Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

3.1 Materials for Sub-Base 3.3.3.8 Maintenance of Completed Base 3-7

and Base Courses 3-1 3.3.3.9 Testing 3-7
3.3.4 Method of Measurement 3-8
3.1.1 Description 3-1
3.3.5 Basis of Payment 3-8
3.1.2 Materials 3-1
3.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 3-8
3.1.3 General Requirements for Materials 3-1
3.1.3.1 Sources and Production 3-1 3.4 Stabilized Base Courses 3-8
3.1.3.2 Stockpiling 3-1
3.4.1 Description 3-8
3.1.3.3 Sampling and Testing 3-1
3.4.2 Materials 3-8
3.2 Granular Sub-Base Course 3-2 3.4.2.1 Soil for Cement Stabilisation 3-8
3.4.2.2 Cement as Stabilising Agent 3-8
3.2.1 Description 3-2
3.4.2.3 Bitumen as Stabilising Agent 3-9
3.2.2 Materials 3-2
3.4.2.4 Lime as Stabilising Agent 3-9
3.2.3 Construction Requirements 3-2
3.4.2.5 Water 3-9
3.2.3.1 Subgrade Surface Preparation 3-2
3.4.2.6 Mix Design 3-9
3.2.3.2 Equipment 3-3
3.4.3 Construction Requirements 3-9
3.2.3.3 Construction of Trial Sections 3-3
3.4.3.1 Surface Preparation 3-9
3.2.3.4 Stockpiling of Granular Material 3-3
3.4.3.2 Construction of Trial Section 3-9
3.2.3.5 Mixing and Spreading 3-3
3.4.3.3 Cement Stabilisation Procedures –
3.2.3.6 Compaction 3-3
Plant Mixing 3-10
3.2.3.7 Tolerances 3-4
3.4.3.4 Cement Stabilisation Procedures -
3.2.3.8 Maintenance of Completed Sub-base 3-4
Batch Mixing 3-10
3.2.3.9 Testing 3-4
3.4.3.5 Cement Stabilisation Procedures -
3.2.4 Method of Measurement 3-4
Continuous Mixing 3-10
3.2.5 Basis of Payment 3-4
3.4.3.6 Cement Stabilisation Procedures -
3.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 3-4
Mixed in Place Procedures 3-10
3.3 Aggregate Base Course 3-5 3.4.3.7 Cement Stabilisation Procedures -
Placing of Stationary Plant Mixes 3-11
3.3.1 Description 3-5
3.4.3.8 Cement Stabilisation Procedures -
3.3.2 Materials 3-5
Compaction and Finishing 3-11
3.3.2.1 Crushed Stone Aggregate 3-5
3.4.3.9 Curing of Cement Stabilised Courses 3-12
3.3.3 Construction Requirements 3-6
3.4.3.10 Testing of Cement Stabilised Courses 3-12
3.3.3.1 Surface Preparation 3-6
3.4.3.11 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
3.3.3.2 Equipment 3-6
Mix Design 3-12
3.3.3.3 Construction of Trial Sections 3-6
3.4.3.12 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
3.3.3.4 Stockpiling of Aggregate Materials 3-6
Stationary Plant Mixing 3-12
3.3.3.5 Mixing and Spreading 3-6
3.4.3.13 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
3.3.3.6 Compaction 3-6
Mixed in Place Procedures 3-12
3.3.3.7 Tolerances 3-7

♦ 3-0 ♦
Ref. Title Page No.
3.4.3.14 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
Placing and Spreading Stationary
Plant Mixes 3-12
3.4.3.15 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
Compaction and Finishing 3-12
3.4.3.16 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
Tolerances and Replacement
of Unsatisfactory Areas 3-12
3.4.3.17 Bitumen Stabilisation Procedures -
Testing of Bitumen Stabilised Courses 3-13
3.4.3.18 Lime Stabilisation Procedures -
Mix Design 3-13
3.4.3.19 Lime Stabilisation Procedures - Safety
Precautions 3-13
3.4.3.20 Lime Stabilisation Procedures -
Stationary Plant Mixing 3-13
3.4.3.21 Lime Stabilisation Procedures - Mixed
in Place Procedures 3-13
3.4.3.22 Lime Stabilisation Procedures - Placing
and Spreading Stationary Plant Mixes 3-13
3.4.3.23 Lime Stabilisation Procedures -
Compaction and Finishing 3-13
3.4.3.24 Lime Stabilisation Procedures –
Tolerances and Replacement
of Unsatisfactory Areas 3-13
3.4.3.25 Testing of Lime Stabilised Courses 3-14
3.4.4 Method of Measurement 3-14
3.4.5 Basis of Payment 3-14
3.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 3-14

♦ 3-0 ♦
3.1 Materials for Sub-Base and Base
Courses
3.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes general requirements for
materials for construction of granular sub-base, aggregate
base and stabilised base courses, all as and where shown
on the drawings.
3.1.2 Materials
1 Materials for use in the construction of the sub-base
and base courses for flexible and rigid pavements may
include any or all of the following:
i. Screened or partially crushed granular material,
consisting of well graded gravel including sand
and silt, or crushed stone or crushed gravel for
sub-base course construction.
ii. Crushed stone for base course construction.
2 All material sources and the quality of materials shall
be approved prior to procuring or processing material
from such sources. Inspection, sampling, testing and
retesting as necessary, shall be as specified hereunder for
specific materials.
3 Storage and handling of all materials shall conform
to the relevant requirements of this specification and as
approved by the Engineer. Materials shall be stored on
hard, clean surfaces or as directed by the Engineer.
3.1.3 General Requirements for Materials
3.1.3.1 Sources and Production
1 The Contractor shall be responsible for locating
sources and manufacturers of materials in accordance
with the requirements of this Specification in the
quantities and rates of production needed to complete the
work on time.
2 The Contractor shall satisfy himself as to the location,
suitability and quantity of materials available; extent of
work necessary to obtain the materials, and to crush,
screen and wash them; and the length of haul to the Site.
3 Prior to starting quarry or borrow pit operations; the
Contractor shall obtain written permission from the
authorities or owners concerned.
4 Screening plants or crushing and screening plants
shall not be put into operation until approved by the
Engineer. If, after any plant is put into operation, it fails to
perform as intended, the Contractor shall either rectify the
defects in the existing plant to the satisfaction of the
Engineer, or shall provide alternative approved plant.
5 Approval of the crushing and screening plants and
other equipment shall in no way relieve the Contractor of
his responsibilities in respect of producing granular
materials and aggregates which conform to this
Specification and in the quantities required for the
completion of the work on time.
3.1.3.2 Stockpiling
1 Stockpile areas shall be surveyed prior to stockpiling
to establish control points and to obtain a record of
existing cross sections for future use in determining
stockpile quantities. The areas shall be adequately drained
at all times.
2 Stockpiling procedures shall not result in noticeable
degradation or segregation of the stockpiled material, or
introduction of foreign materials into the stockpile, or
coning. Heights of granular material and aggregate
stockpiles shall not exceed 3 m berms.
3.1.3.3 Sampling and Testing
1 The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, 10 days
prior to the scheduled beginning of crushing and
screening operations, a statement of origin indicating the
aggregate source and the quarry location and
qualifications, as well as the types and composition of all
stone and/or gravel aggregates and granular materials
proposed for use in the work.
2 Samples for testing shall be taken by the Contractor,
in the presence of the Engineer. Duplicate samples shall
be submitted to the Engineer for future reference, if
instructed. Sampling shall be in accordance with AASHTO
T2. The Contractor shall conduct the tests in the site
laboratory, or have the tests carried out at an approved
external laboratory.
3 In order to ascertain the properties of granular and
aggregate materials, the Contractor shall submit for
testing representative samples of all materials intended
for incorporation in the work, prior to starting quarry or
borrow pit operations. The representative samples shall
be taken by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer.
4 Tests performed by the Contractor shall be utilized in
assessing the locations, extent of deposits and quantities
of materials which, when properly processed, will conform
to this Specification, and shall in no way obviate the need
for further testing by the Engineer. Approval of specific
sources of materials shall not be construed as final
approval and acceptance of materials from such sources.
5 Processed materials shall be tested and approved
before being stockpiled on Site or incorporated in the
work and may be inspected and tested at any time during
their preparation, storage and use. Materials awaiting
testing and approval shall not be unloaded and mixed
with materials previously approved. If the grading and
quality of any materials delivered to the Site do not
conform to the grading and quality of the established
control samples, the Engineer will reject such materials.
6 The Contractor shall permit the Engineer to inspect
any and all materials used or to be used, at any time
during or after their preparation, or while being used..
Unsatisfactory materials, whether in place or not, shall be
removed promptly from the Site. The Contractor shall
furnish all necessary labor, transport, tools and equipment
required by the Engineer for such inspections.
♦ 3-1 ♦
3.2 Granular Sub-Base Course accordance with AASHTO T 96 (Los Angeles Abrasion
Test).

