Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

9.1 Riprap 9-1 9.4.3.3 Pull Out Tests for Anchored Bolts 9-6
9.4.3.4 Pull Out Tests for Untensioned Bolts 9-7
9.1.1 Description 9-1
9.4.3.5 Rock Anchoring Procedures 9-7
9.1.2 Materials 9-1
9.1.3 Construction Requirements 9-1 9.4.3.6 Tensioning Tendons 9-7
9.4.3.7 Grouting for Rock Anchors 9-8
9.1.4 Method of Measurement 9-2
9.4.3.8 Testing of Rock Anchors 9-8
9.1.5 Basis of Payment 9-2
9.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-2 9.4.3.9 Application of Sprayed Concrete
and Mortar 9-8
9.2 Gabions 9-2 9.4.3.10 Reinforcement Mesh 9-9
9.2.1 Description 9-2 9.4.3.11 Paint 9-9
9.2.2 Materials 9-2 9.4.3.12 Wire Netting 9-9
9.2.3 Construction Requirements 9-2 9.4.4 Method of Measurement 9-10
9.2.4 Method of Measurement 9-3 9.4.5 Basis of Payment 9-10
9.2.5 Basis of Payment 9-3 9.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-10
9.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-3 9.5 Rock Grouting 9-10
9.3 Slope Netting 9-5 9.5.1 Description 9-10
9.3.1 Description 9-3 9.5.2 Materials 9-10
9.3.2 Materials 9-3 9.5.3 Construction Requirements 9-10
9.3.3 Construction Requirements 9-3 9.5.4 Method of Measurement 9-11
9.3.4 Method of Measurement 9-3 9.5.5 Basis of Payment 9-12
9.3.5 Basis of Payment 9-3 9.5.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-12
9.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-4 9.6 Reinforced Concrete Slope
9.4 Rock Bolts, Anchors Protection 9-12
and Sprayed Concrete 9-4 9.6.1 Description 9-12
9.4.1 Description 9-4 9.6.2 Materials 9-12
9.4.2 Materials 9-4 9.6.2.1 Concrete 9-12
9.4.2.1 Cement Grout 9-4 9.6.2.2 Reinforcement 9-12
9.4.2.2 Rock Bolts Generally 9-4 9.6.3 Construction Requirements 9-12
9.4.2.3 Resin-Anchored Rock Bolts 9-4 9.6.4 Method of Measurement 9-12
9.4.2.4 Mechanically Anchored Rock Bolts 9-4 9.6.5 Basis of Payment 9-12
9.4.2.5 Drain Holes 9-4 9.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-12
9.4.2.6 Rock Anchors 9-4 9.7 Sacked Concrete Revetment 9-12
9.4.2.7 Sprayed Concrete and Mortar 9-5
9.4.2.8 Wire Netting 9-5 9.7.1 Description 9-12
9.7.2 Materials 9-12
9.4.3 Construction Requirements 9-5
9.7.2.1 Sacks 9-12
9.4.3.1 General 9-5
9.4.3.2 Rock Bolting Procedures 9-5 9.7.2.2 Concrete 9-12
Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.
9.7.3 Construction Requirements 9-12 9.11.3.2 Stabilization with Bituminous
9.7.4 Method of Measurement 9-13 Materials 9-16
9.7.5 Basis of Payment 9-13 9.11.3.3 Stabilization with Vegetative
9.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-13 Treatment 9-16
9.11.3.4 Blankets 9-16
9.8 Paving Tile Slope Protection 9-13
9.11.4 Method of Measurement 9-16
9.8.1 Description 9-13 9.11.5 Basis of Payment 9-16
9.8.2 Materials 9-13 9.11.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-16
9.8.3 Construction Requirements 9-13
9.8.4 Method of Measurement 9-13
9.12 Mechanically Stabilized Earth
9.8.5 Basis of Payment 9-13
Retaining Walls 9-16
9.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-13
9.12.1 Description 9-16
9.9 Ditch Lining 9-13
9.12.1.1 General 9-16
9.9.1 Description 9-13 9.12.1.2 Standards and Codes 9-17
9.9.2 Materials 9-13 9.12.2 Materials 9-17
9.9.3 Construction Requirements 9-13 9.12.2.1 General 9-17
9.9.3.1 General 9-13 9.12.2.2 Concrete Face Panels 9-17
9.9.3.2 Precast Slabs 9-14 9.12.2.3 Concrete Footings 9-18
9.9.3.3 Stone Ditch Lining and Wash Checks 9-14 9.12.2.4 Steel Reinforcing and Tie Strips 9-18
9.9.4 Method of Measurement 9-14 9.12.2.5 Reinforced (Polymer) Grids 9-18
9.9.5 Basis of Payment 9-14 9.12.2.6 Fasteners 9-19
9.9.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-14 9.12.2.7 Non Metallic Friction Ties and Fixings 9-19

