Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

11.1  Bearings – General 11-1  11.3.2.7  Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Sheet

and Strip 11-6 
11.1.1  Description 11-1 
11.3.3  Construction Requirements 11-6 
11.1.1.1  Definitions 11-1 
11.3.3.1  General 11-6 
11.1.1.2  References 11-1 
11.3.3.2  Sampling and Testing 11-7 
11.1.1.3  Design and Construction Standards 11-1 
11.3.3.3  Installation 11-8 
11.1.1.4  Submittals 11-2 
11.3.4  Method of Measurement 11-8 
11.1.1.5  Quality Assurance 11-2 
11.3.5  Basis of Payment 11-8 
11.1.2  Materials 11-2 
11.3.6  Item in the Bill of Quantities 11-8 
11.1.2.1  Steel 11-2 
11.1.2.2  Material Testing 11-3  11.4 Bridge Expansion Joints 11-8
11.1.2.3  Bedding Material 11-3 
11.4.1  Description 11-8 
11.1.3  Construction Requirements 11-3 
11.4.1.1  Scope 11-8 
11.1.3.1  Manufacture 11-3 
11.4.1.2  Types of Joints 11-8 
11.1.3.2  Manufacture Tolerances 11-3 
11.4.1.3  References 11-9 
11.1.3.3  Testing of Complete Bearings 11-3 
11.4.1.4  Submittals 11-9 
11.1.3.4  Packaging, Handling and Storage 11-4 
11.4.1.5  Quality Assurance 11-9 
11.1.3.5  Construction and Installation 11-4 
11.4.2  Materials 11-9 
11.1.4  Method of Measurement 11-4 
11.4.2.1  General 11-9 
11.1.5  Basis of Payment 11-5 
11.4.2.2  Asphaltic Plug Joints 11-9 
11.1.6  Items in the Bill of Quantities 11-5 
11.4.3  Construction Requirements 11-9 
11.2 Elastomeric Bearings 11-5 11.4.3.1  General 11-9 
11.4.3.2  Nosings 11-9 
11.2.1  Description 11-5 
11.4.3.3  Installation 11-10 
11.2.2  Materials 11-5 
11.4.4  Method of Measurement 11-10 
11.2.3  Construction Requirements 11-5 
11.4.5  Basis of Payment 11-10 
11.2.4  Method of Measurement 11-5 
11.4.6  Items in the Bill of Quantities 11-10 
11.2.5  Basis of Payment 11-5 
11.2.6  Items in the Bill of Quantities 11-5  11.5 Joint Seals and Fillers 11-10
11.3 Pot Bearings 11-6 11.5.1  Description 11-10 
11.5.2  Materials 11-10 
11.3.1  Description 11-6 
11.5.3  Construction Requirements 11-11 
11.3.2  Materials 11-6 
11.5.4  Method of Measurement, Basis
11.3.2.1  General 11-6 
of Payment and Bill of Quantities 11-11 
11.3.2.2  Steel 11-6 
11.3.2.3  Stainless Steel 11-6  11.6 Bridge Parapets and Railings 11-11
11.3.2.4  Elastomeric Rotational Element 11-6 
11.6.1  Description 11-11 
11.3.2.5  Sealant 11-6 
11.6.2  Materials 11-11 
11.3.2.6  Sealing Rings 11-6
11.6.2.1  Materials of Construction 11-11 

♦ 11-0 ♦
Ref. Title Page No.
11.6.2.2 Aluminum Alloy 11-11
11.6.2.3  Structural Steel 11-11 
11.6.2.4  Reinforced Concrete 11-11 
11.6.2.5  Anchorage System 11-11 
11.6.3  Construction Requirements 11-11 
11.6.4  Method of Measurement 11-11 
11.6.5  Basis of Payment 11-12 
11.6.6  Item in the Bill of Quantities 11-12 

♦ 11-0 ♦
11.1 Bearings – General
11.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes the requirements for
designing, testing, furnishing and installing replaceable
bridge bearings as shown on the Drawings or in the
Special Specification or as required to complete the work.
11.1.1.1 Definitions
1 Bearing: A structural device that transmits loads
while facilitating translation and/or rotation.
2 Elastomer: A compound containing natural or
chloroprene rubber with properties similar to those of
rubber.
3 Elastomeric bearing: A bearing comprising a block of
elastomer that may be reinforced internally with steel
plates.
4 Plain pad bearing: An unreinforced elastomeric
bearing. It provides limited translation and rotation.
5 Strip bearing: A plain pad bearing for which the
length is at least ten times the width.
6 Laminated elastomeric bearing or steel-reinforced
elastomeric bearing: A bearing made from alternate
laminates of steel and elastomer bonded together during
vulcanization. Vertical loads are carried by compression of
the elastomer. Movements parallel to the reinforcing
layers and rotations are accommodated by deformation of
the elastomer.
7 Pot bearing: A bearing consisting essentially of a
metal piston supported by a disc of unreinforced
elastomer that is confined within a metal cylinder.