3.2.1 Description 6 The granular material shall have a 4-day soaked CBR
of not less than 60% when compacted at 100% of modified
1 This Sub-section specifies standards for granular proctor AASHTO (T 180-D) and tested in accordance with
sub-base material, mixing, spreading on prepared AASHTO T 193.
subgrade, compacting and finishing.
7 When tested for soundness in accordance with
AASHTO T 104, the material shall not show signs of
3.2.2 Materials
disintegration, and the percentage loss in weight after 5
1 Granular material for use in sub-base courses shall cycles shall not exceed 12% in the case of the sodium
be naturally occurring gravel, blended as necessary with sulfate test and 18% in the case of the magnesium sulfate
fine or coarse material and screened to produce the test.
specified gradation. Crushing of natural granular material 8 The portion of granular material, including any
shall not normally be required, unless for the purpose of blended material, passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) mesh
meeting the gradation requirements, or, when shown on sieve shall have a liquid limit (L.L.) of not more than 25
the Drawings, to produce a higher quality sub-base with and a plasticity index (P.I.) not greater than 6 when tested
improved mechanical stability. in accordance with AASHTO T 89 and T 90.
2 Gravel shall consist of hard, durable and sound 9 If additional fine material is required to correct the
stones, free from dirt, organic matter, shale or other gradation of the granular material, or for adjusting the L.L.
deleterious substances. or P.I. of the fraction passing 0.425 mm (No 40) sieve, it
3 Granular materials shall meet the requirements of shall be uniformly blended and mixed with the granular
Class A, B or C shown in Table 3.2.2.1, and as specified on material. Additional fine material for these purposes shall
the Drawings, when tested in accordance with AASHTO T- be obtained from the crushing of stone, gravel, or slag.
27 after dry mixing and just before spreading and 10 The granular material shall not contain more than
compacting. The class of granular material shall be as 3 % gypsum and shall be free from organic content.
shown on the Drawings or otherwise as selected by the
11 The granular material shall have a minimum sand
Engineer based upon the test results of the materials
equivalent value of 28, when tested in accordance with
survey, and projected traffic. The actual gradation shall, in
ASTM D2419.
all cases, be continuous and smooth within the specified
limits for each class. 12 The maximum permitted swell for the granular
material used in the sub-base courses shall be 1.0%, when
Percent by weight passing tested in accordance with ASTM D4829.
Sieve Designation
(square openings) 13 The Granular Sub-base Course material shall have
Class A Class B Class C
chloride content of less than 3.5 percent and sulphate
content of less than 2.0 percent when tested in accordance
63 mm 100 - -
with BS 812.
50 mm 90 - 100 100 - 14 Only potable water shall be used for mixing granular
sub-base material.
37.5 mm - 70 - 100 -

25 mm - 55 - 85 100 3.2.3 Construction Requirements

19 mm - 50 - 80 - 3.2.3.1 Sub-grade Surface Preparation

1 Prior to subgrade surface preparation, the sub-grade

9.5 mm - 40 - 70 50 - 85
shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements
4.75 mm 35 - 70 30 - 60 35 - 65 of Sub-section 2.6 and properly maintained and kept well
2.00 mm - 20 - 50 25 - 50 drained thereafter.

0.425 mm - 10 - 30 15 - 30 2 At all special grade control points, such as at bridge

0.075 mm 0 - 10 5 - 15 5 - 15
Table 3.2.2.1: Gradation of Granular Sub-Base Material by
Class
4 The material shall not contain more than 5% clay
content at any stage of construction when tested in the
Hydrometer Test in accordance with AASHTO T88.
5 The loss in weight of granular material shall not
exceed 40% after 500 revolutions, when tested in
structures, existing pavements, etc the sub-grade shall be
lowered to a depth sufficient to permit construction of the
sub-base course to the specified elevations and thickness.
Transitions shall be of sufficient length to avoid abrupt
changes of grade and shall be within plus or minus 3% of
the final design grade unless otherwise directed. Surplus
material shall be removed and disposed of.
3 The sub-grade shall be inspected and approved
immediately prior to commencement of sub-base
construction. Any soft, yielding material shall be removed