9.10 Filter Layers 9-14 9.12.2.8 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face
Panels) 9-19
9.10.1 Description 9-14
9.12.2.9 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face
9.10.2 Materials 9-14 Panels 9-19
9.10.3 Construction Requirements 9-14
9.12.3 Construction Requirements 9-20
9.10.3.1 Granular Filter 9-14
9.12.3.1 Wall Excavation 9-20
9.10.3.2 Fabric Membrane 9-15 9.12.3.2 Foundation Preparation 9-20
9.10.4 Method of Measurement 9-15
9.12.3.3 Erection of Concrete Face Panels 9-20
9.10.5 Basis of Payment 9-15
9.12.3.4 Backfill Placement 9-20
9.10.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-15 9.12.3.5 Trial Embankment 9-20
9.11 Barriers for Sand Dunes 9-15 9.12.4 Monitoring 9-21
9.12.4.1 General 9-21
9.11.1 Description 9-15
9.12.4.2 Selected Backfill 9-21
9.11.2 Materials 9-15
9.12.4.3 Settlements 9-21
9.11.2.1 Fences 9-15
9.12.4.4 Horizontal Displacements 9-21
9.11.2.2 Bituminous Materials 9-15
9.12.4.5 Durability 9-21
9.11.2.3 Vegetative Materials 9-15
9.12.4.6 Testing Frequency 9-21
9.11.2.4 Water 9-15
9.12.5 Method of Measurement 9-22
9.11.2.5 Blanket Covers 9-15
9.12.6 Basis of Payment 9-22
9.11.3 Construction Requirements 9-15
9.12.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-22
9.11.3.1 Fencing 9-15
Ref. Title Page No.
9.13 Coastal Protection 9-22
9.13.1 Description 9-22
9.13.2 Materials 9-23
9.13.2.1 Quarried Stone for Armour Layers and
Underlayers 9-23
9.13.2.2 Core Material 9-23
9.13.2.3 Filter Fabric – Geotextiles 9-24
9.13.3 Construction Requirements 9-24
9.13.3.1 General 9-24
9.13.3.2 Placement of Core Material 9-24
9.13.3.3 Placement of Armour and Underlayer
Stones 9-25
9.13.3.4 Surveying Technique 9-25
9.13.3.5 Storage, Handling, and Laying of
Geotextiles 9-25
9.13.4 Method of Measurement 9-26
9.13.4.1 Marine Works Generally 9-26
9.13.4.2 Underlayer, rock armour, quarry run and
bedding layer 9-26
9.13.4.3 Dredging for embedded toe protection 9-26
9.14.4.4 Fabrics and membranes ( Geotextile) 9-26
9.13.5 Basis of Payment 9-26
9.13.5.1 Marine Works Generally 9-26
9.13.5.2 Underlayer, rock armour, quarry run and
bedding layer 9-26
9.13.5.3 Dredging for embedded toe protection 9-26
9.13.5.4 Fabrics and membranes ( Geotextile) 9-26
9.13.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-26
9.1 Riprap
9.1.1 Description
1 The Sub-section describes requirements for
construction of loose or mortared riprap slope protection
and riprap Cut-off walls or watercourse channel protection.
9.1.2 Materials
1 Stone for loose and mortared riprap shall consist of
natural stones of broad flat shapes as far as practicable.
All stone shall be hard, sound, durable, and highly
resistant to weathering and shall be suitable as protection
material for the intended purpose.
2 Samples of the stone material proposed for use shall
be submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to its use
in the work.
3 The minimum apparent specific gravity of the stone
material shall be 2.5 and the maximum absorption shall be
6% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 85. The
stone shall have an abrasion loss not greater than 45%
when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 96.
4 The weight of individual stones for the various
classes of riprap shall be as follows:
% of Total
Weight
Weight of Stone (kilograms) Smaller than
Weight
Shown
Class
Class B Class C Class D
A recommended procedures, as approved by the Engineer.
50 200 1,000 5,000 95-100
20 100 400 2,000 50-100
5 20 100 500 0-50
1 5 20 100 0-10
Table 9.1.2.1: Classes of riprap stones and rocks
5 Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings or
directed by the Engineer, stones for loose and mortared
riprap shall conform to Class B gradation. Stones shall
generally weigh between 20 and 70 kg. with at least 60%
weighing more than 45 kg.. Nevertheless, any of the
classes shown in Table 9.1.2.1 above can be used for loose
riprap, as indicated on the drawings. For mortared riprap,
stones of classes A or B only can be used, as indicated on
the Drawings.
6 Mortar for mortared riprap shall consist of 1 part
Portland cement to 3 parts sand by volume. Water added
shall be the least amount which will yield a workable mix.
Sand and cement shall conform to the relevant
requirements of Sub-section 5.1. The 28 day compressive
strength of the mortar shall be not less than 15 MPa
measured in accordance with BS 1881, Part 108.
7 Filter material for use under loose or mortared riprap,
as shown on the Drawings shall comply with the
requirements of Sub-section 9.10 “Filter Layers”.
8 Expansion joint filler shall be rot-proof and of the
preformed, non-extruding, resilient type made with a
bituminous fiber and shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM Standard D1751, Specification for Preformed
Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and Structural
Construction.
9.1.3 Construction Requirements
1 The stones shall be wetted and hand-laid with the
flattest face uppermost and parallel to the prepared slope,
starting from the toe and progressing upwards. Stones
shall be arranged in close contact so as to minimize voids,
the largest being placed in the lower courses. Spaces
between large stones shall be filled with smaller stones of
suitable size. The surface of the riprap protection shall be
trimmed and prepared as shown on the Drawings.
2 The mortar bed shall be progressively spread ahead
of stone placing. Stones faces in contact with the mortar
shall be clean and free from any defects that will impair
the bond with the mortar. Stones shall be washed to
remove any dirt or dust immediately before applying
mortar. Mortar shall be spaded and rodded between the
stones until the voids are completely filled.
3 Expansion joints shall be constructed where the
riprap is placed against any structure, or where directed
by the Engineer. A 13 mm thick fiber joint filler (as
specified in Item 8 of Clause 9.1.2) shall be installed in
expansion joints. The fiber joint shall extend from the base
of the grout layer up to 13 mm below the grout surface. A
bond breaker, as approved by the Engineer, shall be
placed along the bottom of the 13 mm deep by 13 mm
wide notch, and the top shall be filled with flexible joint
sealant in accordance with the manufacturer's
4 The completed work shall be cured for at least 7 days
by a curing method approved by the Engineer. After the
expiry of this period, the exposed surfaces shall be cleared
of loose mortar and broken stone fragments.
5 Loose riprap stone shall be placed in the same
manner as for mortared riprap. The stones shall be
properly selected and placed so as to minimize voids
which shall be filled with pieces of the largest possible size.
6 After completion and approval of the loose riprap
placement, the surface voids of the riprap in the footing
trench and on the lower portions of the slope shall be
filled with excavated material, compacted to 95% max. dry
density and dressed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
7 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the
thickness of the loose or mortared riprap layer shall not be
less than 1.5 times the nominal stone size and is
commonly 1.8 - 2.0 times the nominal stone size.
8 Where shown on the Drawings, a filter layer (as
specified in Sub-section 9.10) or an approved construction
fabric shall be laid on the prepared surface to receive
loose riprap. Thickness of filter layer shall be as shown on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer. The slope shall
be prepared, trimmed and excavated to the surface
approved by the Engineer and as the cross sections and
levels shown on the Drawings. The filter material shall
♦ 9-1 ♦
then be laid and compacted to 95% max. dry density, to
the satisfaction of the Engineer.
9.1.4 Method of Measurement
1 Riprap work shall be measured by the cubic meter of
material placed in position. Measurement shall be based
on the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
2 Filter material shall be measured by square meter of
the thickness placed in position. Measurement shall be
based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
3 Filter membrane shall be measured in square meter
of the material placed in position. Measurement shall be
the area shown on the Drawings.
9.1.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be
full compensation for selection of materials and removal
of discarded material, slope preparation, excavation,
backfilling, placing, trimming, finishing and protection of
finished work and expansion joints and for materials,
transportation, hauling, labor, equipment, tools, supplies
and other items necessary for the proper completion of
the works.
9.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Loose stone riprap (class). (cu.m)
ii. Mortared stone riprap (class) (cu.m)
iii. Filter material (thickness) (sq.m)
iv. Filter membrane (sq.m)
9.2 Gabions
9.2.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for gabions
consisting of supplying, building and placing of stone-
filled galvanized steel wire mesh baskets (or other
approved types of heavy duty plastic mesh) as slope or
watercourse channel protection.
9.2.2 Materials
1 Gabion boxes shall be made of a hexagonal woven
mesh of double twisted hot-dip galvanized steel wire. The
nominal mesh size shall be 80mm x 100 mm. details of the
type of mesh proposed for use shall be submitted to the
Engineer for approval.
2 Wire used in the fabrication of the gabion shall be
mild steel to ASTM A390 Class 3 or to BS 1052 having an
average tensile strength, before coating of 380 to
500N/mm2. The core wire diameter shall be 3.00 mm
before galvanizing. Galvanizing shall comply with BS 443.
3 Non-metallic material for gabion boxes, such as
extruded polypropylene, may be proposed for the
♦ 9-2 ♦
Engineer’s approval. Samples and manufacturer’s
certificates shall accompany the proposal.
4 Gabion dimensions shall be as shown on the
Drawings. A tolerance of ±5% on width and height, and
±3% on length shall be allowed. Gabion shall have
diaphragms at 1m centers.
5 The edges of gabion panels shall be selvedged to
prevent unraveling of the mesh. Steel wire core used for
selvedges shall have a nominal diameter of not less than
3.5mm. Lacing wire shall have a nominal diameter of not
less than 2.2mm for the wire core. Wire for selvedges and
lacing shall otherwise comply with the same specification
for the wire used in the mesh.
6 Where shown on the Drawings wire shall be coated
with a minimum thickness of 0.55mm of dark green or
black PVC, or any other color to the approval of the
Engineer, which shall be capable of resisting the effects of
immersion in sea water and exposure to ultra violet light
and abrasion, when tested for a period not less than 3000
hours in accordance with ASTM Test G23.
7 Stones for gabion filling shall be hard, sound,
durable and highly resistant to erosion, to the approval of
the Engineer. The specific gravity of the stones shall be
not less than 2.5. The stone size distribution in each
individual box shall be as given in Table 9.2.2.1.
Size of stones (mm) % of total (by no.)
80-125 7% maximum
125-200 88% minimum
200-250 5% maximum
Table 9.2.2.1: Stones for Gabions
8 Mastic asphalt constituents shall be sand,
penetration grade bitumen and filler. The mastic shall
have the characteristics given in Table 9.2.2.2.
% of total (by
Constituents Material Type
mass)
Sand (5mm Natural sand or
55-72
nominal size) crushed rock
Bitumen 80-100 Pen 15-18
Portland
Filler cement or 13-16
hydrated lime
Table 9.2.2.2: Characteristics of Mastic Asphalt
Constituents
9 Sand-cement grout shall be composed of one part of
Portland cement and four parts of sand measured by
volume, mixed with sufficient water to a consistency so
that the grout can flow into and completely fill the voids.
9.2.3 Construction Requirements
1 Gabions shall be placed and built to the lines, levels
and patterns shown on the Drawings, on a prepared
horizontal foundation surface for gabion boxes and
mattresses and/or sloping foundation surface for gabion
mattresses, excavated as required, and compacted as
instructed by the Engineer.
2 Gabion cages shall be securely wired together at
corners and edges, and where there is more than one
course of gabions, the upper course cages shall be laced
to the lower course. Before filling, the cage shall be in its
permanent position and laced to adjoining previously
filled cages.
3 Non-metallic gabion cages of proprietary type shall
be constructed according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
4 Stones shall be packed by hand inside the cages as
tight as practicable with the minimum of voids. The wires
shall be fixed inside the compartments and the units
tensioned in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
5 The cages shall be overfilled with stones to allow for
subsequent settlement and the lid laced down with
binding wire to the top of each of the four sides and to the
top of the diaphragm panels.
6 Where shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall
grout gabions with hot poured mastic asphalt. The mastic
shall be mixed at a temperature of 160-200˚C and poured
to fill the voids between the stones for the depth shown.
The actual rate of application shall be as approved by the
Engineer during construction.
7 Where shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall
grout gabions with sand-cement grout. Immediately
before pouring the grout, the stones should be wetted by
sprinkling. The grout shall be poured to fill the voids
between the stones for the depth shown. The actual rate
of application shall be as approved by the Engineer during
construction. The grout shall be allowed to set and harden
before any stormwater is received. The grout shall be kept
moist with water for a period of not less than 72 hours.
9.2.4 Method of Measurement
1 Gabions shall be measured by the cubic meter of
installed gabion, based on the dimensions shown on the
Drawings. Rates shall be deemed to include for provision
and installing all materials, protection of finished work and
all preparatory work including excavation and preparation
of ground.
2 Where grouting is required, it shall be measured by
the cubic meter of sand-cement or of mastic asphalt
applied.
9.2.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid at the unit
rate for “Gabion” in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall
be full compensation for slope preparation, protection,
drainage, excavation, backfilling, and for materials, labor,
equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the work.
9.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Gabions (size). (cu.m)
ii. Mastic asphalt grout. (cu.m)
iii. Sand-cement grout. (cu.m)
9.3 Slope Netting
9.3.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
supplying and installing steel wire mesh netting as rock
slope protection.
9.3.2 Materials
1 Wire slope netting shall consist of a hexagonal
woven mesh of double twisted hot-dip galvanized steel
wire. The nominal mesh size shall be 80mm x 100mm.
2 All wires shall be mild steel conforming to BS 1052,
having a minimum nominal diameter of 2.7mm. The wire
shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with ASTM A
767, Class II (610g Zinc/sq.m., 2.0 oz. Zinc psf), after
fabrication and bending.
3 Spikes for wire slope netting attachment shall be as
shown on the Drawings and the steel shall comply with
the relevant requirements of Section 6.
9.3.3 Construction Requirements
1 The wire netting shall be securely anchored to the
rock face with the driven steel spikes spaced at an average
of not more than 5m vertically and horizontally around the
perimeter of each section.
2 For rock slope faces in excess of 5m high, the netting
shall be hung from hooked rock bolts installed
untensioned as specified in Sub-section 9.4 at spacing
between 5m and 10m horizontally and vertically.
3 The rock slope face shall be trimmed to the profile
shown on the Drawings and in accordance with the
relevant requirements of these specifications. The
proposed new section dimensions and fixing points shall
be submitted for prior approval by the Engineer. Intact
sound rock masses shall be selected for the bolts and
spikes positioning.
9.3.4 Method of Measurement
1 The approved wire netting slope protection work
shall be measured by the square meter of the area
installed. Preparation of the rock face and spikes and
fixation accessories shall not be separately measured, but
shall be deemed included in the rate for wire netting slope
protection.
9.3.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate for “Wire Slope Netting” in the Bill of Quantities
which rates shall be full compensation for slope and
♦ 9-3 ♦
foundation preparation, drilling, fixing and for materials,
labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items
necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Wire netting slope protection (sq.m)
9.4 Rock Bolts, Anchors and Sprayed
Concrete
9.4.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes stabilization of cut or
natural slopes in soil or rock by one or combination of the
following methods: rock bolting, rock anchoring and
grouting, shotcreting or guniting, and wire netting.
9.4.2 Materials
9.4.2.1 Cement Grout
1 Grout for use in rock bolting and rock anchors, shall
normally consist of a mixture of cement and water only.
Fine sand aggregate passing No. 16 sieve may be added, if
approved, for grouting of large holes, etc.
2 Admixtures and filler may be used only if approved
by the Engineer and shall be free from chlorides..
3 Cement, sand and water shall conform to the
requirements of Section 5. Sulfate resisting and rapid
hardening cements shall be used only if specified and
approved.
4 The compressive strength of 150 x 150 mm cubes
made of grout and measured in accordance with BS1881
shall not be less than 17 MPa. at 7 days. Cubes shall be
cured in a moist atmosphere for the first 24 hours and
subsequently under water.
5 Grout mixes shall have good fluidity and low
sedimentation or bleeding in the plastic state, good
durability and density with low shrinkage in the hardened
state, in order to bond with the side of boreholes and to
provide protection for bolts and anchors, etc. Mix
proportions shall be as specified for the various
applications of grout, and grouting trials shall be
undertaken as directed by the Engineer.
6 All materials shall be proportioned by weight.
9.4.2.2 Rock Bolts Generally
1 All bolts, required to provide support for excavated
or natural rock faces, shall be deformed high tensile steel
bars conforming to the relevant requirements of Sub-
section 5.2 "Reinforcing Steel" or other type in accordance
with Drawings.
2 Rock bolts can be continuously threaded or threaded
to allow extension to be fitted as required. One end of the
bolt shall be threaded for a tensioning locking nut,
sufficient to ensure that a 10 to 50mm thread length
extends beyond the locking nut. The thread on the bolt
shall be ISO metric coarse series to BS 4190. The washer
♦ 9-4 ♦
shall be flat mild steel plate 150 by 150 by 8mm thick with
free fit holes. Nuts shall conform to BS 490 and washers
shall conform to BS 4320.
3 Rock bolts may consist of tensioned or untensioned
dowel bars anchored by resin or grout or mechanically
anchored.
4 Protection of rock bolts against corrosion shall be as
shown on Drawings.
9.4.2.3 Resin-Anchored Rock Bolts
1 The point resin anchor shall be formed using a
cartridge system. The remaining length of the bolt shall be
grouted with cement if required by the Engineer. The
grout may be injected after the installation of the bolt and
anchor, or the resin and cement grout may be placed in
the hole and the bar pushed through the cement grout
into the resin.
2 If the Engineer so directs, rock bolts shall be de-
bonded along the length of bar which is not required for
anchorage purposes by means of a suitable plastic sheath
preventing the formation of a bond between the grout and
the bar.
3 If untensioned dowel bars are used, all voids shall be
completely filled with grout.
4 If resin-anchored rock bolts are used, the tests
specified in ASTM D4435 shall be carried out. The
Contractor shall ensure that the resin is not adversely
affected by the cement grout.
9.4.2.4 Mechanically Anchored Rock Bolts
1 These shall be of the expansion shell type and full
details of the type of bolt and anchorage to be used shall
be submitted for approval prior to installation. If approved,
mechanical anchorage bolts shall be used in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions as approved or
modified by the Engineer who may require mechanically
anchored rock bolts to be cement grouted.
9.4.2.5 Drain Holes
1 Drain holes shall be drilled into the rock slope to
relieve water pressure buildup in the rock slope. The drain
holes shall be lined with slotted PVC drain pipe and
plumbing systems shall be installed to direct water flows
away from the rock slope, as shown on the Drawings or as
directed by the Engineer.
9.4.2.6 Rock Anchors
1 Rock anchors required to provide support for
excavated or natural rock faces, and at tunnel portals, shall
consist of steel tendons in excess of 10 m in length and
shall conform to AASHTO M204: "Uncoated Stress
Relieved Wire for Pre-stressed Concrete".
2 Corrosion protection shall be as shown on the
Drawings.
9.4.2.7 Sprayed Concrete and Mortar 8 Prior to proceeding with the shotcreting works, the
Contractor shall prepare three test panels for approval,
1 Sprayed concrete (Shotcrete) shall be a mixture of
using the proposed materials, mix design and equipment.
water, cement, sand and aggregate, projected onto the
Each test panel shall be approximately 750mm square,
area of placement, without interruption, by means of a
using plywood or other similar material for the back form
purpose made machine. Sprayed concrete (Shotcrete)
against which the shotcrete is to be sprayed. The
with 28 day cube compressive strength of 25 MPa with an
thickness of sprayed material shall be a minimum of
aggregate smaller than 12.5 mm particle size shall be used.
75mm or the thickness that is to be used in the structure,
2 Sprayed mortar (Gunite) shall be a mixture of water, whichever is greater.
cement and sand projected onto the area of placement
9 After curing the test panels, cores shall be taken for
without interruption, by means of a purpose - made
compression testing at 7 and 28 days. The cores shall be
machine Sprayed mortar (Gunite) with 28 day cube
at least 75mm in diameter and shall be measured and
compressive strength of 25 MPa with sand of maximum
tested in accordance with AASHTO T 22. In addition to
particle size 7mm shall be used.
compression testing, the cores shall be carefully examined
3 Materials, equipment and application procedures visually for soundness or evidence of non-uniformity in
shall generally conform to the latest revision of ACI 506.2 - the consistency of the concrete or mortar.
"Specifications for Shotcreting" unless otherwise specified
hereunder. 9.4.2.8 Wire Netting
4 Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate 1 All wires shall be mild steel conforming to BS 1052,
and mixing water shall conform to the requirements of having a minimum nominal diameter of 2.7mm. The
Sub-section 5.1 - "Concrete Materials and Mixes”. The maximum mesh shall be 100mm x 80mm, the wire shall
mixture of coarse and fine aggregate for applications up to be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with ASTM A 767,
250 mm in thickness and applications exceeding 250 mm Class II (610g zinc/sq.m., 2.0 oz. zinc psf), after fabrication
in thickness shall conform to the following grading and bending.
requirements:
2 The hexagonal wire mesh netting shall be triple
Percent Passing By Weight twisted and suitably woven to produce a flexible uniform
net pattern, free of any damage. Both longitudinal sides
Standard Sieve Size Thickness of the netting sheets shall be edged with a wire of
Thickness up
exceeds 250 equivalent standard to that of the netting but greater in
to 250 mm diameter. The lacing-wire used for fixing adjacent netting
mm
sheets shall also be of equivalent standard.
12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 100
9.4.3 Construction Requirements
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100 90-100
9.4.3.1 General
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95-100 65-82
1 Before any of the works is commenced, the
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80-95 45-68 Contractor shall submit a detailed method statement to
the Engineer for his approval. The method statement shall
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45-80 30-53 include adequate details concerning the materials, work
procedures, means and methods and frequency of testing
0.600 mm (No. 30) 30-60 20-38 for grouts and anchors; intended by the Contractor, to
carry out the work and achieve the specified requirements.
0.300 mm (No. 50) 10-30 7-22
9.4.3.2 Rock Bolting Procedures
0.150 mm (No. 100) 2-10 2-10
1 After drilling holes of the required diameter and
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-3 0-3 depth, and after inspection and approval of the holes and
their locations, rock bolts shall be installed and anchored
Table 9.4.2.1: Gradation of Sprayed Concrete Combined
by one of the approved means as described below,
Aggregates depending upon the type of rock bolts being installed.
5 The Cement content per cu.m. of aggregate shall be 2 Grouting equipment shall be of a type capable of
not less than 375 kg.. producing a grout of colloidal consistency by means of
6 If approved by the Engineer, water-reducing, non- high local turbulence while imparting only a slow motion
chloride accelerator admixture, complying with ASTM to the body of the grout. The injection equipment shall be
C494, Type E, and containing not more than 0.1 percent capable of continuous operation with little variation of
chloride ions, may be used. pressure and shall include a system for re-circulating the
grout while actual grouting is not in progress.
7 Reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of
Sub-section 5.2 – “Reinforcing Steel”.

