm shall
be used for initial backfilling.
3 The remainder of the trench shall be backfilled with
suitable material either from material removed in the
course of excavating the trench, or imported from
approved borrow pit. In either case the backfill material
shall be non-plastic. The percentage by weight passing a
No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve shall not exceed 15%. The
percentage passing a 63 mm sieve shall be 100.
2.8.3 Construction
2.8.3.1 Excavation for Pipe Trenches
1 The Contractor shall not commence excavation of
any section of work until a full supply of pipes and fittings
is available for that section.
2 During excavation, material suitable for backfilling
shall be piled at sufficient distance from the sides of the
trench as to avoid overloading and prevent cave in. All
excavated material not required, or unsuitable for
backfilling shall be removed and carted away to an
approved dumping area.
3 Trenches shall be excavated to such depths as will
permit the pipes to be laid at elevations, slopes or depths
of cover indicated on the drawings, and at uniform slopes
between indicated elevations.
4 Where excavation depth exceeds the level indicated
on the drawings and is not authorized in writing by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall place backfill or concrete to
the required bottom level, as instructed by the Engineer,
all at his own expense.
5 Trenches shall be excavated with vertical sides
between the bottom level and 300 mm above the top of
the pipe.
6 Trench width up to 300 mm above the crown of the
pipe shall not exceed the following:
other fill areas, the embankment or fill area shall first be
filled and compacted as specified to the proposed finished
grade or to a height of at least 300 mm above the top of
pipe whichever is lower. The trench shall then be
excavated as in undisturbed material.
10 When pipes are to be laid under existing pavements,
trenches shall be excavated carefully and to minimum
widths. Methods that will give straight and vertical face
shall be used. The pavement shall be kept at its original
level and condition.
11 In combined trenches where one pipe is at a lower
level than an adjacent pipe the following shall be applied:
i. The whole trench shall have a depth related to
the lower pipe and the thickness of the bedding
shall be increased to the upper pipe as
necessary.
ii. The lower pipe shall be backfilled with
thoroughly compacted granular material up to
a level of 0.30 meters above the higher pipe.
12 Final excavation to the correct grade level for trench
beds shall be carried out immediately before laying beds
or pipes. Unstable material, rock projections, boulders and
hard spots shall be removed and replaced with approved
filling material, that will be compacted as instructed. Local
soft spots shall be compacted by tamping in bedding
material.
13 The bottoms of trenches shall be accurately graded
to provide uniform bearing and support for the bottom
quadrant of each section of the pipe. Bell holes shall be
excavated to the necessary size at each joint or coupling to
eliminate point bearing. Any material that may cause point
bearing shall be removed.
14 The Contractor shall report to the Engineer any
unsuitable or weak ground material that may be found
below the indicated excavation levels before executing
any trimming of the excavation, pipe laying, concreting, or
other work. Where, in the judgment of the Engineer the
bottom of the trench is unsuitable, such material shall be
removed to the width and depth ordered by the Engineer.
The trench shall then be made up by backfilling with
approved material.
15 Where rock is encountered, the trench shall be
excavated to 150 mm below bed level and replaced with
granular material, concrete, or blinding grade as directed.

♦ 2-20 ♦
2.8.3.2 Backfilling
1 Trenches shall not be backfilled at joints until after
that section of the pipeline has successfully passed the
specified tests.
2 Initial backfill or surround up to a level of 300 mm
above top of the pipe, shall be placed and hand
compacted in 150 mm layers. The backfill shall be brought
up evenly on both sides of the pipe for the full length of
the pipe. Care shall be taken to ensure thorough
compaction of the fill under the haunches of the pipe.
3 Suitable backfill shall be placed and well compacted
in layers not exceeding 150 mm thick after compaction.
Heavy compactors shall not be used until there is 600 mm
cover over pipes.
4 Unless otherwise specified each layer shall be
compacted to at least 95% maximum density for
cohesionless soils and 90% maximum density for cohesive
soils.
5 Backfilling trenches for pipes with concrete beds and
or surrounds shall not start before 24 hours after placing
concrete. Heavy compactors shall not be used and traffic
shall not be allowed before the elapse of 72 hours after
placing the concrete.
6 When the backfill material is too wet from rain or
excessive application of water, no compaction shall be
done. In this case the work shall be suspended until the
previously placed and new materials have dried
sufficiently to permit proper compaction. Other measures
shall be taken if necessary to obtain proper compaction.
7 Temporary crossing are to be provided over trenches
to prevent construction traffic damaging pipes after
backfilling.
2.8.3.3 Restoration of Surfaces
1 Restoration of asphalt, concrete, gravel pavements
and the likes shall be of materials and thickness to match
the existing pavement. Materials and workmanship shall
be in accordance with local authority requirements and as
directed by the Engineer.
2 Restoration of pavement shall be done according to
the existing pavement quality and level to ensure that new
pavement matches the existing to provide uniform surface
with the existing profile.
3 Grassed areas shall be restored by spreading
approved fertile soil over affected area after backfilling.
Seeding, fertilizers and water shall be applied until grass is
restored to its former condition.
4 Surface grading shall be carried out to restore all un-
surfaced areas and any adjoining areas disturbed to
provide a level, smooth surface.
5 The Contractor shall proceed with restoration of
surfaces as soon after completion of other work as is
practicable, but in no case more than 10 days after
backfilling of trenches and other excavated areas.
Restoration shall be completed within 20 days from the
start of restoration.
2.8.4 Method of Measurement
1 Trench excavation and backfill shall be paid for per
cu.m. measured in horizontal layers for the different depth
categories shown in the Bill of Quantities. Trench length
shall be measured between outer surfaces of manholes or
chambers. Trench width shall be as specified or shown on
Drawings. Depth of excavation shall be the depth of every
horizontal layer. Excavation for bedding is included as
trench excavation.
2 Rates for trench excavation and backfill shall include
for:
i. Excavating in any material encountered
including rock.
ii. Blasting, barring, wedging or other quarrying
methods for rock excavation.
iii. Excavation at any level.
iv. Excavating curved on plan.
v. Allowance for working space.
vi. Increase in bulk for excavating.
vii. Excavating below water table and dewatering
as necessary.
viii. Keeping excavations free from water.
ix. Leveling, compacting, trimming and grading
bottoms and trimming sides and bottoms of
excavation.
x. Supporting the sides of excavation.
xi. Filling with material as specified and
compacting around pipes and beds multiple
handling of excavated material and excavation
from borrows and transporting about the Site.
xii. Segregation of the various classes of excavated
spoil and stock piling as may be directed by the
Engineer.
xiii. Disposal of surplus excavated material
including depositing and consolidating where
directed on Site or removing from Site and
depositing at a tip to be provided and paid for
by the Contractor.
xiv. Pipe bedding, initial backfill or gravel, and final
backfill.
xv. Filling over-excavation with material as
specified
xvi. Consolidation of primary backfill (initial
backfill) material using water or hand tamping.
xvii. Compaction of secondary backfill (main
backfill) material.
xviii. Reinstatement of unpaved surfaces.
(Reinstatement of paved surfaces shall be
made and paid for according to Sections 4 or
12 as appropriate)
2.8.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing, and for
♦ 2-21 ♦
other items necessary for the proper completion of the
work.

2.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

i. Trench excavation and backfilling (Depth up to 2m)
ii Trench excavation and backfilling (Depth > 2m < 3m)
iii Trench excavation and backfilling (Depth > 3m < 4m)
iv Trench excavation and backfilling (Depth > 4m)

♦ 2-22 ♦