♦ 3-2 ♦
and replaced by approved topping material. Holes,
depressions and other irregularities shall be made good as
directed and the subgrade re-compacted as necessary and
finished ready to receive the sub-base course.
3.2.3.2 Equipment
1 Equipment used to handle, place, spread, water,
compact and finish sub-base shall conform with the
requirements of Section 19 of these Specifications and
with the Contractor's approved equipment list.
3.2.3.3 Construction of Trial Sections
1 If directed by the Engineer, before commencement of
sub-base construction, the Contractor shall lay and
compact trial sections of varying thickness of sub-base.
Each trial section shall be 2 lanes wide by 50 m long, at
approved locations on or close to the Site. Each trial
section shall be laid using the same materials, mix
proportions, mixing, spreading and compaction
equipment, and construction procedures, proposed for
use in the work.
2 The objectives of these trials shall be to determine
the adequacy of the Contractor's equipment and the loose
depth measurements that will result in the specified
compacted layer depths, to verify the field moisture
content, and to identify the relationship between the
number of compaction passes and the resulting density of
the sub-base material.
3.2.3.4 Stockpiling of Granular Material
1 Stockpiling procedures shall conform to the
requirements of Sub-section 3.1.
2 Methods used for stockpiling granular material and
removing it from stockpiles shall not result in significant
degradation or segregation or the introduction of
significant amounts of foreign materials or extraneous
matter.
3 Granular material adversely affected, in the opinion
of the Engineer, by stockpiling or handling procedures,
shall not be incorporated in the work regardless of
previous approval of such material, until the deficiencies
have been rectified in an acceptable manner.
3.2.3.5 Mixing and Spreading
1 Mixing shall generally be performed in batching
plants. Mixing in stockpiles shall be done only if approved
by the Engineer and under his supervision. The amount of
water added, as approved by the Engineer, shall be such
that the material will be uniform and within the specified
moisture content range at the time of compaction.
Wetting of granular material in trucks before or during
delivery to the Site will not be permitted. However, water
shall be added to the material, if necessary, during placing
and compaction of sub-base material.
2 The sub-base material shall be placed on the
subgrade in a uniform layer or layers not exceeding 200
mm thickness (after compaction) with the necessary
control guide wire requirements. Where the required
thickness is greater than 200 mm but less than 400 mm,
the material shall be placed in layers of equal thickness.
3 If approved by the Engineer, when heavy duty
vibratory compaction equipment is used the maximum
layer thickness may be increased up to 300 mm (after
compaction) provided compaction tests with appropriate
testing equipment based on successful Site trials indicate
that the specified compaction standard will be attained
and will be uniform through the thickness.
4 The sub-base material shall be placed to the required
width using an approved paver/finisher or grader if
approved by the Engineer. However, any pavers or
graders used for placing the sub-base material shall be
equipped with calibrated sensors to maintain the design
levels and thicknesses. Water shall be applied by
approved spraying equipment and thoroughly mixed with
the sub-base material.
5 The material shall not be handled in such a way as to
cause segregation. If the spreading equipment causes
segregation in the material, or leaves ridges or other
objectionable marks on the surface which cannot be
readily eliminated or prevented by adjustment of the
equipment, the use of such equipment shall be
discontinued and it shall be replaced by a spreader or
grader capable of spreading the material in a proper
manner.
6 All segregated material shall be removed and
replaced with well-graded material. ‘Skin’ patching will
not be permitted. Only minor surface manipulation and
watering to achieve the required surface tolerances will be
permitted during the compaction process.
7 Neither hauling nor placement of material will be
permitted when, in the judgment of the Engineer, the
weather or surface conditions are such that hauling
operations will cause cutting or rutting of the subgrade or
cause contamination of the sub-base material.
3.2.3.6 Compaction
1 The Contractor shall plan the sequence of operations
so that the least amount of water will be lost by
evaporation from uncompleted surfaces. If the
uncompleted surface material loses water due to
evaporation, the Contractor shall apply additional water as
required to prevent raveling or excessive drying.
2 The sub-base material shall be compacted by means
of approved compaction equipment, progressing
gradually from the outside towards the center, with each
succeeding pass uniformly overlapping the previous pass.
3 Rolling shall continue until the entire thickness of
each sub-base layer is thoroughly and uniformly
compacted to 100% AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum
density. Final rolling of the completed course shall be by
means of an approved self-propelled roller. Rolling shall
be accompanied by sufficient blading, to insure a smooth
surface, free from ruts or ridges and having the proper
♦ 3-3 ♦
shape. When additional water is required, it shall be
applied in an approved manner.
4 Any areas inaccessible to normal compaction
equipment shall be compacted by use of portable
mechanical tampers until the required standard of
compaction is achieved.
5 Each layer shall be completely compacted and
approved prior to delivery of materials for the subsequent
layer.
6 Prior to placing a subsequent layer, the existing
surface shall be made sufficiently moist as directed, to
ensure proper bond between the layers.
7 The edges and edge slopes of the sub-base course
shall be bladed or otherwise dressed to conform to the
lines and dimensions shown on the Drawings and to
present straight, neat lines and slopes as free of loose
material as practicable.
8 Material which has dried out prior to final
compaction, or which has dried and de-compacted
subsequent to final compaction, shall be watered and re-
compacted using approved equipment and procedures. If
the Contractor is unable to return the material to its
original or specified condition with respect to compaction,
thickness and surface tolerances, the Contractor shall
remove the material and reconstruct the sub-base course
on a re-approved subgrade.
9 The water shall be clean and free from deleterious
substances. Water from doubtful sources shall not be used
until tested in accordance with AASHTO T26 and approved.
10 Sea, brackish or saline water shall not be used in the
mixing, spreading and compacting operations for
aggregate sub-base course.
3.2.3.7 Tolerances
1 The fully compacted and completed sub-base course
shall conform to the lines, grades and cross sections as
shown on the Drawings.
2 The elevations of the finished sub-base course shall
be checked by the Contractor in the presence of the
Engineer at maximum intervals of 20 m and at
intermediate points as directed.
3 The tolerances on elevations of finished surface shall
be plus 10 mm to minus 20 mm. Minus tolerance shall be
compensated by the subsequent layer.
4 When the finished surface is tested with a 3 m long
straightedge, placed parallel to, or at right angles to the
centerline, the maximum deviation of the surface from the
testing edge between any 2 contact points shall not
exceed 10 mm.
5 All areas which exceed the specified tolerances shall
be corrected by removing the defective sections of sub-
base and reconstructing them or, if approved, by
scarifying, adding new material, or removing extra
material, mixing and re-compacting and finishing to the
specified standard.
♦ 3-4 ♦
3.2.3.8 Maintenance of Completed Sub-base
1 Following completion and acceptance of the sub-
base course, it shall be maintained in good condition prior
to laying the base course.. The sub-base shall be bladed,
broomed and otherwise maintained, keeping it free from
raveling and other defects until such time as the base
course is placed. Water shall be applied at such times and
in such quantities as directed by the Engineer.
3.2.3.9 Testing
1 Every 1000 cu.m. of sub-base material, or whenever
there is a change in the material source, shall be subject to
a full set of tests as listed in Table 3.3.3.1 after placing and,
if found satisfactory, shall be approved for compaction.
This approval shall not be deemed to constitute
acceptance of the sub-base course.
2 Sampling and testing shall conform with the relevant
requirements of this specification and to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
3 Compaction shall be tested in accordance with
AASHTO T 191 or AASHTO T 205. If there is a delay
between the construction of any layer and the following
layer, if necessary and required by the Engineer the
compaction of the lower layer may be re-verified to ensure
that it has not loosened due to traffic, passage of
construction equipment, adverse weather conditions or
otherwise.
3.2.4 Method of Measurement
1 Granular sub-base course is measured by cu.m. of
compacted sub-base. Measurement shall be of volumes
computed from the cross sections shown on the Drawings
and shall be calculated from the top surface area of each
layer, excluding the tapered edges..
2 No measurement shall be made for direct payment of
overdepth construction, regardless of the Engineer's
permission for it to remain in place.
3.2.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, locating sources of supply, supplying materials,
sampling and testing, screening, crushing, transporting,
stockpiling, laying, mixing and compacting and for extra
material in tapered edges, and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the work.
3.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Granular Sub-Base Course (Class A) cu.m
ii. Granular Sub-Base Course (Class B) cu.m
iii. Granular Sub-Base Course (Class C) cu.m
3.3 Aggregate Base Course 9 The crushed aggregate base course material shall
have a 4-day soaked CBR of not less than 80% when
3.3.1 Description compacted at 100% of modified proctor AASHTO (T180-D)
and tested in accordance with AASHTO T 193.
1 This Sub-section specifies standards for crushed
aggregate base course material, mixing, spreading on
prepared sub-base course or sub-grade, compacting and Per cent by weight passing
Sieve Designation
finishing. (square openings) Class A Class B Class C
3.3.2 Materials
63 mm 100 - -
3.3.2.1 Crushed Stone Aggregate
50 mm 90 - 100 - -
1 Aggregate for use in base course construction shall
be either crushed stone or crushed gravel. The fine 37.5 mm 60 - 90 100 -
aggregate shall consist of screenings obtained from 25 mm 42 - 77 60 - 100 100
crushed stone, gravel, or sand. Aggregate may be washed,
if directed, to remove excessive quantities of clay, silty 19 mm 35 - 70 55 - 85 80 - 100
clay or salts.
12.5 mm 25 - 60 - -
2 Crushed stone shall consist of hard, durable particles
or fragments of stone, free from dirt or other objectionable 4.75 mm 15 - 40 35 - 60 30 - 60
matter, and shall contain no more than 8% of flat, 2.00 mm 10 - 25 25 - 50 20 - 45
elongated particles when tested according to ASTM D4791
0.425 mm 5 - 15 15 - 30 -
and, soft, or disintegrated pieces when tested according to
ASTM C235 and C123. 0.075 mm 2-9 8 - 15 3 - 10
3 Crushed gravel shall consist of hard durable stones, Table 3.3.2.1: Gradation by Class of Aggregate Base
rocks, and boulders crushed to specified sizes and shall be Course
free from excess flat, elongated, soft or disintegrated
pieces, dirt, or other objectionable matter 10 When tested for soundness in accordance with
AASHTO T 104, the material shall not show signs of
4 The method used in production of crushed gravel
disintegration and the loss by weight shall not exceed 12%
shall be such that the finished product shall be as uniform
in the case of the sodium sulfate test and 18% in the case
as practicable. The crushing of the gravel shall result in a
of the magnesium sulfate test.
product, which shall have at least 90% by weight of
particles with at least one fractured face. All stones, rocks, 11 The aggregate material shall not contain more than
and boulders of inferior quality occurring in the pit shall 2% gypsum and shall be free from organic content.
be wasted. 12 The aggregate material shall have a minimum sand
5 Any material passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and equivalent value of 50, when tested in accordance with
produced in the crushing process shall be incorporated in ASTM D2419.
the base material up to the gradation limits required for 13 The maximum permitted swell for the aggregate
the base course aggregate. material used in the base courses shall be 0.5%, when
6 Crushed aggregate for base course delivered to road tested in accordance with ASTM D4829.
site shall meet the requirements of Class A, B or C 14 The portion of aggregate, including any blended
gradations as shown in Table 3.3.2.1 when tested in material, passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) mesh sieve shall
accordance with AASHTO T 27 after mixing with water have a liquid limit (L.L.) of not more than 25 and plasticity
and just before spreading and prior to compacting. The index (P.I) of not more than 6 when tested in accordance
class of aggregate shall be as shown on the Drawings. The with AASHTO T 89 and T 90.
actual gradation shall, in all cases, be continuous and 15 If additional fine material is required to correct the
smooth within the specified limits for each class. Gap aggregate gradation, or for adjusting the L.L. or P.I. of the
graded aggregate will not be accepted. If gradation is fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve, it shall be
tested after compaction a tolerance of 3% is allowed in uniformly blended and mixed with the aggregate material
upper limit for percentage of material passing sieve 200. plant at the crushing plant or by an approved plant.
7 The amount of the fraction of material passing the Reworking of the material in situ to obtain the specified
0.075mm (No. 200) mesh sieve shall not exceed one half gradation will not be permitted. Additional fine material
the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No. 40) mesh sieve. for these purposes shall be obtained from the crushing of
stone, gravel, or slag.
8 The loss in weight shall not exceed 40% after 500
revolutions, when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 96 16 The Aggregate Base Course material shall have
(Los Angeles Abrasion Test). chloride content of less than 3.5 percent and sulphate
content of less than 2.0 percent when tested in accordance
with BS 812.