Rotations are accommodated by deformation of the
elastomer. It may be movable, guided, unguided or fixed.
Movement is accommodated by sliding of polished
stainless steel on PTFE.
8 Disc bearing: A bearing that accommodates rotation
by deformation of a single elastomeric disc molded from a
urethane compound. It may be movable, guided,
unguided or fixed. Movement is accommodated by sliding
of polished stainless steel on PTFE.
9 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene): Also known as Teflon.
10 Fixed bearing: A bearing that prevents differential
translation of abutting structural elements. It may or may
not provide for differential rotation.
11 Movable bearing: A bearing that facilitates
differential horizontal translation of abutting structural
elements in a longitudinal and/or lateral direction. It may
or may not provide for rotation. Translation may be
constrained to a specified direction by guide bars.
12 Sliding bearing: A bearing that accommodates
movement by translation of one surface relative to
another. Translation may be constrained to a specified
direction by guide bars.
13 Roller bearing: A bearing that carries vertical load by
direct contact between two metal surfaces and that
accommodates movement by rolling of one surface with
respect to the other. It consists essentially of one or more
steel rollers between upper and lower plates.
14 Rocker bearing: A bearing that carries vertical load by
direct contact between two metal surfaces and that
accommodates movement by rocking of one surface with
respect to the other. It consists essentially of a curved
surface in contact with a flat or curved surface and
constrained to prevent relative horizontal movement. The
curved surface may be cylindrical or spherical.
15 Longitudinal: Parallel with the main span direction of
the bridge.
16 Transverse: The horizontal direction normal to the
longitudinal axis of the bridge.
17 Translation: Horizontal movement of the bridge in
the longitudinal or transverse direction.
18 Rotation about the longitudinal axis: Rotation about
an axis parallel to the main span direction of the bridge.
19 Rotation about the transverse axis: rotation about an
axis parallel to the transverse axis of the bridge.
11.1.1.2 References
1 American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
AASHTO 2008 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications, 2nd Edition, 2004, 2008
Interim Revisions.
AASHTO 2008 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004, 2008
Interim Revisions.
11.1.1.3 Design and Construction Standards
1 Bearings shall be designed in accordance with the
latest edition of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, Sub-Section 14.7, as complemented or
modified herein.
2 Bearings shall be constructed as specified in the
latest edition of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications, Section 18, as complemented or modified
herein.
3 Alternatively, the bearings may be designed and
constructed in accordance with Eurocode as described in
the following documents, as complemented or modified
herein.
i. BS EN 1337-1 Structural Bearings - Part 1:
General Design Rules.
ii. BS EN 1337-2 Structural Bearings - Part 2: Sliding
Elements.
iii. BS EN 1337-3 Structural Bearings - Part 3:
Elastomeric Bearings.
iv. BS EN 1337-5 Structural Bearings - Part 5: Pot
Bearings.
v. BS EN 1337-9 Structural Bearings - Part 9:
Protection.
vi. BS EN 1337-10 Structural Bearings - Part 10:
Inspection and Maintenance.
♦ 11-1 ♦
 vii. BS EN 1337-11 Structural Bearings - Part 11:
Transport, Storage and Installation.
4 Definitions of bearing types and bearing components
shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, Third Edition, 2004, Section 14.2. Relevant
definitions are reported in Paragraph 11.1.1.1.
5 Detailed specifications for elastomeric bearings and
Pot Bearings are given in Sub-Sections 11.2 and 11.3,
these two types being the most common and most
suitable types.
6 Other types of bearings shall follow AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications, Section 14 for design, and
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications for
construction requirements, as follows:
i. Disc Bearings Sub-Section 18.3
ii. Rocker and Roller Bearings Sub-Section 18.4
iii. Spherical Bearings Sub-Section 18.5
11.1.1.4 Submittals
1 The Contractor shall submit the following to be
approved by the Engineer prior to fabrication of the
bearings. Such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of
any responsibility under the contract documents for the
successful completion of the work.
i. Working drawings as defined in AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Construction Specifications Article 18.1.1.
The drawings shall, additionally, show transit
restraints and lifting points as necessary.
ii. Details of protective coatings with data sheets
and painting drawings showing the venue and
timing of the application of shop and site applied
coatings.
iii. Method statements.
iv. Evidence that the manufacturer has at least ten
years experience in manufacturing bearings
comparable with those required for the Project,
and that the proposed types of bearings have
been incorporated in structures in similar
environmental conditions.
v. Design calculations.
vi. Construction drawings of any additional or
revised reinforcement and modified concrete
details and/or steelwork details required at the
abutting structural elements.
vii. Details of fixings to superstructures and
substructures including tolerance requirements.
viii. Program of manufacture, testing and delivery,
including the name, address and accreditation of
the testing laboratory.
ix. Samples:
− All samples required to perform the tests
specified for the verification of material
♦ 11-2 ♦
quality and performance of bearings and
ancillary items.