♦ 9-5 ♦
Compressed air shall only be used if approved.
Equipment shall have a delivery pressure not exceeding 1
MN/sq.m. All baffles to the pump shall be fitted with 1.2
mm sieve strainers. All equipment and piping shall be
thoroughly washed with clean water after every series of
operations and more frequently if directed. Intervals
between washings shall not exceed 3 hours.
3 Mixing of grout shall proceed by water being added
to the mixer first, followed by the cement. When these are
thoroughly mixed any admixture or sand shall be added.
Mixing shall continue for at least 2 minutes until a uniform
consistency is obtained. The water: cement ratio of the
mix shall not exceed 0.45 by weight. Mixing by hand will
not be permitted.
4 Grout shall be injected continuously and in such
manner as to avoid causing segregation of the grout. The
method of injection shall ensure complete filling of the
boreholes and complete immersion of the bolt in the grout.
The volume of the spaces to be filled by the injected grout
shall be compared with the quantity of grout injected.
Grout shall be allowed to flow from the free end of the
borehole until its consistency is equivalent to that of the
grout injected. The opening shall then be firmly closed.
Injection tubes shall be sealed off under pressure until the
grout has set.
5 Polyester resin gel and cure times shall be suited to
the working temperature and method of installation of the
bolt. The main resin and filler content shall be enclosed in
an outer sheath or skin and the catalyst shall be enclosed
in a separate container within the main sheath. The resin
and catalyst shall be mixed by rotating the bolt by means
of a power tool for such time and at such speed as will
ensure the thorough intermixing of the two constituents.
The viscosity of the resin shall be such that complete
disintegration of the resin sheath is achieved and the
pieces of sheath material do not have a detrimental effect
on the final strength of the anchorage.
6 Expansion shells for mechanical anchorage shall be
of an approved type and shall be installed in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions as approved or
modified by the Engineer. Where such bolts are used in
close proximity to a rock face where blasting is taking
place, the security of the anchorages shall be checked
after blasting and the bolts re-tightened or replaced, if
necessary in a new hole.
7 Each hole shall be drilled straight and each bar shall
lie centrally in the hole and not be in contact with the rock.
The diameter shall be 10 mm greater than the bolt
diameter if grouted with cement. For resin anchored bolts,
the hole size shall be determined according to the
anchorage or cartridge size and in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations. Allowance shall be
made for the hole size to be slightly greater than the bit
size. Tolerance on the diameter of hole shall be plus or
minus 2 mm. The hole shall be thoroughly flushed and
cleaned after drilling.
8 The rock surface around each hole shall be trimmed
flat in a plane normal to the axis of the rock bolt to ensure
♦ 9-6 ♦
an even bearing surface for the cover plate. Where this
procedure is not possible, a conical aligning seating shall
be used. Epoxy mortar packing between the bearing plate
and rock shall be used where directed.
9 Anchored rock bolts shall be tensioned by either
applying a specified torque to the nut or by using a
hydraulic jack. The Engineer shall instruct the Contractor
as to which method is to be used in particular cases.
10 Where the torque method of tensioning is used, the
required tension shall be agreed by the Engineer and tests
shall be carried out to establish the applied torque
required to achieve this load. Care shall be taken to
ensure that the threads on the bar and nut are clean and
free from obstructions.
11 Where tension is to be applied by hydraulic jack, the
Engineer may require tests to establish the jack gauge
calibration. In calculating the initial load to be applied,
loss of tension due to the transfer of load to the locking
nut and washer shall be allowed for.
12 Permanent load measuring instruments shall be
incorporated in selected rock bolts as directed and the
tension in these bolts shall be monitored. Monitoring
shall be carried out at hourly intervals for the first 4 hours,
then at 4-hour intervals up to the first 24 hours, then at
daily intervals up to 20 days after tensioning or at such
other times as may be directed.
13 Where the Engineer directs that the lengths or part of
the length of a rock bolt shall be de-bonded from the
surrounding grout, this de-bonding shall be achieved by
means of a plastic sheath closely fitting around the steel
bolt.
14 All relevant data shall be recorded and presented in
an approved form. If the Engineer is not satisfied that the
anchorage of the bolt is adequate, the Contractor shall
take approved remedial measures to ensure adequate
anchorage.
9.4.3.3 Pull Out Tests for Anchored Bolts
1 Before commencement of any work requiring rock
bolts, pull out trials shall be carried out to measure the
ultimate load carrying capacity of all types of bolts to be
used. Pull out tests shall be carried out according to ASTM
Standard method D4435 or BS equivalent.
2 Trials shall be carried out in rock of a similar nature
to that in which the rock bolts will be used. The
deformation of rock bolts and the load shall be continually
monitored until failure. A minimum of 4 tests on each
type of bolt to be used shall be performed. Details of
proposed procedures shall be submitted for approval
before commencement of the trials. The anchorage must
be capable of carrying twice the specified working load.
3 These tests will be used to assess the suitability of
proposed anchorage systems in the particular location
where the bolts are to be used. Where rock conditions
change, such that anchorage characteristics are affected,
further trials shall be carried out as directed.
4 During construction approximately 5% of all bolt
types shall be tested to twice the specified working load. If
significant failures are obtained in the tests results, the
Contractor shall carry out further tests and shall take
approved remedial measures as directed by the Engineer.
5 A protective barrier (wire netting) shall be erected
around the testing equipment to protect and safeguard
against any injury to any personnel involved in the testing
works and any other measures as deemed necessary by
the Engineer.
9.4.3.4 Pull Out Tests for Untensioned Bolts
1 The efficiency of grouting shall be checked by pulling
out the bolts (according to ASTM D4435) after such time
as will ensure that the cement grout or mortar remains
bonded to the bolt when the bolt is withdrawn from its
hole. A total of 10% of all untensioned bolts shall be
tested in this way. The grouted boreholes shall then be
cleaned out and bolts free from hardened grout reinstalled
to the Engineer's satisfaction.
2 If, in the Engineer's opinion, an unacceptably high
percentage of the initial 10% selection of bolts is not fully
grouted along their length, the Engineer will require
further tests to be carried out.
9.4.3.5 Rock Anchoring Procedures
1 Care shall be taken to avoid mechanically damaging,
work hardening or heating tendons while handling. All
tendons shall be stored clear of the ground and protected
from the weather, from any other materials and from
splashes from the cutting operation of an oxy-acetylene
torch, or arc-welding processes in the vicinity. In no
circumstances shall tendons be subjected to any welding
operation, or on-site heat treatment or metallic coating
such as galvanizing.
2 When tendons have been stored on site for a
prolonged period, the Engineer may require tests to show
that the quality of the tendons has not been significantly
impaired by corrosion, stress-corrosion, loss of cross-
sectional area or changes in any other mechanical
characteristics.
3 All tendons shall be free from loose mill scale, loose
rust, oil, paint, grease, soap or other lubricants, or other
harmful matter at the time of incorporation in the rock
anchor. Cleaning of tendons shall be carried out either by
wire brushing or by passing through a pressure box
containing carborundum powder. Solvent solutions shall
not be used for cleaning without approval.
4 Low relaxation and normal relaxation wire shall be in
sufficiently large diameter coils to ensure that the wire
pays off straight. In cases where, in the opinion of the
Engineer, straight as-drawn wire is not essential, wire in
small diameter coils corresponding to the diameter of the
blocks in the drawing machine may be used.
5 Pre-stressing strand, however manufactured, shall be
in sufficiently large diameter coils to ensure that the
strand pays off straight.
6 Pre-stressing bars as delivered shall be straight. Any
small adjustments for straightness necessary on Site shall
be made by hand under the supervision of the Engineer.
Bars bent in the threaded portion will be rejected. Any
straightening of bars shall be carried out cold.
7 All cutting to length and trimming of ends shall be by
high speed abrasive cutting wheel, friction saw or any
other mechanical method approved by the Engineer. In
rock anchor systems, the cutting action shall be not less
than one diameter from the anchor, and the heating effect
on the tendon shall be kept to a minimum.
8 The tendon or tendons shall be accurately located
and maintained in position. Spacers are to be used to
keep the tendons in their correct position in the borehole.
9 The tendon or tendons shall terminate at the back of
the hole in the rock secured in a ribbed steel cylindrical
anchorage block or be grouted into place over the
'anchorage length' defined for the working load required.
The end of the borehole shall be filled with a polyester
resin or cement mortar. The length of anchorage shall be
sufficient to take the load on the tendons with a safety
factor of 2. The remaining length of tendon, (the free
length) shall be encased in a corrosion-protected grease-
packed, plastic de-bonding sheet.
9.4.3.6 Tensioning Tendons
1 All wires or strands stressed in one operation shall
be taken, where possible, from the same parcel. Each
cable shall be tagged with its number and the coil number
or numbers of the steel used. Cables shall not be kinked
or twisted, and individual wires and strands shall be
readily identifiable at the end of the member. No strand
that becomes unraveled shall be used.
2 A tendon when tensioned contains a considerable
amount of stored energy, which, in the event of any failure
of the tendon, anchorage or jack, may be released
violently. The Contractor shall ensure that adequate
precautions are taken during and after tensioning to
safeguard persons from injury and equipment from
damage which may be caused by the sudden release of
this energy.
3 Hydraulic jacks shall be used for tensioning tendons.
The tensioning apparatus shall meet the following general
requirements:
i. The means of attachment of the tendon to the
jack shall be safe and secure.
ii. Where two or more wires or strands are
stressed simultaneously, care shall be taken
that they are of approximately equal lengths
between anchorage points at the datum of load
and extension measurement. The degree of
variation shall be small compared with the
expected extension.
iii. Tensioning shall be such that a controlled total
force is imposed gradually and no dangerous
secondary stresses are induced in the tendons,
anchorage or concrete.
♦ 9-7 ♦
 iv. The force in the tendons during tensioning
shall be measured by direct reading load cells
or obtained indirectly from gauges fitted in the
hydraulic system to determine the pressure in
the jacks. Facilities shall be provided for the
measurement of the extension of the tendon
and of any movement of the tendon in the
gripping devices. The load-measuring device
shall be calibrated to an accuracy within plus
or minus 2% and checked at frequent intervals
agreed with the Engineer. Elongation of the
tendon shall be measured to an accuracy
within 22% or 2 mm, whichever is more
accurate.
v. Complete records shall be kept of all tensioning
operations, including the measured extensions,
pressure-gauge, or load-cell readings and the
amount of pull-in at each anchorage.
vi. Anchorage of the tendons at the rock face end
of the borehole shall conform to BS 4447.
vii. The form of anchorage system shall facilitate
the even distribution of stress in the concrete
bearing pad.
viii. Split wedge and barrel-type anchors shall be of
such material and construction that, under the
loads imposed during the tensioning operation,
the strain in the barrel will not allow such
movement of the wedges to reach the limit of
their travel before causing sufficient lateral
force to grip the tendon, or before the limit of
travel of the wedges causes an excessive force
in the tendon.
ix. If proprietary forms of anchorage are used, the
anchoring procedure shall be in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions and
recommendations and as approved by the
Engineer.
x. All bearing surfaces of the anchorages of
whatever form shall be clean prior to the
tensioning operation.
xi. Any allowance for draw-in of the tendon during
anchoring shall be in accordance with the
Engineer's instructions and the actual slip
occurring shall be recorded for each individual
anchorage.
xii. After tendons have been anchored, the force
exerted by the tensioning apparatus shall be
decreased gradually and steadily so as to avoid
shock to the tendon or the anchorage.
xiii. Provision shall be made for the protection of
anchorages against corrosion.
9.4.3.7 Grouting for Rock Anchors
1 The space in the borehole around the tendons shall
be grouted with a cement grout such that the void shall be
completely filled.
2 Grouting shall be carried out as soon as practicable
after the tendons have been stressed.
♦ 9-8 ♦
3 Grouting procedures, injection of grout and strength
of grout shall be as specified for rock bolting.
9.4.3.8 Testing of Rock Anchors
1 Before commencement of any part of the permanent
anchorage works, two trial anchors shall be installed and
tested to ensure that they can carry the specified load with
a safety factor of 2. Anchor pull tests shall be performed
according to ASTM D4435 Standard method or BS
equivalent
2 Load/elongation curves shall be plotted and
interpreted by the Contractor and presented with all
relevant data in a form approved by the Engineer.
3 If either of the trial tests shows that the anchor has a
safety factor of less than 2, then the anchorage length and
formation shall be modified and two further tests shall be
carried out.
9.4.3.9 Application of Sprayed Concrete and Mortar
1 Carry out shotcreting in a sequence and according to
a program to be approved by the Engineer
2 Provide good lighting, rigid and sufficiently wide
working platforms in area where shotcreting is taking
place
3 Protect properly surfaces which are not to be coated
and keep them free from sprayed concrete.
4 Clean and wet all surfaces thoroughly with a strong
blast of air and water, immediately prior to the application
of sprayed concrete.
5 Safety: if the exposed rock profile is considered by
the Engineer to be unsafe, then ensure that the personnel
manning the sprayed concrete operation are protected
from falling rock. In this respect the Contractor is advised
to consider the use of a remote controlled-sprayed
concrete machine.
6 Control the thickness and the alignment of the
sprayed material by either guide wires, mortar spotting or
plastic studs, to indicate depth. Drill through the concrete
lining to establish the thickness of the lining at points
selected by the Engineer. Build up each layer of sprayed
concrete or mortar by making several passes of the nozzle
over the working area. Project the sprayed concrete or
mortar from the nozzle in a steady uninterrupted flow.
Should the flow become intermittent for any reason, the
nozzle man shall direct it away from the work until it again
becomes constant.
7 Layer thickness is governed mainly by the
requirement that the concrete or mortar should not sag.
Where thick layers are applied it is important that the top
surface be maintained at approximately a 45 degree slope.
The minimum allowable thickness of layer according to
the American Shotcrete Association ASA
recommendations is 25mm. There is no stated maximum
thickness for shotcrete layer.
8 Where necessary a layer of sprayed concrete or
mortar may be covered by succeeding layers, but it shall
first be allowed to take its initial set. All laitance, loose
material and rebound must first be removed. Remove any
laitance, which has taken final set by grit blasting. Finally
clean and wet the surface using adequate blast of air and
water. The time between applications of successive layer
shall not exceed 24 hours. A longer break may be
accepted if it can be shown by tests that sufficient bond