♦ 3-5 ♦
17 Only potable water shall be used for mixing
aggregate base material.
3.3.3 Construction Requirements
3.3.3.1 Surface Preparation
1 The sub-base course shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Sub-section 3.2 and properly maintained
and kept well drained thereafter.
2 The sub-base surface shall be inspected and
approved prior to commencement of base construction.
Holes, depressions and other irregularities shall be made
good as directed and the sub-base re-compacted as
necessary and finished ready to receive the base course.
3 Where no sub-base course is required or shown on
the Drawings, and the aggregate base course is placed
directly on completed sub-grade, preparation of the
subgrade surface shall be as specified in Paragraph 3.2.3.1.
3.3.3.2 Equipment
1 Equipment used to handle, place, spread, water,
compact and finish base course shall conform with the
requirements of Section 19 and with the Contractor's
approved equipment list.
3.3.3.3 Construction of Trial Sections
1 If directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall lay
and compact trial sections of varying thickness of base.
Each trial section shall be 2 lanes wide by 50 m long, at
approved locations on or close to the Site. Each trial
section shall be laid using the same materials, mix
proportions, mixing, spreading and compaction
equipment, and construction procedures, proposed for
use in the Works.
2 The objectives of these trials shall be to determine
the adequacy of the Contractor's equipment and the loose
depth measurements that will result in the specified
compacted layer depths, to verify the field moisture
content for compaction, and to identify the relationship
between the number of compaction passes and the
resulting density of the base course material.
3.3.3.4 Stockpiling of Aggregate Materials
1 Stockpiling procedures shall conform to the relevant
requirements of Sub-section 3.1.
2 Methods used for stockpiling aggregate materials
and removing them from stockpiles shall not result in
significant degradation or introduction of significant
amounts of foreign materials or extraneous matter.
3 Aggregate materials adversely affected, in the
opinion of the Engineer, by stockpiling or handling
procedures, shall not be incorporated in the work
regardless of previous approval of such material, until the
deficiencies have been rectified in an acceptable manner.
♦ 3-6 ♦
3.3.3.5 Mixing and Spreading
1 All components of base course material shall be
premixed with water in a pugmill mixing plant. The
amount of water added, as determined, shall be such that
the material will be uniform and within the specified
moisture content range at the time of compaction. Other
methods of mixing will be allowed only if directed by the
Engineer, provided such method(s) do not reduce the
quality of work. The Contractor shall demonstrate, in the
presence of the Engineer, his ability to attain the
requirement given in this Specification.
2 The premixed material shall be placed on the sub-
base in a uniform layer or layers not exceeding 200 mm in
thickness (after compaction) with the necessary control
guide wire requirements. Where the required thickness is
greater than 220 mm but less than 400 mm, the material
shall be placed in layers of equal thickness.
3 If approved by the Engineer when heavy duty
vibratory compaction equipment is used, the maximum
layer thickness may be increased up to 300 mm (after
compaction) provided compaction tests with appropriate
testing equipment based on successful Site trials indicate
that the specified compaction standard will be attained
and will be uniform through the thickness.
4 The base course material shall be placed to the
required width using an approved paver/finisher. However,
any pavers or finishers used for placing the base material
shall be equipped with calibrated sensors to maintain the
design levels and thicknesses. The material shall be
delivered such that it is ready for compaction without
further shaping.
5 The material shall not be handled in such a way as to
cause segregation. If the spreader causes segregation in
the material, or leaves ridges or other objectionable marks
on the surface which cannot be readily eliminated or
prevented by adjustment of the spreader operation, the
use of such spreader shall be discontinued and it shall be
replaced by a spreader capable of spreading the material
in a proper manner.
6 All segregated material shall be removed and
replaced with well-graded material. ‘Skin’ patching will
not be permitted. Only minor surface manipulation and
watering to achieve the required surface tolerances will be
permitted during the compaction process.
7 Hauling or placement of material will not be
permitted when, in the judgment of the Engineer, the
weather or surface conditions are such that hauling
operations will cause cutting or rutting of the sub-base or
subgrade or cause contamination of the base course
material.
3.3.3.6 Compaction
1 The Contractor shall plan the sequence of operations
so that the least amount of water will be lost by
evaporation from uncompleted surfaces. If the
uncompleted surface loses water due to evaporation, the
Contractor shall apply additional water as required to 5 The tolerances on layer thickness, after being
prevent raveling or excessive drying.. compacted and finished, shall not exceed +10mm and -
2 The base course material shall be compacted by 5mm.
means of approved compaction equipment, progressing 6 The thickness of the finished base course shall be
gradually from the outside towards the center, with each checked at 20m intervals along the road by taking levels
succeeding pass uniformly overlapping the previous pass. on the centerline and both shoulders.
3 Rolling shall continue until the entire thickness of 7 All areas which exceed the specified tolerances shall
each base layer is thoroughly and uniformly compacted to be corrected by removing the defective sections of base
100% AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum density. Final course and reconstructing them or if approved, by
rolling of the completed course shall be by means of an scarifying and adding new material, or removing extra
approved self-propelled roller. Rolling shall be material, and re-compacting and finishing to the specified
accompanied by sufficient blading, to ensure a smooth standard.
surface, free from ruts or ridges and having the proper
shape. When additional water is required, it shall be 3.3.3.8 Maintenance of Completed Base Course
applied in an approved manner. 1 Following completion and acceptance of the base
4 Any areas inaccessible to normal compaction course, it shall be maintained by the Contractor until the
equipment shall be compacted by use of portable subsequent pavement layers are laid.. The surface shall be
mechanical tampers until the required standard of broomed, rolled and otherwise maintained, keeping it free
compaction is achieved, or to the satisfaction of the from raveling and other defects until such time as the
Engineer. following course is placed. Water shall be applied at such
5 Each layer shall be completely compacted and times and in such quantities as directed.
approved prior to delivery of materials for the following
3.3.3.9 Testing
layer.
6 Prior to placing a following layer, the surface shall be 1 Every 1000 cu.m. of base course material, or
made sufficiently moist as directed, to ensure proper bond whenever there is a change in the material source, shall be
between the layers. subject to a full set of tests as listed in Table 3.3.3.1 after
placing and if satisfactory shall be approved for
7 The edges and edge slopes of the base course shall
compaction and use. This approval shall not be deemed
be bladed or otherwise dressed to conform to the lines
to constitute acceptance of the base course for full
and dimensions shown on the Drawings and to present
payment purposes.
straight, neat lines and slopes as free of loose material as
practicable.
8 Material which has dried out prior to final Source of Materials Control on Site (The Road)
compaction, or which has dried and de-compacted Repetition
Repetition
subsequent to final compaction, shall be watered and re- Required Required Required
Required for
compacted using approved equipment and procedures. If Tests for all Tests
all Tests in
the Contractor is unable to return the material to its (A) Tests in (B)
(B)
(A)
original or specified condition with respect to compaction,
1.Gradation Minimum 1. Proctor Minimum
thickness and surface tolerances, for the final layer only of Materials one test AASHTO one test for
the Contractor shall scarify the material and reconstruct AASHTO for each T180-D every 1000
the base course on a re-approved sub-base surface or to T27 source cu.m. of
the satisfaction of the Engineer. every layer,
2.Plasticity or
3.3.3.7 Tolerances Index whenever
AASHTO " Materials
1 The fully compacted and completed base course T89 & T90 changed,
shall conform to the lines, grades and cross sections as whichever is
shown on the Drawings. less
3.Abrasion 2.
2 The elevations of the finished base course shall be AASHTO Gradation
checked by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer T96 " of Materials
at intervals of 20m on straight lines and of 10 m on curves, AASHTO "
and at intermediate points as directed. T27
4. C.B.R.
3 The tolerances (for final layer only) on elevations of
AASHTO
finished surface shall not exceed +5mm or -10mm. T193 " 3. Plasticity
4 When the finished surface is tested with a 4 m long Index
straightedge, placed parallel to, or at right angles to the AASHTO "
centerline, the maximum deviation of the surface from the 5.Sand T89 & T90
equivalent
testing edge between any 2 contact points shall not "
ASTM
exceed 10mm.