− Records of an installation trial for each type
of bearing in accordance with the method of
installation which shall take full account of
restrictions that may be imposed on the
operations by the location of the bearings in
the Works. A photographic record of the
trial shall be made. Subject to the successful
completion of the trial the method of
installation shall not subsequently be varied
unless approved by the Designer.
x. Certificates (not older than 12 months):
− Certificates as specified in the standards in
respect of the specified materials.
− Certificates for all materials used in the
manufacture of bearings shall be obtained
from the manufacturers or suppliers. These
shall state the type and grade of material,
the relevant standard and the results of all
tests carried out.
xi. Test Reports:
− Reports of the specified material tests.
− Reports of the specified tests on bearings.
xii. Replacement procedures.
xiii. Inspection and Maintenance Plan.
11.1.1.5 Quality Assurance
1 Codes and Standards: AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Construction Specifications.
2 The Contractor shall ensure that direct site
supervision of the first of each type of bearing is provided
by an experienced technical representative of the
manufacturer and thereafter, by competent persons who
have been trained in the proper installation of bearings.
11.1.2 Materials
11.1.2.1 Steel
1 Unless otherwise specified, rolled steel shall conform
to AASHTO M 270M/M 270 (ASTM A 709/A 709M), Grade
36 (Grade 250), and shall cause no adverse electrolytic or
chemical reaction with other components of the bearing
and shall be free of all rust and mill scale.
2 Unless otherwise specified, steel laminates shall be
made from rolled mild steel conforming to AASHTO M
270M/M 270 (ASTM A 709/A 709M), Grade 36 (Grade 250),
ASTM A 1011/A 1011M, or equivalent. Laminates shall
have a minimum nominal thickness of (1.6 mm). Holes in
plates for manufacturing purposes shall not be permitted
unless they have been accounted for in the design and are
in accordance with the contract documents.
3 Cast steel shall satisfy the requirements of ASTM
A802/A802M and be free of all blow-holes and impurities
larger than 3.2 mm the inside wall of the pot in pot
bearings and the contact surface of metal rocker or roller
bearings shall be free of blow-holes or impurities of any
size.
4 Forged steel shall satisfy the requirements of ASTM
A 788.
5 Stainless steel shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM A167, Type304 or ASTM A240/A240M, Type 304
and shall have a minimum thickness of 0.91 mm and a
surface finish in the finished bearing better than or equal
to 0.2 μm. Stainless steel in contact with PTFE sheet shall
be polished to a finish no less than 0.50 μm.
6 Where ASTM is referred, equivalent specifications,
Eurocode for example, may be accepted.
11.1.2.2 Material Testing
1 Material certification tests to determine the physical
and chemical properties of all materials shall be
conducted in accordance with the appropriate
specification governing the material. The test certificates
shall be submitted to the Engineer.
2 Material friction test for sliding surfaces shall be
conducted either on samples taken from the same batch of
materials as those used in the prototype bearings, or on
finished bearings. The testing procedure shall be in
accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.1.5.2.3. The bearing or specimen
shall show no appreciable sign of wear, bond failure, or
other defects.
3 Long-term deterioration test shall either be
conducted on samples or on a pair of bearings placed
back-to-back. The testing procedure shall be in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
Article 18.1.5.2.7. The following shall be cause for rejection
of the bearing:
i. Damage visible to the naked eye on disassembly
of the bearing, such as excessive wear, cracks, or
splits in the material.
ii. A coefficient of friction which exceeds two-thirds
the value used in design.
11.1.2.3 Bedding Material
1 Bedding material shall be of the type specified in the
contract documents or as ordered or approved by the
Engineer and shall be installed to provide full bearing on
contact areas. Grout and mortar used for filling under
bearing or masonry plate shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Sub-Section 8.14.
2 Materials for mortar and grout shall conform to the
requirements of Sub-Section 5.1 as complemented and/or
modified herein.
3 When the width or depth of the void to be filled is
less than 20 mm, the grading of sand for use in the grout
shall be modified so that all material passes the 2.36 mm
sieve.
4 Unless otherwise specified or ordered by the
Engineer, the proportion of cement to sand shall be one to
one.
5 When nonshrink mortar or grout is specified, a
nonshrink admixture of a type approved by the Engineer
shall be used.
6 Only sufficient water shall be used to permit placing
and packing.
7 Mixing shall be done by either hand methods or with
rotating paddle-type mixing machines and shall be
continued until all ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Once
mixed, mortar or grout shall not be retempered by the
addition of water and shall be placed within one hour.
11.1.3 Construction Requirements
11.1.3.1 Manufacture
1 The manufacturer shall certify that each bearing
satisfies the requirements of the contract documents and
this Specification, and shall supply the Engineer a certified
copy of material test results. Each bearing shall be marked
in indelible ink or flexible paint. The marking shall consist
of the location in the structure, the orientation, the order
number, lot number, bearing identification number, and
elastomer type and grade number. Unless otherwise
specified in the contract documents, the marking shall be
on the face that is visible after erection of the bridge.