can be achieved
9 Under no circumstances shall rebound material be
worked back into the construction. Keep the work
continually free of rebounded material, by use of a high
pressure air jet or any other necessary means.
10 The distance of the nozzle from the work shall be
between 600mm and 1000mm. It shall be, as a general
rule, aimed perpendicular to the application surface.
Commence application for vertical or near vertical
surfaces, at the bottom. Embed completely the
reinforcement, at least, in the first layer.
11 Provide suitable screening of the nozzle and the
application surface during windy and draughty conditions.
12 Keep the spraying equipment in good condition by
cleaning frequently. This shall be done at least once per
shift. The spraying nozzle shall be in such condition that
an even and continuous flow of material is obtained.
Change nozzle cover as soon as excessive wear is found in
the cover. The arrangement for the addition of water at
the nozzle must give a uniform wetting of the material. If
the dry mix process is used, add liquid admixtures, if
approved, with the mixing water at the nozzle. If dry
admixture is used, add it into the dry mix at the latest
possible time. In either case, employ accurately calibrated
and adjustable mechanical means to dispense the
admixture in the correct approved proportions.
13 The capacity of the compressor plant and water
supply shall be large enough to ensure a constant and
sufficiently high pressure. The water pressure should be
somewhat higher than the air pressure. Manometers
should be provided to measure the air and water pressure.
14 Damp cure sprayed concrete or mortar for at least 7
days.
15 Make the profile of the finished surface even. Fill any
area of excessive overbreak with sprayed concrete, or
other approved cavity filler, to bring the finished surface
level with the general profile of the surrounding finished
sprayed concrete or mortar.
16 Sprayed concrete or mortar surfaces shall not be
trowelled, screeded or disturbed in any way unless
specified otherwise.
17 Construction joints shall be tapered to a thin edge
over a width of approximately 300mm, unless specifically
instructed by the Engineer. No square joints are allowed.
Clean and wet the entire joint thoroughly prior to the
placement of adjacent sprayed material.
18 Testing of sprayed concrete: During the work, three
test panels as described for preliminary testing (under
Paragraph 9.4.2.7) shall be made on a daily basis and shall
represent each application crew, change in mix design, or
change in procedure. After curing along with and in the
same manner as the structure, the panels shall be cored in
the same manner as described for preliminary testing and
shall be tested in accordance with AASHTO T 22. Should
cores from any of the test panels fail to meet strength
requirements, the materials in the structure itself shall be
cored, taking at least 4 cores for each 100 sq.m.
represented by the failed test panel. If the average
strength of these cores meets strength requirements and
no single core is less than 75% of design strength, the
materials shall be accepted; otherwise the materials in the
structure shall be cut out and replaced.
19 Cut and replace any work which is not accepted by
the Engineer
9.4.3.10 Reinforcement Mesh
1 The reinforcing mesh shall be made up from 5mm
diameter steel bars. Weld the bars to form a 150mm
square grid and fix it firmly to the rock by an approved
means such that it is rigidly held during the subsequent
application of sprayed concrete. Ties, anchors and
supports shall be of a material approved by the Engineer.
2 Avoid spraying through the reinforcement as the
reinforcement can make hollows and arching effect, which
hinder the production of a homogeneous concrete layer.
Fix reinforcement as late as possible. If a number of
reinforcement layers are used then they shall be fixed and
concreted one at a time. When shooting through bars is
unavoidable, hold the nozzle closer than usual and at a
slight angle in order to permit better encasement, and
facilitate the removal of rebound. Clean reinforcement of
any previously deposited rebound material which may
prevent a proper bond.
3 The method of fixing shall be such that sprayed
concrete can be compacted soundly behind the
reinforcement at all points.
4 The minimum cover of mesh reinforcement to the
rock surface is to be 25mm. The minimum cover to mesh
reinforcement from the required finished surface of the
sprayed concrete is to be 20mm.
9.4.3.11 Paint
1 Wherever shown on the Drawings, sprayed concrete
shall be painted with the indicated material type and color,
to the Engineer’s approval.
9.4.3.12 Wire Netting
1 Wire netting is to be used to secure loose rock on the
cut slopes it may be used in conjunction with rock bolts
and sprayed concrete. The netting is to be secured to the
rock face in a manner approved by the Engineer.
♦ 9-9 ♦
9.4.4 Method of Measurement
1 Rock bolts shall be measured by lin.m. of each
category installed, including borehole drilling, grouting
and de-bonding if required..
2 Rock anchors shall be measured by lin.m. of each
specified capacity installed including borehole drilling,
tensioning, securing and grouting.
3 Drilling boreholes, de-bonding of rock bolts, trial
bolts and trial rock anchors, testing and monitoring of rock
bolts and rock anchors, grouting of rock bolts and rock
anchors, and other ancillary items and work shall not be
measured separately for direct payment, but shall be
considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be
deemed to be included in the rates for rock bolts and
anchors.
4 Shotcrete (concrete) or gunite (mortar) shall be
measured by the cubic meter, applied, The area and
thickness shall be computed from the Drawings unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer. The rates shall be
deemed to include for all ancillary work, including
preparation of rock surfaces, provision and maintenance
of spraying equipment, finishing and protection of
surfaces and all tests.
5 Reinforcing mesh shall be measured by the sq.m of
net area, installed, based on the Drawings unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer. Rates are deemed to
include for all fixings and laps at joints in the mesh
6 Painting of the shotcrete (if required) shall be
measured by the sq.m. of area painted, based on the
Drawings unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. Rates
shall include for all primers and preparatory work.
7 Wire netting shall be measured by the sq.m. of net
area , installed, based on the Drawings unless otherwise
directed by the Engineer. Rates are deemed to include for
all fixings and laps at joints..
9.4.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rates for the various items stated in the Bill of Quantities
which rates shall be full compensation for slope and
foundation preparation, drilling, fixing and for materials,
labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items
necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Rock Bolts (lin.m)
ii. Rock Anchors (lin.m)
iii. Shotcrete (cu.m)
iv. Gunite (cu.m)
v. Wire Netting for Shotcrete (sq.m)
vi. Reinforcing Mesh (sq.m)
vii. Painting (sq.m)
♦ 9-10 ♦
9.5 Rock Grouting
9.5.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes installation, drilling and
grouting rock as slope stabilization.
9.5.2 Materials
1 Grout shall consist of a mixture of cement and water.
For grouting of large holes fine sand aggregate passing
1.18mm AASHTO standard sieve may be added if
approved by the Engineer. Chemical admixture and filler
may only be used with prior approval of the Engineer.
2 The compressive strength of the grout measured in
accordance with BS 1881 shall exceed 15 MPa at 7 days.
3 Grout mixes shall have the minimum cement content
consistent with the required workability. The grout shall
not be subject to bleeding in excess of 2% after 3 hours,
nor 4% maximum, when measured at 18˚C in a covered
cylinder approximately 100 mm diameter with a height of
grout of approximately 100 mm, and the water shall be
reabsorbed by the grout during the 24 hours after mixing.
9.5.3 Construction Requirements
1 Rock grouting is the injection under pressure of grout
to consolidate areas of fractured rock. Grouting shall
normally proceed from the bottom of the rock slope
upwards.
2 Details of methods to be adopted and materials to be
used, sequence, spacing, diameter and depth of holes to
be adopted shall be submitted to the Engineer for prior
approval before proceeding with any pressure grouting.
Grouting work shall be under the direct control of skilled
and experienced operatives.
3 The rock slope shall be trimmed and prepared as
specified in Section 2, Paragraph 2.3.3.6 before grouting is
begun.
4 Clean water shall be used as the flushing medium for
drilling, with flows not less than 15 l/minute.
5 The Contractor shall ensure that, at all times,
grouting work is under the direct control of skilled and
experienced operatives. The Engineer may vary the
methods, materials and grouting pressures if, in his
opinion, the conditions dictate a change of technique. All
holes to be grouted shall be numbered, as directed and
grouting operations shall take place in the following order:
i. Drilling of holes
ii. Washing of holes
iii. Water testing
iv. Pressure grouting
6 The hole spacing shall normally be 1.6m to 5.0m with
additional holes as required to intersect individual weaker
areas. Hole depth shall be limited to the range 3-10m and
hole diameter shall be within the range 38-78mm, drilled
with either rotary or rotary-percussive drilling equipment.
Water or air flush may be used unless otherwise directed
by the Engineer.
7 Holes shall be jetted using a water flow, under such
pressure as may be directed. The injection of water shall
be followed by injection of air under pressure, these
operations alternating until air bubbles appear at an
adjacent hole. All other holes shall be capped and water
forced under pressure into the first hole, until unwanted
material from fissures washes out from the uncapped hole.
This process shall continue until no more fine material is
removed, or until directed. The outlet hole shall then be
capped and the other holes opened. The sequence shall
be repeated until connections between all holes have been
established and all fine material removed. After washing,
all holes shall be capped.
8 Holes shall be water tested in stages or as the
Engineer may require. For stage testing, a twin packer
and nozzle pipe system shall be used. Water testing
equipment shall be capable of ensuring steady pressures
and a delivery of water of 100 l/min at the required
pressure. The equipment shall include all necessary tanks,
gauges and water meters. Water shall be pumped at the
proposed grouting pressure into the hole to be tested and
the flow measured for 5 or 10 minutes as directed. The
Contractor shall keep a record of the water flow expressed
in l/min for each stage tested. Additional testing may be
required as the grouting operation proceeds.
9 All grout mixes shall be prepared using high speed,
high shearing action mixers to ensure uniform consistency.
When storing mixed grout for short periods, prior to
pumping, only purpose made agitator tanks shall be used.
Where clay or bentonite are incorporated in the grout,
separate mixing tanks shall be provided in which the
bentonite-water mix can be prepared and kept agitated
until required.
10 Ram type pressure pumps shall be used for grouting.
Precise control of pump pressure and delivery over the
whole range of pressures and volumes are required.
Valves shall be readily accessible for ease of maintenance.
All hoses and piping should be of small diameter to
ensure high velocity flow without segregation. Injection
may be carried out by either the single line or circulating
system. Each borehole shall be provided with a short
standpipe threaded at its outer end to accept a manifold
with a pressure gauge, relief valve and valve enabling
delivery from the pump to be cut off from the hole.
Pressure gauges shall also be provided at pumps.
11 Once grouting has commenced, it shall be continued
without interruption until completion. Grouting shall
commence with a mix of 8:1 water: solids ratio. The mix
shall be thickened progressively until pressure begins to
build up. If pressure build up occurs too quickly, the mix
may be thinned again. The final injection shall use a 1.5:1
water: solids mix. If no pressure build up occurs with a
1.5:1 mix, sand may be mixed with the grout, provided
that the sand: cement ratio does not exceed 2:1 by weight.
When the desired pumping pressure is achieved, with
extremely low grout flows, final injection shall take place
with a neat 1:1 water: solids mix
12 Grouting can be considered complete when the
absorption of grout at the required pressure is less than 2 l
per min over a period of 10 minutes.
13 Grouting shall proceed with caution until experience
of the ground conditions has been gained. Thereafter, if
conditions allow, injection shall proceed at high pressure
to achieve maximum flow from the start of injection.
Grout pressure, as measured at the mouth of the hole,
shall correspond to 0.4 bar/ per meter depth of hole for
those areas where the strata to be treated have no
structures in the vicinity. In the vicinity of structures the
pressure shall be 0.25 bar per meter depth. Uplift gages
shall be installed and continuously monitored as grouting
proceeds.
14 If the required grouting pressure is not attained using
a sand-cement mix, grouting shall be suspended and the
hole washed. After several hours, grouting may proceed
again using the sand-cement mix until the desired
pressure is achieved. Should there be any grout leakage
between two holes occurs, both holes shall be grouted
concurrently or the initial hole grouted whilst the second
hole is capped. When injection is interrupted before it is
complete, the hole shall be washed using not less than
500 liters of clean water.
15 After grout consumption has reached the limits
previously specified, the Engineer will require additional
holes to be core drilled. The diameter of the retrieved
grouted rock cores shall not be less than 50 mm. Three
representative samples for each 3 m of core shall be taken
and unconfined compression tests shall be carried out on
each core sample. The mean strength of each group of
cores shall not be less than 3 MN/sq.m. If this value is not
reached then additional grouting of the rock shall be
performed until further tests indicate that the strength of
grouted rock cores achieves 3 MN/sq.m. For every 8
treatment holes or at the Engineer's discretion, at least
one hole shall be cored and the cores tested as outlined
above. In the core drilled hole the Engineer may require a
water test to be carried out.
16 Complete details of drilling, water testing and
grouting operations including pressures, mixes and grout
takes, shall be recorded on daily progress sheets. A
graphical record of such results shall be compiled and
copies of all progress sheets and records shall be
submitted promptly for approval.
9.5.4 Method of Measurement
1 Rock grouting shall be measured by the volume of
grout used and the linear meter of rock drilling carried out
at the diameter required. Measurement shall be based on
the actual quantities of grout material used and boreholes
drilled, as approved by the Engineer. The rates shall be
deemed to include for water jetting of rock faces and
boreholes, and any other ancillary work.
♦ 9-11 ♦
9.5.5 Basis of Payment 7 Concrete shall be cured using water curing with wet
burlap for 7 days. Curing compound can be used in
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
urgent conditions only, to the approval of the Engineer.
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate in the Bill of Quantities for ‘Rock Grouting’, which rate
9.6.4 Method of Measurement
shall be full compensation for drilling, pumping, testing,
and materials, labor, equipment, tools supplies and other 1 Reinforced concrete slope protection shall be measured
items necessary for the proper completion of the work. by cu.m. Measurement shall be based on the area and
thickness shown on the Drawings.
9.5.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
9.6.5 Basis of Payment
i. Drillholes for grouting rock (dia) (lin.m)
ii. Rock grout (cu.m) 1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
9.6 Reinforced Concrete Slope rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be
full compensation for slope preparation, excavation,
Protection backfilling, supply, mixing, testing, laying, finishing,
curing, protection of concrete, provision and fixing of
9.6.1 Description reinforcement, and for materials, transportation, hauling,
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items
construction of reinforced concrete slope protection. necessary for the proper completion of the works.