♦ 3-7 ♦
 Source of Materials Control on Site (The Road) 3.3.5 Basis of Payment
Repetition 1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
Repetition
Required Required Required measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
Required for
Tests for all Tests unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities,
all Tests in
(A) Tests in (B) which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
(B)
(A)
labor, locating sources of supply, supplying materials,
D2419 4. C.B.R.
sampling and testing, screening, crushing, transporting,
AASHTO "
T193 stockpiling, laying, mixing and compacting and for extra
6.Percentag material in tapered edges, and other items necessary for
e of the proper completion of the work.
fractured 5. Abrasion
Grains AASHTO 3.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
T96 "
i. Aggregate Base Course (Class A) cu.m
7.Thin and
elongated 6. Sand ii. Aggregate Base Course (Class B) cu.m
pieces equivalent
ASTM ASTM " iii. Aggregate Base Course (Class C) cu.m
D4791 D2419
3.4 Stabilized Base Courses
7. Clay
lumps & 3.4.1 Description
friable
1 This Sub-section specifies stabilized base courses
particles "
ASTM C235 composed of sand, sandy gravel, sandy clay soil or similar,
and C123 stabilized with cement or bitumen or lime as appropriate
and as shown on the Drawings.
8. Field
Density " 3.4.2 Materials
3.4.2.1 Soil for Stabilization
9. Test for every
Thickness 2000 sq.m. 1 Sand and gravel soils shall have the following
and for every particle size distribution given in Table 3.4.2.1.
layer
Table 3.3.3.1: Required Tests and Minimum Repetition for AASHTO Sieve % passing (by mass)
50 mm 100
Base and Sub-Base Course Materials
4.75 mm 50 - 100
2 Sampling and testing shall conform to the 1.80 mm 37 - 80
requirements of this specification. 425 μm 15 - 50
3 Compaction shall be tested in accordance with 75 μm 0 - 20
AASHTO T 191, AASHTO T 205 or any acceptable method. 2 μm 0-3
If there is a significant delay between the construction of Table 3.4.2.1: Soil for Stabilization
any layer and the following layer, the Engineer may
require the compaction of the lower layer to be re-verified 2 The mix-in-place method of construction shall be
to ensure that it has not loosened due to traffic, passage of used only on sites with naturally occurring sand and
construction equipment, adverse weather conditions or gravel mixture. For the central plant method of
otherwise. construction, the materials shall be selected by the
Contractor from other sources complying with the
3.3.4 Method of Measurement requirements of this Clause and shall be subject to the
1 Aggregate base course shall be measured by cu.m. approval of the Engineer.
of compacted base course. Measurements shall be of 3.4.2.2 Cement as Stabilizing Agent
volumes computed from the cross sections shown on the
Drawings and shall be calculated from the top surface area 1 Cement for stabilization shall be ordinary Portland
of each layer, excluding the tapered edges.. cement or sulfate resisting cement, as shown on the
2 No measurement shall be made for direct payment of Drawings, or as instructed by the Engineer. Portland
overdepth construction, regardless of the Engineer's cement shall conform to the requirements of BS12 Part 2
permission for it to remain in place. or AASHTO M85 Type I for ordinary and rapid hardening
types, and BS4027 Part 2 or AASHTO M85 Type V for
sulfate resisting cement.