Bearing assemblies shall be preassembled in the shop by
the supplier and checked for proper completeness and
geometry before shipping to the site.
2 The design of the bearing shall include necessary
provision to facilitate the replacement of the bearing with
minimum interruption to traffic. The Special Specification
defines, where appropriate, the maximum lifting of bridge
decks to remove existing and install new bearings.
3 Performance for the system for protection against
corrosion shall not be less than 15 years to first
maintenance unless otherwise specified in the contract
documents. The system for corrosion protection shall be
subject to test in accordance with Table 1, Clause 5.3, BS
EN 1337-9 or other such criteria as may be additionally
recommended by the corrosion protection system
manufacturer as being adequate to demonstrate the ability
of the protection system to achieve life to first
maintenance as specified for the steelwork.
11.1.3.2 Manufacture Tolerances
1 Bearings shall be fabricated within the tolerances of
Table 18.1.4.2-1 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications. The Special Specification defines, where
appropriate, the class of tolerances A, B or C.
11.1.3.3 Testing of Complete Bearings
1 Dimension Check: the dimensions of the bearings
shall be checked in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Construction Specifications Article 18.1.5.2.4.
2 Clearance Test: in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Construction Specifications Article 18.1.5.2.5.
3 Bearing Friction Test: in accordance with AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications Article 18.1.5.2.6.
♦ 11-3 ♦
In addition to the compression of 100 percent of the full
service dead load plus live load, the bearings shall be
checked for 50 percent and 80 percent of the full service
dead load plus live load.
4 Bearing Horizontal Force Capacity: in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
Article 18.1.5.2.8. Failure or excessive deflection of any of
the components shall be cause for rejection.
5 Vertical Load Test: bearings shall be tested for
vertical load equal to one and a half (1.5) times the full
service dead load plus live load. The test shall be applied
in five equal increments and the test load held for one (1)
hour or until deformation ceases, whichever is the greater.
The load shall then be removed in equal decrements as
the load increments. A second cycle of load increment and
decrement shall be applied with the maximum test load
being held for (30) minutes. The load-deformation graph
shall be plotted for both load cycles and the set
determined. If the set exceeds a value deemed to be
excessive by the Engineer, the Engineer may require all
bearings to be pre-loaded before installation. At the end of
the vertical load test, the bearing shall be dismantled and
the bearing surfaces examined. Damage visible to the
naked eye on disassembly of the bearing, such as
excessive wear, cracks, or splits in the material shall be
cause for rejection.
6 If one bearing of the sample fails, all the bearings of
that lot shall be rejected, unless the manufacturer elects to
test each bearing of the lot at his expense. In lieu of this
procedure, the Engineer may require every bearing of the
lot to be tested.
7 Testing of the complete bearings shall be at the
Contractor’s expense and will be witnessed by
representatives of the Engineer and the Employer. The
cost for providing facilities to the Engineer or his
representative for witnessing the test shall be borne by the
Contractor. The Contractor shall ensure access to the
manufacturer plant for the Engineer’s representatives.
8 The Engineer may waive any or all of the bearing
tests.
11.1.3.4 Packaging, Handling and Storage
1 Prior to shipment from the point of manufacture,
bearings shall be packaged in such a manner to ensure
that during shipment and storage, the bearings will be
protected against damage from handling, weather, or any
normal hazard. Each completed bearing shall have its
components clearly identified, be securely bolted,
strapped, or otherwise fastened to prevent any relative
movement, and be marked on its top as to location and
orientation in each structure in the Project.
2 All bearing devices and components shall be stored
at the work site in an area that provides protection from
environmental and physical damage. When installed,
bearings shall be clean and free of all foreign substances.
3 Dismantling of bearings at the site shall not be done
unless absolutely necessary for inspection or installation.
♦ 11-4 ♦
Bearings shall not be opened or dismantled at the site
except under the direct supervision of or with the approval
of the manufacturer.
11.1.3.5 Construction and Installation
1 Bearings shall be installed by qualified personnel to
the positions shown in the contract documents. Bearings
shall be set at time of installation to the dimensions and
offsets prescribed by the manufacturer, by the Engineer,
and as shown in the contract documents and shall be
adjusted as necessary to take into account the
temperature and future movements of the bridge due to
temperature changes, release of falsework, and shortening
due to prestressing.
2 Each bridge bearing shall be located within ±3 mm of
its correct position in the horizontal plane and oriented to
within an angular tolerance of 1 degree. Guided bearings
and bearings which rotate about only one axis shall be
oriented in the direction specified in the contract
documents to within a tolerance of 0.25 degree. All
bearings except those which are placed in opposing pairs
shall be set horizontal to within an angular tolerance of
0.25 degree, and must have full and even contact with
load plates, where these exist. The superstructure
supported by the bearing shall be set so that, under full
dead load, its slope lies within an angular tolerance of 0.25
degree of the design value. Any departure from this
tolerance shall be corrected by means of a tapered plate or
by other means approved by the Engineer. If shim stacks
are needed to level the bearing, they shall be removed
after grouting and before the weight of the superstructure
acts on the bearing.