9.6.2 Materials 9.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

9.6.2.1 Concrete i. Reinforced concrete slope protection (cu.m)

1 Concrete for reinforced concrete slope protection 9.7 Sacked Concrete Revetment
shall be Class 25 as specified in Sub-section 5.1 and
Clause 5.1.3. The slump limits shall comply with the
9.7.1 Description
requirements stipulated in Sub-section 5.7, Paragraph
5.7.2.7. 1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
construction of sacked concrete revetments at
9.6.2.2 Reinforcement embankment slopes, bridge abutments and similar
1 Reinforcement for reinforced concrete slope locations.
protection and elsewhere if required, shall conform to the
relevant requirements of Sub-section 5.2 - “Reinforcing 9.7.2 Materials
Steel ".
9.7.2.1 Sacks

9.6.3 Construction Requirements 1 Sacks for sacked concrete revetments shall be made
from burlap of minimum 200 gm per sq.m. . Sack
1 Reinforced concrete slope protection shall be
dimensions shall be approximately 0.6 m by 0.9 m
constructed at the locations shown on the Drawings.
measured when empty. Relatively clean reclaimed sacks
Placing, finishing and curing of concrete shall conform to
may be used if approved.
all relevant requirements of Section 5, except that only
hand finishing methods will be required.
9.7.2.2 Concrete
2 After the slopes have been properly trimmed and
prepared according to the Drawings, and before laying 1 Concrete for sacked concrete revetments shall be
concrete , the Contractor shall furnish screed rails or other Class 15 as specified in Sub-section 5.1.
grade-indicating devices to control the minimum depth of
concrete and uniformity of the top surface. 9.7.3 Construction Requirements
4 Reinforcing steel shall be cut and fixed in accordance 1 The sacks shall be filled with concrete loosely
with the requirements of Sub-section 5.2. (uncompacted) placed so as to leave room for tying and
5 Joints shall be laid out or referenced accurately. sewing. Approximately 0.035 cu.m. of concrete shall be
Construction joints shall be placed at designated placed in each sack. The sacks shall be closed by sewing,
contraction joints where possible. or at expansion joints if tied with strong twine. Immediately after closing, the
the construction joint falls within 5 m from a free edge or sacks shall be placed and trampled lightly to cause them
expansion joint. Joints for poured joint filler may be
formed in place or sawn in the fresh concrete.
6 Surface finish shall be either a uniform floated or
broomed finish, as directed by the Engineer..

♦ 9-12 ♦
to conform to the earth surface and the adjacent sacks
already in place.
2 After the slopes have been properly prepared and
approved, the sacked concrete elements shall be placed.
The sacks shall be laid in accordance with the details
shown on the Drawings. All dirt and debris shall be
removed from the top of the sacks before the next course
is laid. Sacks shall be placed so that the tied ends will not
be adjacent to one another. Not more than 6 courses of
sacks shall be placed in any tier until initial set in the first
course of any such tier has taken place.
3 Care shall be taken in placing and shaping the sacks
so that the minimum dimensions shown on the Drawings
are obtained, and the finished sacked concrete revetment
has minimum voids.
9.7.4 Method of Measurement
1 Sacked concrete revetment shall be measured by
cu.m. of concrete filled sacks , installed. Measurement
shall be based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
9.7.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be
full compensation for slope preparation, excavation,
backfilling, and for materials, transportation, labor,
equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the works.
9.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Sacked concrete revetment (cu.m)
9.8 Paving Tile Slope Protection
9.8.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for paving
tiles, laid as protection to embankments, bridge
abutments and similar locations.
9.8.2 Materials
1 Precast paving tiles (slabs) used for slope protection
shall be manufactured as specified in Section 12.
2 Preformed joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 33:
"Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete". Hot-
poured joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 282: "Joint
Sealants, Hot Poured, Elastomeric Type, for Portland
Cement Concrete Pavements".
9.8.3 Construction Requirements
1 Embankment slopes where precast tiles are to be laid
shall first be rolled. Close to any structures, to prevent
possible damage, a hand rammer shall be used; otherwise
use of a mechanical roller shall be permitted.
2 Embankment slopes at bridge abutments and
elsewhere as shown on the Drawings shall be trimmed to
proper line and grade. A blinding layer of Class 15
concrete, as specified in Sub-section 5.1, shall be placed
over the full area of surface to be paved, to a minimum
depth of 50 mm. Precast tiles shall then be laid to the
lines and levels shown on the Drawings, on a bedding of
20 mm thick, 1:3 cement: sand mortar and joints shall be
properly aligned and finished, all as specified in Section 12.
9.8.4 Method of Measurement
1 Paving tile slope protection shall be measured by
sq.m. of tiles, laid, including all necessary base course,
bedding, blinding and joint filling. Measurement shall be
based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
9.8.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be
full compensation for slope preparation, excavation,
backfilling, and for materials, transportation, labor,
equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the works.
9.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Paving Tile Slope Protection (sq.m)
9.9 Ditch Lining
9.9.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for stone,
concrete and concrete paving slabs laid as linings to
ditches and water courses.
9.9.2 Materials
1 Paving slabs for channel and ditch lining shall be
Class 25 concrete fabricated in accordance with the
relevant requirements of Sub-section 5.1 and to the
dimensions shown on the Drawings.
2 Stone for ditch lining and wash checks shall be as
specified for riprap in Sub-section 9.1.
3 Grout for ditch lining and wash checks shall consist
of 1:3 cement:sand mortar, by volume.
4 In situ concrete for ditch lining and wash checks shall
be Class 25, as specified in Section 5.
9.9.3 Construction Requirements
9.9.3.1 General
1 Ditch and watercourse channel sides shall be
trimmed to profiles as shown on the Drawings.
♦ 9-13 ♦
9.9.3.2 Precast Slabs shall have a loss on abrasion value of no more than 40%
measured by AASHTO T 96.
1 Precast concrete slabs shall be laid to the lines and
levels shown on the Drawings, on a bedding of 20mm 2 Filter material particle size distribution shall be as
thick 1:3 cement:sand mortar. Joints shall be 10mm wide given in Table 9.10.2.1.
and filled with 1:3 cement:sand mortar. Joints shall be
AASHTO Sieve % passing (by mass)
cured by an approved method for at least 4 days.
50 mm 100
9.9.3.3 Stone Ditch Lining and Wash Checks
37.5 mm 95 - 100
1 Ditch lining and wash check stones shall be placed
with ends and sides abutting and the joints between each 19 mm 50 - 100
row breaking with the joints in the preceding row. The 9.5 mm 15 - 55
larger spaces between stones shall be filled with
4.75 mm 0 - 25
fragments. The stones shall be rammed and compacted.
2.36 mm 0 - 10
2 After the stone surface has been approved the spaces
between stones shall be completely filled with grout, 75 μm 0-5
brushed or broomed into the spaces. The grout shall be Table 9.10.2.1: Filter Material Gradation
cured as specified in Sub-section 9.1.
3 Filter membrane shall be a thermally bonded non-
9.9.4 Method of Measurement woven fabric produced from continuous filament synthetic
fibers. The hydraulic properties shall allow water passage
1 The approved ditch lining works shall be measured of 50-100 l per sq.m.per sec under a 100mm head. The
by the square meter of lining of paving slabs or wash pore size distribution shall be 50% not greater than 70 μm.
checks installed. Measurement of slabs or wash checks
4 The mechanical properties of the membrane fabric
shall be made perpendicular to the ditch centerline along
(that will have a minimum thickness of 1.0mm) shall be as
the top surface at the upstream edge of each wash check.
given in Table 9.10.2.2.
Blinding and bedding will not be separately measured, but
shall be deemed included with the rate for ditch lining. Allowable
Property Test Method
Value
9.9.5 Basis of Payment
Grab Strength 82Kg. ASTM D 4632
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit Seam Strength 73Kg. ASTM D 4632
rate for ‘Ditch Lining’ in the Bill of Quantities, which rate Puncture Strength 36Kg. ASTM D 751
shall be full compensation for slope preparation, laying, 2
Burst Strength 2N/mm ASTM D 3766
grouting, blinding, bedding, and for materials, labor,
equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for Trapezoid Tear 23 Kg. ASTM D 4533
the proper completion of the work.
Apparent Opening Size ASTM D 4571

9.9.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 1. Soil with 50% or less

particles by mass <0.6mm
i. Paving slab protection and ditch
lining (type, thickness) (sq.m) passing 75 μm sieve
ii. Grouted stone ditch lining 2. Soil with more than
(type, thickness) (sq.m) <0.927mm
50% particles by
iii. Grouted stone wash checks
weight
(type, thickness) (sq.m)
passing 75 μm sieve KFabric>KSoil ASTM D 4491

9.10 Filter Layers Permeability, K 70% ASTM D 4355

Strength
Ultraviolet Degradation
9.10.1 Description at 150 hours
Retained

1 This Sub-section describes requirements for granular

filter material or filter membrane as an underlayer to loose
riprap or gabions.
9.10.2 Materials
1 Granular filter material shall be a mixture of sand and
hard, clean gravel or crushed rock. The coarser material
Table 9.10.2.2: Fabric Filter Membrane Properties
9.10.3 Construction Requirements
9.10.3.1 Granular Filter
1 Sand and gravel filter material shall be spread evenly
on a prepared bedding avoiding segregation of particle
sizes. The layer shall be lightly compacted and finished to

♦ 9-14 ♦
an even surface. Bedding and filter layer shall be of the
thickness shown on the Drawings.
9.10.3.2 Fabric Membrane
1 The surface to receive the fabric membrane shall be
smooth and free from sharp projections. The membrane
shall be loosely laid with its long dimension parallel to the
length of the protection work. Adjoining sheets of fabric
membrane shall be overlapped a minimum of 0.5m or
15% of the sheet width, whichever is less. To prevent
slippage of the fabric the areas of overlap shall be secured
as recommended by the manufacturer and approved by
the Engineer.
9.10.4 Method of Measurement
1 Granular filter layers shall be measured by the
square meter, of the thickness installed on the basis of the
area shown on the Drawings.. Rates are deemed to
include for preparation of the ground.
2 Fabric membrane filter that shall be measured by the
square meter of net area laid, based on the dimensions
shown on the Drawings. Rates are deemed to include for
preparation of the ground and overlaps at joints.
9.10.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate for ‘Filter Layers’ in the Bill of Quantities, which rate
shall be full compensation for ground preparation, placing
and fixing and for materials, labor, equipment, tools
supplies and other items necessary for the proper
completion of the work.
9.10.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Granular filter layer (thickness) (sq.m)
ii. Fabric membrane. (sq.m)
9.11 Barriers for Sand Dunes
9.11.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
construction of barriers for sand dunes, to protect against
wind erosion and adverse weather conditions, formed of
fences, bituminous blankets and vegetation generally as
shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
2 The Engineer will determine the types and locations
of the protective barriers to be constructed in particular
areas, based on trials and studies of the prevailing
conditions.
9.11.2 Materials
9.11.2.1 Fences
1 Fences shall be made of rolled prefabricated bundles
made of wood slats, slender poles, stalks or perforated
plastic sheets bound together and attached to vertical or
horizontal supports, and presenting up to 50 percent
openings. Samples of the fencing material shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval.
9.11.2.2 Bituminous Materials
1 Petroleum resin emulsion shall be 1 part petroleum
resin emulsion diluted with 4 parts of water.
2 Asphalt emulsion: The proportion of water to dilute
an asphalt emulsion shall be according to the
manufacturer’s recommendation for the type of asphalt
emulsion to be used.
3 The technical data sheet of the proposed emulsion
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
9.11.2.3 Vegetative Materials
1 Slow growing perennial shrubs shall be drought
resistant and adapted to the climate and soil and shall be
as described in Section 16”
2 Long-lived trees shall be of species recommended in
“Planting list for proposed highway landscape”.
9.11.2.4 Water
1 Water shall be clean and free of deleterious
substances.
9.11.2.5 Blanket Covers
1 Blanket covers shall be made of bituminous or
concrete pavements, prefabricated landing mats,
membranes, aggregate, and seashells, as shown on
Drawings.
9.11.3 Construction Requirements
9.11.3.1 Fencing
1 The fence bottom shall be installed about 30cm
above ground level
2 The entire windward surface of the dune shall be
stabilized with dust-control materials, such as bituminous
material (refer to Paragraph 9.11.2.2), prior to erecting the
first fence.
3 To maintain the effectiveness of the fencing system,
a second fence shall be installed on the crest of the sand
accumulation.
4 Existing old fences shall not be removed during or
after the addition of new fences.
5 The proper spacing and number of fences required to
protect a specific area shall be determined by trial and
observation.
6 Mock-ups of the proposed fencing system shall be
constructed to the Engineer’s satisfaction prior to final
approval of the fencing system.
♦ 9-15 ♦