♦ 3-8 ♦
2 At least two silos shall be used for cement storage.
Before recharging a silo it shall be emptied completely
and cleaned out. During the time of charging a silo shall
not be used for batching.
3 The stored cement shall be free-flowing and free of
lumps. Cement shall not be stored for longer than 4
months. Cement that has remained in store for a period
greater than 4 months, or of which there is doubt as to
quality shall be re-tested by standard mortar tests to
determine whether it still meets the requirements of the
standards.
4 Curing seal shall consist of approved proprietary
curing compound, or MC-70 cutback bitumen to prime
coat standard as specified in Section 4.
3.4.2.3 Bitumen as Stabilizing Agent
1 Bitumen may include straight run (penetration grade)
bitumen; RC cutback bitumen, MC cutback bitumen, or
cationic emulsified bitumen, Type SS. Penetration grade,
cutback bitumen and emulsified bitumen shall conform to
all relevant requirements herein.
2 The selection of suitable bitumen will depend on the
properties of the material to be stabilized and shall be
subject to laboratory and field trials by the Contractor,
under the supervision of the Engineer.
3 When the material moisture content is high, the
material must be dried before the use of penetration grade
bitumen or viscous cutback bitumen and plant mixing of
materials as appropriate.
4 When the natural moisture content of the material is
low, use cutback bitumens or emulsified bitumens as
appropriate.
3.4.2.4 Lime as Stabilizing Agent
1 Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) and quicklime
(calcium oxide) shall conform to AASHTO M216. Mixing of
different brands of lime or use of lime from different mills
will not be permitted.
2 Lime slurry shall be a homogeneous pumpable
mixture of lime and water. Slurry shall be a premixed
material in which the lime solids content shall be not less
than 30% by weight.
3.4.2.5 Water
1 The water shall be clean and free from impurities, oil,
acid, salts, alkali, organic matter, and other potentially
deleterious substances. Water from doubtful sources shall
not be used until tested in accordance with AASHTO T26
and approved.
3.4.2.6 Mix Design for Cement Stabilized Base
1 Before starting the work of stabilization, soil-cement
trial mixes shall be carried out. The proposed mix design
shall be submitted by the Contractor for approval by the
Engineer. It shall show the percentage of cement and
water to be used with the naturally occurring soil so as to
obtain a stabilized mixture with the following properties:
i. The minimum cube compressive strength shall
be 5.0 N/mm2 after molding and storage at a
minimum humidity of 95% for a period of 7
days. The molding shall be in accordance with
AASHTO T134 and the strength testing shall be
in accordance with BS 1881. The cement
content of trial mixes shall be adjusted until
this strength is achieved.
ii. The maximum volume change (swelling) shall
be 2% and the maximum loss in weight shall
be not more than 8%, when cylinders are
molded and tested in accordance with AASHTO
T 135, Method B.
iii. Cement content and water content of the mix
on the Site shall each be within - 0.2% to +2%
of the approved mix design.
iv. The total salt content of the cement stabilized
base course mixture shall meet the following
requirements: The total chloride content (sum
of both acid soluble and water soluble
chlorides) expressed as chloride ion, when
tested in accordance with BS 1881, shall not
exceed 0.10 percent by weight of dry cement.
The total sulfate content expressed as SO3,
when tested in accordance with BS 1881, shall
not exceed 3 percent by weight of dry cement.
3.4.3 Construction Requirements
3.4.3.1 Surface Preparation
1 Prior to placing of stabilized base on sub-base or
subgrade, the subgrade shall have been properly
completed and approved as specified in Sub-section 2.6
and the sub-base shall have been properly completed and
approved as specified in Sub-section 3.2.
3.4.3.2 Construction of Trial Section
1 If instructed by the Engineer before commencement
of stabilization work and after completion of laboratory
mix design, the Contractor shall lay a trial section of
stabilized material 2 lanes wide by 50m long, at an
approved location on or near to the Site.
2 This trial section shall be laid using the same
materials, mix proportions, mixing, spreading and
compaction equipment, and construction procedures that
are proposed for use in the work.
3 The trial section shall serve as a field verification of
the laboratory mix design. The results of the dry density
and moisture content measurements made in the trial
section will be used in association with the laboratory
tests to establish the moisture content and minimum per
cent compaction to be attained in the stabilization work.
4 The trial section shall also demonstrate the adequacy
of mixing, spreading and compaction equipment and the
suitability of the methods and organization proposed.
♦ 3-9 ♦
3.4.3.3 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Plant Mixing
1 When cement and granular or crushed material are
to be mixed in a stationary plant, the plant shall be an
approved type pugmill mixing plant of either the batch
mix type with revolving blade or rotary drum, or the
continuous mixing type. Proportioning of materials and of
water may be by either weight or volume.
2 Cement shall be added in such a manner that it is
uniformly distributed during the mixing operation. Safe,
convenient facilities shall be provided for sampling
cement in the supply line to the weigh hopper or pugmill.
3 Means shall be provided whereby the Engineer may
verify the amount of water per batch or the rate of flow for
continuous mixing. The time of the addition of water and
the points at which it is introduced into the mixer shall be
as approved.
4 The charge in a batch mixer, or the rate of feed to a
continuous mixer, shall not exceed that which will permit
complete mixing of all of the material. Dead areas in the
mixer, in which the material does not move or is not
sufficiently agitated, shall be corrected.
5 The moisture content of the completed mixture shall
be not more than one per cent below optimum moisture
content at the point of delivery to the work area.
3.4.3.4 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Batch Mixing
1 Batch mixing plants shall be equipped with a
sufficient number of paddles of a type and arrangement to
produce a uniformly mixed batch.
2 The mixer platform shall be of ample size to provide
safe and convenient access to the mixer and other
equipment.
3 The mixer shall be equipped with a timing device
which will indicate by a definite audible or visual signal
the expiration of the mixing period. The device shall be
accurate to within 2 seconds.
4 The time of mixing a batch shall begin after all
ingredients are in the mixer and shall end when the mixer
is half emptied. Mixing shall continue until a
homogeneous mixture of uniformly distributed and
properly coated materials of uniform appearance is
produced. The time of mixing shall not be less than 30
seconds. When blending of different sizes is required, the
materials shall be blended as they enter the mixer.
5 Cement for each batch shall be weighed on scales
separate from the aggregate batching scales. Each
cement scale graduation shall be approximately 0.001
times the total capacity of the scales. The total capacity
shall not be greater than twice the amount of cement
required when the plant is operated at full capacity. No
scale shall be used with a capacity less than 500 kg.
3.4.3.5 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Continuous
Mixing
1 Continuous mixing plants shall be designed such that
granular materials are drawn from the storage facility by
♦ 3-10 ♦
feeders which continuously supply the correct amount of
granular material in proportion to the cement and so
arranged that the proportion of each size of granular
material can be separately adjusted if more than one size
is used. Storage facilities containing fine material shall be
equipped with vibrating units which shall vibrate the side
walls of the feeder to prevent any hang-up of materials
while the plant is operating.
2 A control system shall be provided that will
automatically close down the plant when the material in
any storage facility approaches the strike-off capacity of
the feed gate. The plant will not be permitted to operate
unless the control system is in proper working order.
3 The feeder for the granular material shall be
mechanically or electrically driven. Mechanically driven
feeders shall be directly connected with the drive on the
cement feeder. The drive shaft on the feeder shall be
equipped with a revolution counter reading to 0.1 of a
revolution. Electrically driven feeders shall be actuated
from the same circuit that services the motor driving the
cement feeder.
4 The cement feeder and the granular material feeders
shall be equipped with devices by which the rate of feed
can be determined while the plant is in full operation.
3.4.3.6 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Mixed in
Place Procedures
1 Mixed in place procedures will normally be permitted
when the granular material to be stabilised is in-situ site
material.
2 Plant and equipment for pulverizing (if required) and
for mixing all materials will be approved on the basis of
preliminary trials to establish that such plant and
equipment are capable of producing the specified degree
of mixing and uniformity of stabilized material for the full
thickness of each layer. Single pass or multi-pass
equipment may be used.
3 The mixing equipment shall be equipped with a
device for controlling the depth of processing and the
mixing blades shall be maintained or reset periodically so
that the correct depth of mixing is obtained at all times.
Cement shall be spread ahead of the mixer by means of a
cement spreader, fitted with a device to ensure a uniform
and controllable rate of spread of cement transversely and
longitudinally.
4 If multi-pass equipment is utilized, the fine cohesive
fraction (if any) of the material shall first be pulverized to
the required depth with successive passes and the
moisture content adjusted if it is more than 3% below the
value required for compaction. Cement shall then be
spread and mixing continued with successive passes until
the required depth and uniformity have been achieved.
5 If it is necessary to adjust the moisture content of the
material to the optimum for compaction, water shall be
added during the mixing operation using a water sprayer
of such design that the water is added in a uniform and
controllable manner both transversely and longitudinally.
6 Te mixing equipment shall be set so that it cuts
slightly into the edge of any adjoining completed lane so
as to ensure that all material forming the layer has been
properly processed. The Engineer may approve the use of
scarifiers or preparizers ahead of the mixing equipment.
The output of the mixing equipment shall be such that a
minimum rate of 20 lin.m./h measured longitudinally of
completed stabilized layer can be maintained in order to
permit satisfactory compaction of the mix.
3.4.3.7 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Placing of
Stationary Plant Mixes
1 Immediately prior to depositing the mix, the surface
area to be covered shall be moistened and kept moist.
2 The cement stabilized mix shall be protected against
moisture loss during transporting, by use of suitable
covers. The mix shall be deposited on the roadbed at a
prescribed quantity which shall provide the compacted
thickness for the width being spread without resort to
spotting, picking up, or otherwise shifting the mixture.
Segregation shall be prevented and the mix shall be free
from pockets of coarse or fine materials.
3 The mix shall be spread in widths of not less than 2
lanes, insofar as the width of surface permits.
Longitudinal construction joints shall fall within 300 mm of
lane lines. The mix shall be spread by one or more
spreaders operating in a staggered position across the
surface. If traffic conditions require that less than 2 lanes
be spread, not more than 2 hours shall elapse between the
times of placing the material in adjacent lanes.
4 The compacted thickness of any one layer shall not
exceed 200 mm and shall be not less than 80 mm. When
more than one layer is placed, the surface of the lower
layer of compacted mix shall, until covered with the next
layer, be kept moist with water or a curing seal as
specified.
5 In the case of areas inaccessible to mechanical
spreading equipment, the mix may be spread in one layer
by approved methods only. After spreading, the material
shall be thoroughly compacted to the required lines,
grades, and cross section by means of pneumatic tampers,
or other approved compacting equipment.
6 Use of motor graders will not be permitted during
spreading or compacting operations. Motor graders may
be used only to trim the edges and surface after