3 Metallic bearing assemblies not embedded in the
concrete shall be bedded on the concrete with a filler or
fabric material as specified in Paragraph 11.1.2.3.
4 Where bearings are seated directly on steel work, the
supporting surface shall be machined so as to provide a
level and planar surface upon which the bearing is placed.
5 Bearings or masonry plates which rest on steel
supports may be directly installed on the supports,
provided the support is flat within a tolerance of 0.002
times the nominal dimension and is sufficiently rigid so as
not to deform under specified loads.
11.1.4 Method of Measurement
1 Measurement of bridge bearings shall be by the
number of each type of bearing furnished, installed,
completed in place and accepted. Bearings of the same
type but of different load or movement capacities shall be
measured separately.
2 Bearing tests, installation trials, bedding, nuts and
bolts, grout injection where applicable, and temporary
restraint of bearings where necessary due to the sequence
of deck construction, measuring devices for movement
and/or load, as well as plinths, downstands, masonry
plates and all elements between the substructure and
superstructure shall not be measured for direct payment
but shall be considered as subsidiary works the costs of
which shall be deemed to be included in the rates for
bridge bearings.
11.1.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the rate
for each type of “Bridge Bearing” as specified in the Bill of
Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for
furnishing all materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies
and other items necessary for proper completion of the
Work.
11.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i) Bridge bearing (type), vertical and
horizontal loads (kN), movement (mm) (nr.)
11.2 Elastomeric Bearings
11.2.1 Description
1 Elastomeric bearings as defined herein shall include
unreinforced pads (consisting of elastomer only) and
reinforced bearings with steel laminates.
2 Design of steel-reinforced elastomeric bearings shall
be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications Method B defined in Article 14.7.5 or
Method A defined in Article 14.7.6 where the provisions of
the appropriate article are used.
3 Bearings shall be constructed as specified in the
latest edition of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications, Section 18, as complemented or modified
herein.
4 Alternatively elastomeric bearings may be designed
and constructed in accordance with Eurocode BS EN 1337-
3 Structural Bearings - Part 3: Elastomeric Bearings.
11.2.2 Materials
1 The raw elastomer shall be either virgin Neoprene
(polychloroprene) or virgin natural rubber (polyisoprene)
satisfying the testing requirements in Tables 18.2.3.1-1
and 18.2.3.1-2 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications. Test requirements may be interpolated for
intermediate hardness.
2 Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents,
the elastomer shall be Grade 0, 60-durometer.
3 Materials for elastomeric bearings and the finished
bearings themselves shall be subjected to the tests
described in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.2.5. Material tests shall be in
accordance with either Table 18.2.3.1-1 or Table 18.2.3.1-2,
as appropriate. Frequency of testing shall be as specified
in Article 18.2.5.2.
4 Short-duration compression tests on bearings shall
be as described in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.2.5.6 except that the compression
load shall be 200 percent of the rated service load.
5 Shear testing on finished bearings shall be as
described in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.2.5.8 at constant compression
loads of 50 and 100 percent of the rated service load.
6 Where elastomeric bearings are equipped with
sliding surface of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) and
stainless steel mating surface, the PTFE shall be as
specified in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.8.2 and the stainless steel as
specified in Article 11.1.2.1 of these Specifications.
11.2.3 Construction Requirements
1 Installation of elastomeric bearings shall be in
accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications Article 18.2.6.
2 Where elastomeric bearings are equipped with
sliding surface of PTFE and stainless steel mating surface,
the fabrication requirements shall be as specified in
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications Article
18.8.3.
11.2.4 Method of Measurement
1 Measurement of elastomeric bearings shall be by the
number of each type of bearing furnished, installed,
completed in place and accepted. Bearings of the same
type but of different load capacities shall be measured
separately.
2 Bearing tests, installation trials, bedding, grout
injection where applicable, measuring devices for
movement and/or load, as well as plinths, downstands,
masonry plates and all elements between the substructure
and superstructure shall not be measured for direct
payment but shall be considered as subsidiary works the
costs of which shall be deemed to be included in the rates
for bridge bearings.
11.2.5 Basis of Payment
1. The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the rate
for each type of elastomeric bearing as specified in the Bill
of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for
furnishing all materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies
and other items necessary for proper completion of the
Work.
11.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i) Elastomeric Bearing (type), vertical and
horizontal loads (kN) (nr.)
♦ 11-5 ♦
11.3 Pot Bearings
11.3.1 Description
1 Pot bearings shall:
i. be adequate for the design loads and
movements shown in the contract documents or
specified.
ii. be tested at the appropriate level.
2 Bearings shall be designed in accordance with the
latest edition of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, Section 14.7, as complemented or modified
herein.