9.11.3.2 Stabilization with Bituminous Materials
1 Trial section shall be laid over an area of 25 square
meters, using approved bituminous material, at the
specified rate below and to the satisfaction of the Engineer,
prior to commence the actual works.
2 Destroy the dune symmetry by spraying the
bituminous materials at either the center or the ends of
the dune.
3 Spray the bituminous emulsion at the rate of 2.25
liters per meter square to obtain the desired stickiness of
the sand.
9.11.3.3 Stabilization with Vegetative Treatment
1 The upwind boundaries of the vegetated area shall
be protected by fences or dikes, to prevent the engulfment
of the vegetation.
2 Selected seed shall be spread as directed and
protected by mulch sprayed with a bituminous material.
3 Seed on slopes shall be anchored by mulch or
matting.
9.11.3.4 Blankets
1. After placement of blanket covers, a spray
application of bituminous material shall be required to
prevent blanket decomposition and subsequent dust.
9.11.4 Method of Measurement
1 Fencing shall be measured by the linear meter
installed.
2 Stabilization with bituminous materials shall be
measured by the square meter of area sprayed.
3 Stabilization with vegetative treatment shall be
measured by the square meter of area, installed (to the
approved frequency by the Engineer), watered, completed,
and accepted. All trials ordered by the Engineer prior to
the final vegetative treatment works shall not be paid
separately, but shall be deemed to be included in the rate
for the approved final treatment works.
4 Stabilization with blankets shall be measured by the
square meter of area, installed, using the specified
materials and to the dimensions shown on the Drawings,
or ordered by the Engineer. All trials ordered by the
Engineer prior to the installation of the final blanket works
shall not be paid separately, but shall be deemed to be
included in the rate for the approved final blanket works.
9.11.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate for ‘Barriers for Sand Dunes’’ in the Bill of Quantities,
which rate shall be full compensation for ground
preparation, placing and fixing and for materials, labor,
♦ 9-16 ♦
equipment, tools supplies and other items necessary for
the proper completion of the work.
9.11.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Fences for dune stabilization
(height, type). (lin.m)
ii. Bituminous stabilization of dunes. (sq.m)
iii. Vegetative stabilization of dunes. (sq.m)
iv. Dune stabilization with blankets. (sq.m)
9.12 Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Retaining Walls
9.12.1 Description
9.12.1.1 General
1 This work shall consist of constructing retaining walls
using a proprietary system of precast concrete panels
restrained by tie-backs into a compacted earth fill, as
approved by the Engineer. They shall be constructed in
accordance with the manufacturer’s drawings and
specifications and be within the tolerances for lines,
grades and dimensions shown in the Contract Documents
or as established by the Engineer. The wall shall consist of
a type of mechanically stabilized earth wall system
acceptable to the Engineer, and which must be
constructed by a specialized firm having a minimum of
five years of documented successful experience in the
design and construction of such wall systems. The
Contractor shall provide a complete set of typical detailed
shop drawings and complete specifications of the
proposed wall system for the approval of the Engineer 90
days prior to ordering materials to construct these walls.
2 The design shall address the climate and soil
conditions existing in Oman and provide a minimum
design life of seventy-five years. The specification as
presented to the Engineer shall also state any
requirements for the thickness of reinforcing strips and/or
limitations on the backfill used in the structure to ensure
the design life. The final thickness shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer.
3 The term “reinforced soil wall” shall be deemed to
have the same meaning as “mechanically stabilized earth
retaining walls”.
4 The works shall include the following:
i. Reinforced Earth components (panels, high
adherence galvanized steel strips, connection
and joint materials)
ii. Selected backfill
iii. Pre-casting panels
iv. Leveling pads
 v. Wall erection
vi. Monitoring
5 Only materials supplied by accredited sub-contractor
or supplier shall be used as Reinforced Earth Components.
6 The Contractor shall submit for prior approval a
detailed Method Statement that describes all means,
method and techniques to be adopted for construction
and installation of the “mechanically stabilized earth
retaining walls”. The Method Statement shall include
details of equipment to be used, method of installation of
each reinforced earth component taking into consideration
the manufacturer’s recommendations, backfill materials to
be used backside of wall, testing and reporting, work
program and any other information required by the
Engineer.
9.12.1.2 Standards and Codes
1 The following standards and codes in their latest
edition shall be particularly applied to works covered
by this Specification.
i. A 36M (AASHTO M183) - Structural Steel
ii. A 123M - Zinc (Hot Galvanized) Coating on
Products Fabricated from Rolled, Pressed
and Forged Steel Shapes, Plates Bars and
Strips
iii. A 153M - Zinc Coating (Hot Dip) on Iron and
Steel Hardware
iv. A 325 - High Strength Bolts for Structural
Steel Joints Including Suitable Nuts and
Plain Hardened Washers
v. A 1011M - Standard Specification for Steel,
Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and
High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Formability
vi. A 615 - Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement
vii. D 1752 - Preformed Sponge Rubber and
Cork Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete
Paving and Structural Construction
viii. AASHTO T90 - Determining the Plastic Limit
and Plasticity Index of Soils
9.12.2 Materials
9.12.2.1 General
1 The Contractor shall make his own arrangements to
provide the face panels, reinforcing and tie strips,
fasteners, joint filler, and all necessary attachments as
recommended by the Manufacturer and approved by the
Engineer.
2 Materials and construction of reinforced earth
components shall comply with Section 5 of these
Specifications.
9.12.2.2 Concrete Face Panels
1 Concrete shall be Class 30 in accordance with Section
5 of these Specifications, except as specified herein.
2 All appurtenances and lifting and handling devices
shall be set in place to the dimensions and tolerances
shown on the approved shop drawings prior to casting.
i. Reinforcing steel shall comply with Sub-
Section 5.2 of the Specifications.
ii. Concrete Finish – The concrete surface
pattern and finish for the exposed faces
shall conform to Section 5 of the
Specifications. The rear face of the panel
shall be roughly screeded to eliminate
surface distortions in excess of 6.5 mm. The
color and texture of the finish shall be
approved by the Engineer based on three
trial panels provided by the Contractor prior
to producing the final panels.
iii. Tolerances – All units shall be
manufactured within the following
tolerances:
a- All dimensions within +5 mm.
b- Angular distortion with regard to the
height of the panel shall not exceed 7
mm in 2 m.
iv. Compressive Strength – Acceptance of the
concrete face panels with respect to
compressive strength will be determined in
accordance with Section 5 of the
Specifications, except that a minimum of
one set of test cubes shall be taken from
each lot of 50 panels or part thereof.
v. Additional Compressive Tests: An
additional 4 specimens shall be field-cured
in the same manner as the concrete facing
panels. Compression tests on these
specimens shall be used to determine the
length of curing time required and
acceptability. Panels will be accepted after
7 days, provided the compressive strength
of field-cured cylinders exceeds 65% of the
required 28-day strength. Panels with
defects that indicate imperfect molding,
honeycombing, or open texture concrete, or
that do not correspond with the quality of
the approved test panel will be rejected.
vi. Rejection – Units shall be subject to
rejection by the Engineer if not in
conformance with these Specifications or if
any of the following defects are evident by
visual inspection:
a- Defects that indicate imperfect
moulding.
♦ 9-17 ♦
 b- Defects indicating honeycombed or
open texture concrete.
vii. Marking – The date of manufacture shall be
clearly scribed on the rear face of each
panel.
viii. Handling, Storage and Shipping – All units
shall be handled, stored and shipped in
such manner as to eliminate the danger of
chipping, cracks, fractures and excessive
bending stresses. Panels in storage shall be
supported on firm blocking located
immediately adjacent to tie strips or toggles
to avoid damage to these tie strips and
toggles. Any panels, including fastening
hardware, damaged during handling,
storage, or shipping shall be rejected by the
Engineer.
ix. Joint spacing and details for expansion,
contraction, construction and control joints
in the coping and the concrete barrier
parapet shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer and as approved by the
Engineer.
x. Test Panels: The Contractor shall construct
and submit at least 3 test panels. The
materials, including formwork, used in
construction of all test panels shall be as for
those proposed for use in the Works. The
test panel finish shall be approved by the
Engineer prior to production of any panels
for incorporation in the Works. The rear
face of each panel shall have a dense,
rough texture without honeycombed areas.
The approved panels shall remain available
on Site throughout the duration of the
Contract, as a standard for judging the
completed works.
9.12.2.3 Concrete Footings
1 The class of concrete shall be as shown on the
approved shop drawings and shall conform to Section 5 of
these Specifications.
9.12.2.4 Steel Reinforcing and Tie Strips
1 Tie strips shall be shop fabricated of hot rolled steel
conforming to the minimum requirements of ASTM A-
1101M, Grade 36 or equivalent. Reinforcing strips shall be
hot rolled steel and shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM A-36M or equivalent. The tie strips and reinforcing
strips shall be hot dip galvanized conforming to the
requirements of ASTM A-123M.
2 The properties of the backfill material to be used
shall be one of the main factors in determining the strip
thickness required to meet the specified design life.
3 Prior to galvanizing, the tie strips and reinforcing
strips shall be cut to length and tolerances shown on the
plans and the holes for bolts shall be punched in the
locations shown. All reinforcing and tie strips shall be
♦ 9-18 ♦
carefully inspected to ensure they are true to size and free
from defects that may impair their strength and durability.
4 The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a
Certificate of Compliance certifying that these materials
comply with the applicable Specifications.
5 Physical and Mechanical Properties: Reinforcing
strips and tie strips shall have a minimum yield point of
2,400 kg/sq.cm (235 MN/sq.m); minimum tensile strength
of 3,700 - 4,500 kg/sq.cm (363-441 MN/sq.m); 0.06%
maximum phosphorus; and 0.05% maximum sulfur. The
weight of zinc coating shall be not less than 500 gm/sq.m.
9.12.2.5 Reinforced (Polymer) Grids
1 General: Shapes and dimensions of these elements
shall conform to the dimensions and tolerances shown on
the Drawings.
2 Grid reinforcing elements shall be manufactured by
stretching a punched polyethylene sheet in one direction
under controlled conditions to produce a high tensile
strength orientated structure.
3 Mechanical Properties: The grid shall have a short
term strength of not less than 79 kN/m width, determined
from tensile testing at 20 degrees Celsius under a constant
rate of extension of 50 mm/minute. For each batch of
reinforcing material delivered to Site, or at such other
times as may be required by the Engineer, the Contractor
shall submit a test certificate from an approved
independent testing laboratory confirming that the
required strength characteristics have been met. The
120 year characteristic strength shall be not less than
29 kN/m width.
4 Physical Properties: The weight of grid shall not be
less than 0.85 kg/sq.m. It shall be immune to attack from
ultra-violet light for a minimum period of 3 years and shall
be immune to attack from all chemicals naturally found in
soils and to biological attack from micro-organisms. The
Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with the
manufacturer's warranty to this effect. The minimum roll
width shall be 1 m. Methods of joining reinforcing
material shall be approved and in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
5 Upon manufacture, the reinforcing elements shall be
placed in approved wrapping material which shall prevent
ultra-violet light from reaching the reinforcing elements.
The reinforcing elements shall be identified with their date
of manufacture. Upon delivery to Site the Contractor shall
provide the Engineer with copies of the manufacturer's
certificates clearly stating the dates of manufacture of the
reinforcing elements. No reinforcing elements shall be
incorporated into the Works if at the time of proposed
incorporation the elements are more than three years old.
9.12.2.6 Fasteners Sieve Size % Passing
250 mm 100
1 Fasteners: Bolts and nuts shall have hexagonal heads
100 mm 75-100
and conform to AASHTO M 164, Type 2, except as
0.075 mm 0-15
modified hereunder. Bolts shall be 12 mm in diameter,
30 mm in length with 20 mm of thread length. Fasteners
ii. The Contractor may request that the
shall be hot dip galvanized to AASHTO M 232, Class C. acceptance limits be increased for material
Bolts shall have a minimum yield point of 6,400 kg/sq.cm not meeting the requirement for % passing
(627 MN/sq.m); minimum tensile strength of a 0.075 mm sieve provided an analysis is
8,000 kg/sq.cm (784 MN/sq.m); and minimum elongation submitted, showing that the material
of 12%. passing the 0.075 mm sieve is less than
10% smaller than 0.015 mm, or
9.12.2.7 Non Metallic Friction Ties and Fixings
alternatively that the material is less than
20% smaller than 0.015 mm and the angle
1 The stabilized earth wall structure shall be reinforced
of internal friction as determined by ASTM
with friction strips of polyethylene coated polyester fiber
D 2850 is 25 degrees minimum.
strips or similar material approved by the Engineer. The
iii. Materials shall have a minimum resistivity
reinforcing strips shall have the ultimate strength
when measured in accordance with
indicated on the Drawings, and manufacturer’s test ASTM G 57 of 5,000 ohm-cm.
certificates shall be provided to verify this. iv. Materials having a resistivity less than the
above but greater than 1,000 ohm-cm may
2 Reinforcing strips shall be fixed to the facing panels be acceptable provided that the pH value of
using plastic coated steel anchor loops and toggles, unless the material measured in water extracted
otherwise noted on the approved shop drawings and in from a water-soil mixture is between 5 and
accordance with approved samples. The Contractor shall 10 when tested in accordance with
furnish the Engineer with a Certificate of Compliance ASTM G 51, and that the water extracted
certifying that these materials comply with the applicable from the water-soil mixture has a chloride
Specifications. content of less than 200 ppm and a
sulphates content of less than 1,000 ppm
9.12.2.8 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face Panels)
when tested in accordance with AASHTO T
1 Filler for vertical joints between panels shall be 26.
flexible open cell polyethylene foam strips, unless v. The total sulphide content of the fill shall be
otherwise noted on the approved shop drawings. less than 0.3 gm/kg.
vi. Organic matter content, (difference
2 Filler for horizontal joints between panels shall be between total carbon content and mineral
resin bonded cork filler conforming to ASTM D 1752 (Type carbon content) shall not be greater than
II) unless otherwise noted on the approved drawings. 100 ppm.
vii. If required by the Engineer, the Contractor
9.12.2.9 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face Panels)
shall carry out a test for Biochemical
1 Reinforced Earth selected backfill material can be Oxygen Demand (BOD). The BOD value
either natural soil or material of industrial origin. Backfill shall not exceed 0.004 gm/liter.
shall not contain chalk, unburnt colliery shale, pulverized
full ash, material from swamps, marshes or bogs, organic 4 Backfill for Reinforcing Polymer Grid System
or other materials which, in the opinion of the Engineer,
would result in the structure becoming unfit for its i. Frictional Fill: This material shall contain a
intended use. Prior to placing the granular fill, the maximum of 10% passing the 0.075 mm
Contractor shall certify to the Engineer that the material (No.200) sieve.
conform to the requirements as per specifications and ii. Gradation Requirements: Backfill material
drawings. shall conform to the following gradations:
Sieve Size %(byweight Passing
2 Selected Filter Material for Drainage Layers: Filter
backfill material shall conform to the relevant 125 mm 100
requirements of Section 2. 90 mm 85-100