compaction in order to finish within the specified
tolerances.
7 A motor grader may be classified as a self-propelled
mechanical spreader if it has been equipped with end
wings on the blade, has the blade locked in a position
perpendicular to the direction of travel, and is equipped
with cross slope and automatic grade controls that meet
the requirements for the specified type of spreading.
8 Each layer of the mix shall be spread in one
operation with an approved type self-propelled
mechanical spreader such that the layer is made ready for
compaction without further shaping. The spreader shall
be provided with a fully automatic and adjustable screed
that strikes off and distributes the material to the full width
being spread and to the surface tolerances specified.
9 The spreader shall be equipped with grade sensing
controls to automatically control the longitudinal grade
and transverse slopes of the screed. Screed action
includes any cutting, crowding, or otherwise that produces
a finished surface texture of uniform appearance.
3.4.3.8 Cement Stabilization Procedures - Compaction
and Finishing
1 Immediately upon completion of spreading or
spreading and mixing in place operations, and completion
of shaping, the mix shall be initially compacted by one
complete pass using approved type rollers.
2 If the finished surface after initial compaction is
outside the specified tolerance, all high spots shall be
trimmed off to within the specified tolerance. Filling of
low areas by drifting or hauling of trimmed material will
not be permitted.
3 Following trimming, the finished surface shall be
finally compacted to not less than 100% of the laboratory
density of the approved job mix specimens as determined
by AASHTO T 134. Final compaction shall be
accomplished in such a manner that no loose material
remains on the surface and all tear marks are eliminated.
4 The surface tolerances shall conform with the
tolerance requirements for Aggregate Base Course.
Where any areas are lower than the allowable tolerance,
the stabilised layer shall be removed and fresh stabilised
mix placed and properly compacted and finished, unless
filling of the low areas with bituminous concrete or
cement concrete is approved.
5 If the superimposed course will be cement concrete,
the low areas may, if approved, be filled with concrete at
the time and during the same operation that the concrete
pavement is placed.
6 When the superimposed course will be bituminous
concrete, the low areas may, if approved, be filled with
bituminous concrete to the same standard. This filling
shall be carried out as a separate operation prior to
placing the bituminous concrete course (unless the
thickness to be placed is too small to make this
practicable).
7 Not more than 2 hours shall elapse between the time
water is added to the mixed materials and the time of
completion of initial compaction. Final compaction shall
be completed within 30 minutes of initial compaction.
8 At the end of each day's work and when operations
are delayed or stopped for more than 2 hours, a vertical
construction joint shall be made in the fully compacted
layer, perpendicular to the centerline. Additional mix shall
not be placed until the construction joint has been
approved.
9 One hour after the stabilized mix has been finally
compacted; vertical longitudinal joints shall be
constructed by cutting into the existing edge to a depth of
♦ 3-11 ♦
approximately 100 mm. The mix cut away shall be
discarded. The face of the cut joints shall be moistened in
advance of placing the adjacent lane.
3.4.3.9 Curing of Cement Stabilized Courses
1 Curing seal as specified shall be applied uniformly to
the completed surface at a rate of between 0.5 and 1.2
kg./sq.m., or as determined by the Engineer. The curing
seal shall be applied on the same day that final
compaction is performed and as soon as practicable
thereafter. The surface shall be kept moist until the seal is
applied.
2 Damage to the curing seal or stabilized surface shall
be promptly repaired by an approved manner.
3.4.3.10 Testing of Cement Stabilised Courses
1 For every 5,000 sq.m. of each stabilised layer or for
each day's completed area (whichever is smaller) the
following sampling and testing shall be carried out:
- In situ density of a minimum of 3 samples
(taken immediately after final compaction)
determined in accordance with AASHTO T 191
or T 205 and which shall be not less than 100%
of the density of the approved laboratory mix.
- Cement content in accordance with AASHTO T
211.
- Gradation of mix in accordance with AASHTO
T 27.
- Moisture - density relationship for mix sampled
fresh from the Site, in accordance with
AASHTO T 134 if the source of the material is
changed.
- Compressive strength of a set of 3 test
specimens molded and cured in accordance
with AASHTO T 134 and T 126, and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T 22.
3.4.3.11 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Mix Design
1 The material to be stabilized shall be a sand, sandy
gravel or silty or clayey gravel and sand material with a P.I.
not exceeding 12% and L.L. not exceeding 25% and with
not more than 30% passing a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve.
2 Bitumen-soil mix proportions shall be established by
field laboratory trial mixes, carried out in the presence of
the Engineer. The compressive strength shall be
determined in accordance with AASHTO T 167 and in such
a way as to ensure that the optimum composition of the
mix is established.
3 The laboratory trial mixes, after being air cured for a
period of 7 days and tested in accordance with AASHTO T
167, shall have a minimum compressive strength at 25
degrees C, of 2 MN/sq.m. (20 kg/sq.cm.) and a Marshall
stability at 60 degrees C, of 2,000 N (204 kg). The Index of
Retained Strength when tested using a Marshall mould
shall be not less than 70%.
♦ 3-12 ♦
3.4.3.12 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Stationary
Plant Mixing
1 When approval is given to utilize stationary plant for
mixing, whether batch mixing plant or continuous type
mixing plant, the plant and equipment and handling and
mixing procedures shall conform with the relevant
requirements of Section 4 - "Bituminous Pavement" and
with the appropriate requirements specified herein for
plant mixing of cement stabilized materials.
3.4.3.13 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Mixed in
Place Procedures
1 Approved type multi-pass or approved type purpose-
built, single-pass equipment shall be utilized for on Site
mixing and placing. Operators shall be trained and fully
experienced in the operation of such equipment.
2 Multi-pass equipment may consist of suitable
bitumen distributor and motor graders or as otherwise
approved.
3 The process of pulverizing the fine grained cohesive
fraction (if any) of the granular material shall be as
specified for cement stabilized courses. Bitumen, of the
type and grade selected by the Engineer, shall then be
applied to the surface using approved type heating and
pressure distribution equipment. Emulsified bitumen shall
not normally require heating.
4 Spreading and mixing of the bitumen and granular or
other material shall be carried out as specified for cement
stabilized courses.
3.4.3.14 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures – Placing and
Spreading Stationary Plant Mixes.
1 The placing and spreading of stationary plant mixes
shall be as specified for cement stabilized courses.
3.4.3.15 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Compaction
and Finishing
1 Compaction of bitumen stabilized courses to 100% of
laboratory density of approved job mix specimens,
finishing, and provision of longitudinal joints, shall be as
specified for cement stabilized courses.
3.4.3.16 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Tolerances
and Replacement of Unsatisfactory Areas
1 Finished surface tolerances and the rectification
procedures for any areas which fail to meet such
tolerances, shall be as specified for cement stabilized
courses.
2 Where high spots require trimming after initial
compaction, raking or similar procedures may be required.
If the area is unduly damaged or pitted, the stabilized mix
shall be removed and replaced with fresh stabilized mix
spread and properly compacted and finished.
3.4.3.17 Bitumen Stabilization Procedures - Testing of
Bitumen Stabilized Courses
1 For every 5,000 sq.m. of each stabilized layer or for
each day's completed area (whichever is the smaller) the
following sampling and testing shall be carried out:
i. In situ density of a minimum of 3 samples
(taken immediately after completion of final
compaction) determined in accordance with
AASHTO T 191 or T 205 and which shall be not
less than 100% of the density of the approved
laboratory mix.
ii. Composition of the mix by extraction in
accordance with AASHTO T 164. The variation
from the approved job-mix, based on results of
4 tests, shall not exceed the following:
- Aggregates passing
No. 200 (0.075 mm) +1 percent
- Asphalt content +0.2 percent
iii. Compressive strength in accordance with
AASHTO T 167, of samples before compaction.
The minimum compressive strength value shall
be not less than the value specified under Item
3 of Paragraph 3.4.3.11.
iv. Marshall stability in accordance with AASHTO
T245, of samples before compaction. The
minimum Marshall stability value shall be not
less than the value specified under Item 3 of
Paragraph 3.4.3.11.
3.4.3.18 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Mix Design
1 The material to be stabilized shall be a clayey gravel,
clayey sand or lean clay soil with not more than 50%
passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve and plasticity index
greater than 10%.
2 The lime content and optimum moisture content
shall be determined in the field laboratory and in the
presence of the Engineer. Cylinders molded in accordance
with AASHTO T 220 shall be cured and tested at 7 days
and 28 days. Load rate of application shall be in
accordance with AASHTO T 22. The minimum
compressive strength at 7 days after molding shall be one
MN/sq.m. (10 kg./sq.cm.).
3 Lime content and water content of the mix shall each
be within -0.2% to +2.5% of the approved mix design
percentages.
3.4.3.19 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Safety
Precautions
1 Special precautions shall be taken when handling
quicklime as it will rapidly corrode equipment and can
inflict severe skin burns to personnel coming in contact
with it.
2 Suitable methods for handling quicklime shall be
adopted, including fully mechanized or bottom dump
handling equipment and protective clothing worn by the
operators. Working operations should take into account
the wind direction to minimize the dust problem and
consequent eye or skin irritation to any personnel in the
vicinity.
3 When hydrated lime is used, precautions shall also
be taken against the effects of prolonged exposure to the
skin.
3.4.3.20 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Stationary Plant
Mixing
1 When approval is given to utilize stationary plant for
mixing, whether batch mixing plant or continuous type
mixing plant, the plant and equipment and handling and
mixing procedures shall be as specified for cement
stabilization and as specified herein for plant mixing of
lime stabilized materials.
3.4.3.21 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Mixed in Place
Procedures
1 Mixed in place procedures will normally be permitted
when the soil to be stabilized is in-situ site material.
2 Spreading and mixing of the lime and soil material
shall be carried out as specified for cement stabilized
courses.
3.4.3.22 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Placing and
Spreading Stationary Plant Mixes
1 Placing and spreading of stationary plant mixes shall
be as specified for cement stabilized courses.
3.4.3.23 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Compaction
and Finishing
1 Compaction of lime stabilized courses to 100% of
laboratory density of approved job mix specimens,
finishing and provision of longitudinal joints, shall be as
specified for cement stabilized courses with the following
modifications:
i. When quick lime is used, the layer shall not be
compacted immediately after spreading the lime,
as hydration of the lime will cause damage to the
compacted layer. The time within which the
compaction shall be completed will be as
estimated in the laboratory.
ii. Compaction shall not take place after lime
hydration. Any lime stabilized material that has
been mixed or deposited after lime hydration,
shall be removed and replaced with fresh
material, mixed and treated as specified.
3.4.3.24 Lime Stabilization Procedures - Tolerances and
Replacement of Unsatisfactory Areas
1 Finished surface tolerances and the rectification
procedures for any areas which fail to meet such
tolerances shall be as specified for cement stabilized
courses.
♦ 3-13 ♦
3.4.3.25 Testing of Lime Stabilized Courses