3 Bearings shall be constructed as specified in the
latest edition of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications, Section 18, as complemented or modified
herein.
4 Alternatively, the bearings may be designed and
constructed in accordance with BS EN 1337-5 Structural
Bearings - Part 5: Pot Bearings, as complemented or
modified herein.
5 All pot bearings including sliding bearing shall be
attached to the substructure and superstructure by
mechanical fixings or other approved methods.
6 The capacity of bolts fixing the bearings to the
substructure and superstructure shall be adequate to
resist solely the entire horizontal force without
consideration of any friction forces.
11.3.2 Materials
11.3.2.1 General
1 All materials shall be new and unused, with no
reclaimed material incorporated in the finished bearing.
11.3.2.2 Steel
1. All steel except stainless steel components of the pot
and disc bearing shall conform to the requirements of
Section 6 for carbon steel or high-strength, low-alloy
structural steel for welding.
11.3.2.3 Stainless Steel
1 Stainless steel shall conform to the requirements of
Paragraph 11.1.2,1 item (5) of this Specification.
11.3.2.4 Elastomeric Rotational Element
1 The elastomeric rotational element used in the
construction of pot bearings shall contain only virgin,
crystallization-resistant polychloroprene (Neoprene),
AASHTO M251 (ASTM D4014) or virgin natural
polyisoprene (natural rubber), AASHTO M 251 as the raw
polymer. The physical properties of Neoprene and natural
rubber shall conform to the standards stated herein with
modifications as follows:
i. The Shore A durometer hardness shall be 50 ±
10 points.
♦ 11-6 ♦
ii. Samples for compression set tests shall be
prepared using a Type 2 die.
11.3.2.5 Sealant
1 The elastomer shall be lubricated between the steel
pot and the top steel bearing plate with a silicon grease
which does not react chemically with the elastomer and
does not alter its properties within the range of
environmental conditions expected at the site or as
recommended by the manufacturer.
11.3.2.6 Sealing Rings
1 The sealing rings between the steel piston and the
elastomeric rotational element of pot bearings shall be
made of brass conforming to ASTM B 36 / B 36M for rings
of rectangular cross-section and ASTM B 121 / B 121M for
circular sections. The Engineer may, at his discretion,
approve other sealing ring material on the basis of test
evidence conforming to Article 14.7.4.5 of the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
11.3.2.7 Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) Sheet and Strip
1 PTFE sheet and strip requirements for pot bearings
shall conform to the provisions of AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Construction Specifications Article 18.8.1 or BS EN 1337-2
Sub-Section 5.2.
11.3.2.8 Other Sliding Materials
1 Other sliding materials shall conform to the provisions of
BS EN 1337-2 Section 5.
11.3.3 Construction Requirements
11.3.3.1 General
1 Comply with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications as complemented or modified herein.
2 The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with
written notification 30 days prior to the start of bearing
fabrication.
3 The finish of the mold used to produce the
elastomeric rotational element shall conform to good
machine shop practice.
4 The PTFE sheet shall be bonded to a grit-blasted steel
substrate using an epoxy resin adhesive under controlled
factory conditions in accordance with the instructions of
the adhesive manufacturer. The PTFE sheet shall be
recessed into its steel substrate for at least one-half of its
thickness. If on a vertical surface, the PTFE sheet may be
mechanically fastened to the substrate. The attachment of
the PTFE sheet to its substrate shall be done in accordance
with the manufacturing requirements of AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Construction Specifications Article 18.8.2,
"Materials”.
5 After fabrication, steel surfaces exposed to the
atmosphere, except stainless steel surfaces, shall be shop
painted or coated to protect against corrosion as specified
in Section 7. Surface preparation shall be as AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications Article 18.3.3.1.
6 Stainless steel sheet shall be attached to a steel
substrate with an approved epoxy to ensure complete
contact and then sealed with a continuous seal weld. All
welding shall conform to and all welders shall be qualified
in accordance with the requirements of the current
AASHTO/AWS D1.5 M / D1.5 Bridge Welding Code. Except
as noted, all bearing surfaces of steel plates shall be
finished or machined flat within 0.0008 mm/mm. Out-of-
flatness greater than 0.0008 mm/mm on any plate shall be
cause for rejection. The bottom surfaces of lower bearing
plates (masonry plates) designed to rest on bearing pads
shall not exceed an out-of-flatness value of 0.005 mm/mm.
Oxygen-cut surfaces shall not exceed a surface roughness
value 25 m, as defined by ANSI B 46.1.
7 Gross bearing dimensions shall have a tolerance in
accordance with Paragraph 11.1.3 .2. of this specification
8 Every bearing shall have the project identification
number, lot number, and individual bearing number as
well as its location on the structure indelibly marked with
ink on a side that will be visible after erection.