3 Backfill for Steel Reinforcing Strip System 9.5 mm 25-100

0.600 mm 10-65
i. The selected fill shall conform to the
0.075 mm 0-10
following gradation and shall have a
coefficient of uniformity not less than 2
(Cu=D60/D10 2) :

♦ 9-19 ♦
9.12.3 Construction Requirements
9.12.3.1 Wall Excavation
1 Structure excavation shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Section 2. Limits and construction stages
shall be as shown on the Drawings.
9.12.3.2 Foundation Preparation
1 The foundation for the structure shall be graded level
for a width equal to or exceeding the length of reinforcing
material or as shown on the plans. Prior to wall
construction, except where constructed on rock, the
foundation shall be compacted with a smooth wheel
vibratory roller.
2 Any foundation soils found to be unsuitable shall be
removed and replaced in accordance with the procedures
in Section 2.
3 When concrete face panels are specified, at each
panel foundation level a concrete leveling footing shall be
provided as shown on the plans. The footing shall be
cured a minimum of 24 hours before placement of wall
panels.
9.12.3.3 Erection of Concrete Face Panels
1 Precast concrete panels shall be aligned vertically
using inserts cast into the top edge of panels. Panels shall
be placed in successive horizontal lifts in the sequence
shown on the approved plans as backfill placement
proceeds. As fill material is placed behind a panel, the
panels shall be maintained in vertical position by means of
clamps placed at the junction of adjacent panels and
temporary wooden wedges placed in the horizontal or
vertical joint at the junction of the two adjacent panels on
the external side of the wall. External bracing may also be
required for the initial lift. Vertical tolerances (plumbness)
and horizontal alignment tolerances shall not exceed 25
mm when measured along a three meter straight edge.
The maximum allowable offset in any panel joint shall be
25 mm. The overall vertical tolerance of the wall
(plumbness from top to bottom) shall not exceed 25 mm
per three meter of wall height.
9.12.3.4 Backfill Placement
1 Backfill placement shall closely follow the erection of
each lift of panels. The filling material will be graded and
compacted before the placement of a new layer. The
gradation of the selected granular backfill should be tested
periodically during construction to assure compliance with
specifications. This gradation testing should be performed,
at least once for every 500 cubic meter of material placed
and/or whenever the appearance or behavior of the
material changes noticeably. Material shall be laid with
layers of uniform thickness, taking care to avoid
segregation and water content variations.
2 As shown on the shop drawings, reinforcements
shall be placed normal to the face of the wall.
♦ 9-20 ♦
3 Backfill shall be placed in accordance with Section 2
of these Specifications and compacted in accordance with
the requirements shown below and on the Drawings. The
maximum lift thickness shall not exceed 250 mm (before
compaction) and shall closely follow panel erection. The
Contractor shall decrease this lift thickness if necessary to
obtain the specified density.
4 At the end of each day’s operations, the Contractor
shall shape the last level of backfill so as to permit run-off
of rainwater away from the wall face.
5 Backfill outside roadway embankment areas shall be
compacted to at least 90% AASHTO T 180 maximum
density. Backfill within roadway embankment areas shall
be compacted to 95% AASHTO T 180 maximum density
except for backfill in sub-grade zones which shall be
compacted to 100% AASHTO T 180 maximum density.
6 The acceptance criteria for control of compaction
shall be given by first the equivalent Relative Density as
determined by ASTM D-2049. Then by large-scale plate
bearing test, which defines the type of the equipment,
energy, lift thickness, etc ... before beginning compaction,
it is necessary to check that the moisture of the backfill
material is the optimum (± 1.5%) value of modified
AASHTO standard.
7 The compaction shall be carried out in such a way as
to obtain a uniform density, rollers shall move to and from,
always parallel to the wall and assuring that the
overlapping between one run and the next shall not be
less than 10% of the roller width. Backfill compaction shall
be accomplished without disturbance or distortion of
reinforcements and panels. Compaction in a strip one
meter wide adjacent to the backside of the wall shall be
achieved using an approved manually operated vibrating
compactor.
8 If a reinforcing polymer grid and connections are
used, they shall be handled and installed in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions and
recommendations, copies of which shall be submitted to
the Engineer before commencement of these Works. The
reinforcing grid shall not contain any cuts, kinks, twists,
blisters or other defects which, in the opinion of the
Engineer, would render it unsuitable for its intended use.
9.12.3.5 Trial Embankment
1 If shown on the Drawings, or if required by the
Engineer, a trial embankment shall be constructed prior to
start filling. The Contractor shall perform a full scale trial
compaction test.
2 The allocation of the testing area, the system for the
execution of the embankment and the testing program
shall be fixed by the Engineer considering the following:
i. The equipment shall be the same to be
used during all the construction.
 ii. The trial area shall be leveled and
compacted, at approved locations or at
locations adjacent to the Site.
3 The Engineer shall approve the materials and
procedures on the basis of the trial results.
9.12.4 Monitoring
9.12.4.1 General
1 The scope of the required monitoring is related to
verifying and certifying the compliance of the work with
the design assumptions and construction procedures. In
the meantime, some monitoring is devoted to guide the
construction phases of the embankment in order to
minimize the effect of settlements. Those aspects will
control the following:
i. Selected backfill
ii. Settlements
iii. Horizontal displacements and overall
stability
iv. Material durability
9.12.4.2 Selected Backfill
1 Each layer must be subjected to control tests and
meet the requirements before placement of the following
layer.
2 The testing frequency, as specified, must be
considered as a minimum and must be increased
whenever the appearance and/or behavior of the material
noticeably changes,
3 The location of testing and/or sampling will be
determined by the Engineer, Test certificates in proper
forms shall be promptly sent to the Engineer during the
construction,
4 As indicated in the following table, the frequency of
3 in the backfill of the Reinforced Earth mass during the
the testing can be reduced after 5000 m . However, this
can be done only when the gradation and physical
properties of the material becomes practically constant.
9.12.4.3 Settlements
1 Survey of settlements will be done during the
construction, particularly where the embankments lay on
compressive soils intending to settle. Settlements shall be
monitored by means of two different procedures:
i. Topographic measurements on the wall
face
ii. Vertical settlements on the foundation
2 Topographic measurements will be performed with
leveling instruments and reference points installed on the
wall face and with benchmarks located in stable areas.
3 An appropriate quantity of fixed reference points
(steel plates) shall be installed on the panels every 7.5
meters elevation within each selected cross-section, For
those measurements, a tolerance of ± 2 mm is required.
4 Foundation settlements shall be monitored using
steel bars fixed on concrete at a distance of 1-2 meters
from the wall facing. The vertical steel bar is to be
protected by means of pipes. Measurements shall be
taken from the top of the steel bars.
9.12.4.4 Horizontal Displacements
1 Possible horizontal displacements will be measured
within the foundation soil and on the wall surface.
Inclinometers shall be placed in similar locations to the
settlements devices. They shall be installed within the
solid bedrock. The measurements shall be frequent and
related to the construction program. Possible horizontal
displacements can easily be checked by a pendulum
(plumb bob).
9.12.4.5 Durability
1 These investigations are only related to reinforcing
strips and are generally carried out at the time of the
regular detailed inspections of the structure, with a
frequency of approximately 10 to 15 years. It may also be
opportune to make such investigations if the structure has
serious anomalies, the origin of which is likely to be
sought in the mechanical failure of the strips.
2 The investigation method may vary according to
whether the structure is or is not equipped with durability
test samples. This monitoring and investigation is
performed with special techniques and investigation
method. In order to collect reliable and complete
information in long term, it is vital that these operations
be entrusted to a qualified specialist laboratory.
3 At every investigation, a certain number of test
samples are extracted and the backfill sample is taken in
the vicinity of these test samples. Durability test samples
are samples of reinforcing strips of 60 cm long, of the
same type as those used in the structure. They are placed
construction and can be extracted for the monitoring of
corrosion phenomena.
4 As a general rule, durability test samples are located
either at the lower part of the structure or, if the latter is at
considerable height, at each change in the section of the
strips.
5 At every investigation, one indicator is extracted
from each zone in which test samples are located. In case
of abnormal corrosion development, complementary
investigations must be made; excavations must be opened
for examining the first beds of reinforcements.
9.12.4.6 Testing Frequency
Testing shall be as follows in Table 9.12.4.1:
♦ 9-21 ♦
 ii. Standard Coping on MSERW (lin.m)
TEST Within first After first iii. Conc. Barrier Parapet on MSERW (lin.m)
3 3
5000 m 5000 m
Grain Size 500 5000 9.13 Coastal Protection
Resistivity 500 5000
9.13.1 Description
pH 500 5000
1 Quarried stone shall consist of natural rock imported
Soluble Salt Content 500 5000
to site from approved quarry sites complying with the
In-situ Density 500 5000 requirements of this section.
Plate Bearing 250 1000 2 Quarry run shall consist of natural rock fragments
Water Content 1000 5000 and complying with the requirements of this section.

Table 9.12.4.1 – Testing Requirements 3 Armour rock shall be the quarried stone placed in the
top or outer layer(s) of the structure exposed to sea
9.12.5 Method of Measurement conditions.

4 Underlayer shall be the quarried stone placed under

1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls,
including concrete face panels and footings shall be
measured by the sq.m of net area of as shown on the
Drawings.
2 Vertical limits of each wall for measurement
purposes shall be between the top of the foundation on
the outer face (low side) of the stabilized earth wall and
the top of the proposed grade at the backside (high side)
of such walls. Horizontal limits for measurement purposes
shall be from end of wall to abutment or from end to end
of walls.
3 Standard coping, including concrete, reinforcement,
joint filler, incidentals and erection shall be measured by
linear meter, complete and in place.
4 Concrete barrier parapet (on stabilized earth walls),
including concrete, reinforcement, fasteners, joint filler
and incidentals and erection shall be measured by linear
meter of concrete barrier, complete and in place.
9.12.6 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate for ‘Mechanically Stabilized earth Retaining Walls’ in
the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full
compensation for ground preparation, placing and fixing
of reinforcement, fasteners, joint filler, material testing
and certificates, trial embankment, excavation, backfill,
compaction, waterproofing, integral incidentals (such as
light pole foundations, sign structure foundations,
drainage structures and appurtenances), erection, and for
materials, transportation, hauling, labor, equipment, tools,
supplies and other items necessary for the proper
completion of the work.
9.12.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities
the armour rock layer(s)
5 Core means the quarry run material forming the bulk
portion of the slope and erosion protection fill sections
protected by underlayers and/or armour rock.
6 Filter fabric (geotextile) shall be a membrane placed
between the underlayer and the seabed soil or the core
stone that shall allow passage of water while retaining of
seabed soil or core stone in place without clogging.
7 The Contractor shall submit for the Engineer’s
approval a Quality Control Manual for the proposed slope
and erosion protection construction.
8 The Contractor shall submit the following method
statements for the Engineer’s approval at least 45 days
prior to the commencement of work on site:
i. Method for preparation of seabed as the base.
ii. Method for placement of core material,
underlayers and rock armour protection.
iii. Method for surveying procedures to establish
lines and levels of the various slope and erosion
protection components.
iv. Method of quarry selection and armour stone
production.
9 The Contractor shall submit the following test reports
directly to Engineer from approved testing services:
i. grading size of material
ii. aspect ratio of material
iii. apparent oven dry density of quarried stone
iv. Los Angeles abrasion
v. water absorption
vi. sodium sulphate soundness
vii. unconfined compressive strength
viii. methylene blue absorption

i. Mechanically Stabilised Earth

Retaining Walls (MSERW) (sq.m)