1 For every 5,000 sq.m. of each stabilized layer or for

each day's completed area (whichever is the smaller) the
following sampling and testing shall be carried out:
i. In situ density of a minimum of 3 samples
(taken immediately after completion of final
compaction) determined in accordance with
AASHTO T 191 or T 205 and which shall be not
less than 100% of the density of the approved
laboratory mix.
ii. Lime content in accordance with AASHTO T
232.
iii. Gradation of mix in accordance with AASHTO
T 27.
iv. If the source of materials changes, the moisture
- density relationship in accordance with
AASHTO T 134 and gradation of the new mix in
accordance with AASHTO T27.
v. Compressive strength of a set of 3 test
specimens molded and cured in accordance
with AASHTO T 134 and T 126, and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T 22.

3.4.4 Method of Measurement

1 Cement stabilized course, bitumen stabilized course
and lime stabilized course shall each be measured by cu.m.
of compacted stabilized course. Measurements shall be of
the area and thickness dimensions shown on the
Drawings.
2 Curing seal shall be measured by sq.m. of areas
computed from the length and width of the completed
sections shown on the Drawings.

3.4.5 Basis of Payment

1 The amount of completed and accepted work,
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items in the Bill of Quantities,
which rate shall be full compensation for equipment, tools,
labor, locating sources of supply, supplying materials,
sampling and testing, screening, crushing, transporting,
stockpiling, laying, mixing and compacting and for extra
material in tapered edges, and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the work.

3.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

i. Cement Stabilized Base Course
(thickness) cu.m

ii. Bitumen Stabilized Base Course

(thickness) cu.m

iii. Lime Stabilized Base Course

(thickness). cu.m

iv. Curing Seal sq.m

♦ 3-14 ♦