9 Fabrication Requirements for the Pot:
i. The pot shall be manufactured by welding or
machining from a single piece of plate.
ii. The piston shall be machined from a single piece
of steel. The outside diameter of the piston shall
be no more than 0.760 mm less than the inside
diameter of the pot at the level of interface
between the piston and elastomeric rotational
element. The sides of the piston shall be beveled
to facilitate rotation.
iii. If guides are used, they shall be attached to the
piston by welding or bolting.
10 Fabrication Requirements for Sealing Rings: The
sealing rings shall be recessed into the elastomeric disc
and shall fit snugly against the pot wall. Rings of
rectangular cross-section shall be installed with their gaps
equally spaced round the circumference. The gap between
the ring and the wall shall nowhere exceed 0.25 mm. The
gap between the cut ends of the ring shall not exceed 1.25
mm.
11 Fabrication Requirements for Elastomeric Rotational
Element: The elastomeric pad shall have the same
nominal diameter as the pot. The elastomeric pad shall be
individually molded or cut from sheet and shall be made
of no more than three separate layers, of which none may
have a nominal thickness of less than 13 mm. The sealing
ring recess depth shall be the same as the total ring
thickness if rectangular rings are used.
11.3.3.2 Sampling and Testing
1 Lot Size: Sampling, testing, and acceptance
consideration shall be made on a lot basis. A lot shall be
the smallest number of bearings as determined by the
following criteria:
i. Shall not exceed a single contract document or
project quantity.
ii. Shall not exceed 25 bearings.
iii. Shall consist of those bearings of the same type
regardless of load capacity. Bearing types may
be fixed or sliding types. Guided and non-guided
sliding bearings shall be considered to be a
single type.
2 Material Certification Tests: The manufacturer shall
select, at random, samples for material certification tests
as defined in Paragraph 11.1.2.2 of this Specification,
bearings from completed lots of bearings for testing. The
manufacturer shall complete the required testing and
determine compliance with this specification before
submitting the lot(s) for quality-assurance inspection,
testing, and acceptance consideration. The results of the
manufacturer's tests shall be furnished to the Engineer.
Certification shall be provided for all elastomeric elements.
Their material properties shall satisfy the requirements
specified and the tests described in Paragraph 11.1.3.3.
Additional tests may be required by the Engineer.
3 Testing by the Engineer’s instruction:
i. The manufacturer shall furnish to the Engineer
the required number of complete bearings and
component samples to perform quality-
assurance testing on the expense of the
Contractor in accordance with the following:
− For Proof Load Test: one production bearing
per lot.
− For Coefficient of Friction Test: one
production bearing per lot.
− Physical Properties of Elastomeric
Rotational Element: one elastomeric
element per lot.
− Physical Properties of PTFE Sheet: one
250x400 mm sheet of PTFE material per
project.
− Bearing Horizontal Force Capacity as
Paragraph 11.1.3.3: one production bearing
per lot for each of (a) fixed type and (b)
guided sliding type (guide test).
− Vertical Load Test as Paragraph 11.1.3.3:
one production bearing per lot of each type.
ii. At least one elastomeric element shall be tested
per lot of bearings. All exterior surfaces of
sampled production bearings shall be smooth
and free from irregularities or protrusions that
might interfere with testing procedures.
iii. A minimum of 30 days shall be allowed for
inspection, sampling, and quality-assurance
testing of production bearings and component
materials.
iv. The Engineer may select, at random, the
required sample bearing(s) from completed lots
of bearings and samples of the elastomeric and
PTFE materials for quality-assurance testing.
♦ 11-7 ♦
 v. The Contractor shall bear the cost of transporting
all samples from the place of manufacture to the
test site and back or, if applicable, to the Site.
4 Performance Characteristics for Proof-Load Test:
i. Critical dimensions shall include the clearance
between the piston and the pot and shall be
verified by the clearance test described in
Paragraph 11.1.3.3.
ii. A long-term deterioration test, as described in
Paragraph 11.1.2.2 item (3) shall be performed
on one bearing of each lot of pot bearings with
the sealing rings with rectangular cross-section
and sealing rings with circular cross-sections.
The bearing shall be load-tested to 150 percent
of the specified rated capacity at 0.02 rad. If the
size of the bearing prohibits adequate testing
with available equipment, the Engineer may
agree to test a prototype bearing with
comparable requirements.
iii. During the test, the steel bearing plate and steel
piston shall maintain continuous and uniform
contact for the duration of the test.
iv. The bearing shall be visually examined both
during the test and upon disassembly after the
test. Any resultant visual defects, such as
extruded or deformed elastomer, or PTFE;
damaged seals or limiting rings; evidence of
metal-to-metal contact between the pot wall and
the top plate; or cracked steel, shall be cause for
rejection of the lot.