♦ 9-22 ♦
10 The Contractor shall submit detailed design drawings,
plans, longitudinal profiles and cross-sections across the
slope and erosion protection at 50m intervals and at
transition zones between the different design sections.
The drawings shall be based on the up-dated survey
carried out at the slope and erosion protection area.
11 The Contractor shall submit bathymetric charts at the
slope and erosion protection at suitable scales of 1:1000
and 1:500 including ACAD computer file diskettes in the
form of point No., x, y, z.
12 The work shall be performed in accordance with:
i. The requirements of the Authorities
ii. BS 6349, BS 812 and ASTM D 1557.
iii. Recommendations of Construction Industry
Research and Information Association (CIRIA)
Special Publication No.83 (SP 83).
13 The Contractor shall employ and pay for a competent
independent geotechnical testing laboratory with proven
track records to perform testing on rock material to be
placed in the core, underlayers and armour layers of the
structure.
9.13.2 Materials
9.13.2.1 Quarried Stone for Armour Layers and
Underlayers
1 The Contractor shall use armour and underlayer
stones consisting of quarried rock, dense, sound, fresh,
strong, free from weathering, mechanical weaknesses or
chemical decomposition. The stones shall not be liable to
decomposition under the action of sea water. They shall
also be free from any visible defects such as joints,
discontinuities, fractures, clay seams or bands and water
soluble material.
2 The contractor shall use rock materials in armour
layers and underlayers conforming to the classes defined
by the engineer
3 The contractor shall use quarry stone containing no
more than 5% of stones with a length to thickness (l/d)
ratio greater than 3, where the length (1), is defined as the
greatest distance between two points on the stone and the
thickness,(d), as the minimum distance between two
parallel straight lines through which the stone can just
pass. Carry out the test in accordance with CIRIA SP 83,
Appendix 2.
4 The contractor shall use quarry stone for armour and
underlayers for testing having a minimum apparent oven
3 complying with the following requirements:
dry density of 2560 kg/m with 90% of the stones having a
density of at least 2600 kg/m3 in accordance with CIRIA SP
83.
5 The loss of material using the Los Angeles Abrasion
test in accordance with ASTM C-131 shall not exceed 35%.
6 The water absorption of quarry stone, carried out in
accordance with BS 812: Part 2 shall be less than 3%.
7 Sodium sulphate soundness carried out in
accordance with BS 812: Part 121 using the 63-125mm
crushed rock and a 50mm sieve to determine losses shall
be less than 12%.
8 The average point load index Is (50) in the planar
direction of the most pronounced layering, should any
visible anisotropy exist, and for sampling testing and
reporting in accordance with ISRM 1986 recommended
method, shall be not less than 4.0 MPa with the average
minus the standard deviation of the point load index at
least 3.0 MPa; where at least ten valid test results obtained
from pieces originating from ten randomly selected stones
have been used to calculate the average and standard
deviation.
9 Methylene blue absorption tests shall be carried out
in accordance with CIRIA SP 83, Appendix 2, in order to
indicate the presence of deleterious clay minerals, the
results of this test shall not exceed 1.0g/100g.
10 The contractor shall carry out for each quarry the
three sets of tests as listed in the relevant Clauses above.
The contractor shall submit the results for the Engineer's
approval of the source of quarried stone for underlayers
and armour layers.
11 The contractor shall carry out at least three sets of
the tests listed in the above Clauses on each consignment
of quarried stone for under-layers and armour layers
imported to site. A higher frequency of testing may be
required as instructed by the Engineer, if this, in the
opinion of the Engineer, is deemed necessary.
12 Materials failing to comply with any of the
requirements listed above shall not be used in the Works
and shall be considered not in compliance with this
specifications.
9.13.2.2 Core Material
1 The contractor shall use core material consisting of
well graded quarry run complying with the gradation
defined by the engineer.
2 The used fill material shall be quarry run material
with percentage of fines (passing sieve 0.075mm) shall not
be more than 20%.
3 The contractor shall use selected quarry run with
material percentage lighter than 1.0 kg (80mm of
equivalent diameter) not exceeding 10% and complying
with the size gradation defined by the engineer.
4 The contractor shall use quarry run material
i. Apparent oven dry density > 2.3 t/m3
ii. Water Absorption < 3.0 %
iii. Sodium Sulphate Soundness < 12.0 %
iv. Los Angeles Abrasion < 35.0 %
♦ 9-23 ♦
 v. Methylene blue absorption < 1.0g/100g
5 The contractor shall carry out for each quarry three
sets of the tests as listed in the above Clauses. The
selection of the quarry source will be based on the results
submitted and subject to Engineer's approval.
6 During construction, the contractor shall take
sufficient sample for every 5000 t of material produced or
production for a working day whichever is greater. Three
sets of the tests as listed in the above Clauses shall be
carried out and submitted to the Engineer. A higher
frequency of testing may be required as instructed by the
Engineer, if this, in the opinion of the Engineer, is deemed
necessary.
7 Materials failing to comply with any of the
requirements listed above shall not be used in the Works
and shall be considered not in compliance with this
specification.
9.13.2.3 Filter Fabric - Geotextiles
1 The work shall consist of furnishing and placing a
geotextile. The geotextile is designed to allow passage of
water while retaining seabed soil without clogging. The
suitability of used geotextile should be checked against
these functional requirements before laying taking into
consideration the seabed soil conditions.
2 Non-woven TERRAM 4000 or equivalent material can
be used with the following properties:
2 5
i. Weight : 350 g/m
2 slope and erosion protection is natural seabed material
ii. Tensile strength : 23 kN/ m
iii. O85 (diameter of holes in a fabric): a suitable
hole diameter to prevent the wash out of seabed
and core material ant to retain them in place
without clogging.
3 The contractor shall provide evidence of the
resistance to deterioration of the geotextiles from
exposure to ultraviolet light and seawater.
4 The contractor shall carry out sampling of geotextiles
for testing in accordance with sampling procedures
indicated in ASTM - D4354-99.
5 The contractor shall carry out for geotextiles three
sets of tests to certify the required properties and submit
the results for the approval of the Engineer.
6 The contractor shall carry out at least three sets of
tests to verify the required properties on each
consignment of geotextile imported in the site. A higher
frequency of testing may be required as instructed by the
Engineer, if this, in the opinion of the Engineer is deemed
necessary.
7 Materials failing to comply with any of the
requirements listed above shall not be used in the works
and shall be considered not in compliance with these
specifications.
♦ 9-24 ♦
9.13.3 Construction Requirements
9.13.3.1 General
1 The contractor shall carry out sounding of the seabed
at the slope and erosion protection site in order to
produce a detailed seabed profile using echo sounder or
side-scan sonar together with a surface-towed sub-bottom
or similar seismic profiler and a tide gauge and collecting
seabed samples. Obtain approval of the Engineer on the
results of soundings and bathymetry as well as seabed
samples before the works commence, and finally
incorporate the same in the drawings.
2 Seabed clearances: Remove prior to commencing
filling works, all unsuitable material, wrecks, floating
debris, silt, clay, loose sand and loose material over the
whole area of the slope and erosion protection. Dispose of
unsuitable material as directed by the Engineer.
3 The contractor shall remove, in accordance with the
instructions of the Engineer any silt, loose sand or clay
that exists in the top layers of the seabed. Remove any silt,
loose sand and clay layers to the levels and areas as
instructed by Engineer.
4 The contractor shall relocate or redirect, at his own
expense, all underwater services, installations etc. that
may lie in the area to receive rockfilling. He shall carry out
all such redirection or relocation in accordance with
requirements of the relevant local authorities.
The contractor shall ensure that the founding bed for
when working in the sea, consisting of sand, a mixture of
sand and gravel or rock. No filling on silt, loose sand or
clay layers shall be allowed.
6 The contractor shall make his own arrangements for
the supply and transport of slope and erosion protection
material either by land or sea or both and use appropriate
marine and/or land operated plants for filling.
7 The contractor shall protect all placed material from
erosion by the action of sea during construction. The
Contractor shall be held responsible for all loss of material
and displacements that may arise, and shall make good
such losses and displacements at his own expense.
Furthermore, the Contractor shall be responsible for any
obstruction that may be caused by the deposition of any
material washed out from the filling and remove the same
in accordance to the instructions of the Engineer.
8 The contractor shall take all the necessary
precautions to protect the environment and any damage
to the environment arise from the Works shall be the
Contractor's responsibility.
9.13.3.2 Placement of Core Material
1 The contractor shall place materials used to form the
core to the profiles and levels shown on the Drawings with
a tolerance of zero above the theoretical level.
2 The contractor shall take measurement of each
material profile as placed before any subsequent layer of All Armour
Design
material is placed to ensure compliance with the specified Depth of Placing Layers and
Profile to
tolerances. Below Low Water Individual
Actual Mean
3 The contractor shall carry out placement of core Level Measurements
Profile(m)
material underwater in such a manner to minimize (m)
segregation of material and to ensure its proper mixing.
The placement methods are subject to Engineer's Dry: above water + 0.35 Dn 50
approval. ± 0.3 Dn 50
level - 0.25 Dn 50
4 The contractor shall place core material 0.75m above
mean sea level and higher in layers not more than 1.0m in + 0.6 Dn 50
loose depth and compact as specified. Less than 5m ± 0.5 Dn 50
5 Before compaction, the contractor shall moisten each - 0.4 Dn 50
layer as necessary. He shall compact each layer with the
More than 5m ± 0.5 Dn 50 ± 1.0m
minimum number of roller passes as agreed with the
Engineer. Where, Dn50 is the diameter of a placement with
6 The contractor shall carry out compaction by heavy equivalent volume to the block with median weight.
vibratory compactor not less than 12 t capacity.
Table 9.13.3.1: Vertical Placing Tolerances
9.13.3.3 Placement of Armour and Underlayer Stones
5 The tolerance on two consecutive mean actual
1 For placing above high low water level, the
profiles shall not be negative. Notwithstanding any
contractor shall place the stone to grade and in such a
accumulation of positive tolerances on underlying layers,
manner to ensure that the larger rock fragments are
the thickness of the layer shall not be less than 80% of the
uniformly distributed and the smaller rock fragments fill
nominal thickness when calculated using mean actual
the spaces between the larger fragments to achieve a well
profiles
keyed, densely packed structure of the specified
dimensions. Hand placing or barring will be required only 9.13.3.4 Surveying Technique
to the extent necessary to secure the results specified.
1 The contractor shall carry out survey measurements
2 The contractor shall not drop or tip into position
using a probe with a spherical end of diameter 0.5 (Dn 50).
quarried stone, but shall place them individually into the
For land-based survey this shall be connected to a staff;
structure in order to achieve an adequate stability and
for underwater survey it will be a weighted ball on the end
deformation to maintain lines and levels shown on
of a sounding chain.
Drawings. He shall tightly pack the stones together so as
to achieve as near as possible a target unit weight of stone 2 The contractor shall carry out measurement profiles
placed of 1.6 t/m3 and do not place them so that they can at intervals of 25m along the length of the structure and at
rock or obtain their stability on a plane by frictional intervals of 3m across the measurement profile.
resistance alone prior to placing further stones.
3 The contractor shall make provisions for diving
3 The contractor shall fill any void below finished
inspections for any part of the structure where
profile level in excess of mean rock size with an
achievement of tolerances may otherwise appear in doubt.
appropriate stone or stones.
4 The contractor shall place rock materials to the levels, 9.13.3.5 Storage, Handling, and Laying of Geotextiles:
dimensions and slopes shown on drawings, and the
1 The contractor shall store and handle geotextile in
surface profile measured in accordance with the surveying
accordance with ASTM D4873-02
procedure outlined in Paragraph 9.13.3.4, to be within the
vertical placing tolerances given in Table 9.13.1.1. 2 For Geotextiles placement, the contractor shall use
overlaps in accordance with manufacture requirements,
and in no case less than 50 cms.

3 The contractor shall place bedding layer as soon as

possible after placement of the geotextile, according to the
approved method statement of the construction procedure.

4 Where seams are required, the contractor shall make

them in accordance with the manufacture requirements.
All seams shall be subjected to the approval of the
Engineer.

5 The contractor shall remove and replace any

damaged or punctured section before or after laying.

♦ 9-25 ♦
9.13.4 Method of Measurement supply of materials, fabrics and membranes, sampling and
testing, ground preparation for laying on horizontal,
1 Underlayer, Rock Armour, Quarry Run and Bedding
sloping, vertical and curved planes, transportation, placing,
Layer shall be measured by the Cu.m of BUND material
protection, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other
and rubble base (Quarry run), rock armour, and bedding
items necessary for the proper completion of the works.
layer, placed to the lines and levels as shown on the
Drawings.
9.13.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
2 Dredging for embedded toe protection shall be
measured by the cu.m of material dredged in sand, clay or i. Underlayer (cu.m)
any other material except rock to the lines and levels as ii. Quarry Run (cu.m)
shown on Drawings. Rates inserted by the Contractor shall iii. Rock Armour (cu.m)
be deemed to include for all over cutting in width and iv. Dredging (cu.m)
depth and for sweeping the dredged areas. v. Fabrics and Membranes(type) (sq.m)

3 Fabrics and membranes (geotextile) shall be

measured by the sq.m of the area covered to any width or
girth including extra material for lapping and jointing. No
deduction is made for voids not exceeding 1.00 m2.

9.13.5 Basis of Payment

1 General: In addition to basis of payment of each
particular item, all marine works are also deemed to
include:
i. all surveying works and seabed sounding
ii. clearance of the seabed; removal of unsuitable
material, objects or obstructions,
iii. inspection for and relocation of any existing
underwater services,
iv. protection from sea action,
v. losses due to erosion or damage,
vi. losses/damage due to wave conditions which
may occur during the Contract period including
the Period of Maintenance.
2 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as underlayer, quarry run, rock armour, and
bedding layer will be paid for at the unit rates indicated in
the Bill of Quantities which rate shall be full compensation
for selection and supply of materials, stone/rockfill,
crushing, screening, testing, transportation, hauling,
stockpiling, relocation, placing, compacting, trimming the
underlying material and slope preparation, removal of
discarded material, excavation and backfilling, finishing
and protection, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other
items necessary for the proper completion of the works.
3 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as Dredging for Embedded Toe Protection will
be paid for at the unit rates indicated in the Bill of
Quantities which rate shall be full compensation for
supply and installation of all plant and equipment required
to carry out dredging, pumping and transportation of
dredged material to whatever distance required, hauling,
stockpiling, disposal of discarded material to approved
locations, protection, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and
other items necessary for the proper completion of the
works..
4 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as Fabric and Membranes (Geotextile) will be
paid for at the unit rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities
which rate shall be full compensation for selection and

♦ 9-26 ♦