5 Sliding Coefficient of Friction Test:
i. For all guided and non-guided sliding type
bearings, the sliding coefficient of friction shall
be measured at the bearing's design capacity in
accordance with Paragraph 11.1.3.3 and
additionally on the fifth and fiftieth cycles, at a
sliding speed of 25 mm per min.
ii. The sliding coefficient of friction shall be
calculated as the horizontal load required to
maintain continuous sliding of one bearing,
divided by the bearing's vertical design capacity.
iii. The test results shall be evaluated as follows:
− The measured sliding coefficients of friction
shall not exceed three percent.
− The bearing will be visually examined both
during and after the test. Any resultant
visual defects, such as bond failure, physical
destruction, cold flow of PTFE to the point of
debonding, or damaged components, shall
be cause for rejection of the lot.
− Bearings not damaged during the
testing of performance characteristics may
be used in the work.
♦ 11-8 ♦
11.3.3.3 Installation
1. Pot bearings shall be installed in accordance with the
contract documents and on the approved working
drawings. Upon final installation of the bearings, the
Engineer, in the presence of the manufacturer's
representative, shall inspect the bearing components to
assure that they are level and parallel to within 2.6 mm/m.
Any deviations in excess of the allowed tolerances shall be
corrected.
11.3.4 Method of Measurement
1 Measurement of pot bearings shall be by the number
of each type of bearing furnished, installed, completed in
place and accepted. Bearings of the same type but of
different load capacities shall be measured separately.
2 Bearing tests, installation trials, bedding and epoxy
injection where applicable shall not be measured for direct
payment but shall be considered as subsidiary works the
costs of which shall be deemed to be included in the rates
for bridge bearings.
11.3.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the rate
for each type of “Pot Bearing” as specified in the Bill of
Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for
furnishing all materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies
and other items necessary for proper completion of the
Work.
11.3.6 Item in the Bill of Quantities
i) Pot Bearing (type), vertical and horizontal
loads (kN), movement (mm) (nr.)
11.4 Bridge Expansion Joints
11.4.1 Description
11.4.1.1 Scope
1 This Sub-section describes furnishing materials and
installation of expansion joints for bridge decks, all as and
where shown on the Drawings.
11.4.1.2 Types of Joints
1 The joint construction shall be as described on the
Drawings and may be one of the following types:
− Buried joint within the bridge deck
− Elastomeric sealed joints
− Modular joints using neoprene box or band
sections
− Metallic finger joints
− Asphaltic plug joint.
2 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, expansion
joints shall be fully waterproof type.
3 The bedding and nosings of expansion joints shall be
considered integral parts of the joint and the joint
manufacturer shall be responsible for the supply of all
constituent materials required for bedding and nosing of
joints at the time of supplying the joint.
11.4.1.3 References
1 American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
AASHTO 2008 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction
Specifications, 2nd Edition, 2004, 2008
Interim Revisions.
AASHTO 2008 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004, 2008
Interim Revisions.
11.4.1.4 Submittals
1 If the type of expansion joints for a particular
application is not shown in the contract documents, the
Contractor shall submit, for the Engineer’s approval, a
report well in advance, identifying the type of expansion
joint he intends to use for every structure.
2 The Contractor shall furnish detailed drawings of the
joint and method of assembly and installation procedure
for the approval of the Engineer.
3 Material certificates, signed by manufacturers and
Contractor shall be provided, certifying that the joints are
designed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications or equivalent standard and AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Construction Specifications or equivalent and that
they comply with the requirements of this specification.
11.4.1.5 Quality Assurance
1 Codes and Standards: AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Construction Specifications.
2 The Contractor shall ensure that direct site
supervision of the first of each type of joint is provided by
an experienced technical representative of the
manufacturer and thereafter, by competent persons who
have been trained in the proper installation of expansion
joints.
11.4.2 Materials
11.4.2.1 General
1 Storage of joints, jointing materials, sealants and
other associated items shall be in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
2 The elastomeric, metallic, bituminous, cementitious
and resin based components used in the joint construction
shall all be strictly in accordance with the description in
the contract documents and the manufacturer's
specifications.
11.4.2.2 Asphaltic Plug Joints
1 Binder:
i. The binder used in the construction of an
asphaltic plug joint must have the following
characteristics:
− remain flexible in cold conditions,
− be stable in hot conditions,
− be flow resistant.
ii. The following tests shall be performed by an
approved laboratory at the temperatures
expected in use,, and a test certificate issued
before the asphaltic plugs are delivered to Site:
− Extension Test,
− Softening Point Test,
− Flow Resistance Test.
2 Aggregate: The aggregate shall be single-sized 20
mm aggregate to BS 63. It shall be a clean, dry stone with
a polished stone value of 60, and a maximum flakiness
index of 25, and shall bagged to avoid contamination.
11.4.3 Construction Requirements
11.4.3.1 General
1 The positioning of holding down bolts and
anchorage systems shall be checked for accuracy and
agreed by the Engineer before the casting of the concrete
for the joint and to locate holding down bolts or
anchorage pockets. The templates or forms shall only be
removed with the Engineer's consent. Threaded parts
shall be protected, kept clean and protected from
corrosion by a grease coating.
2 Where the carriageway surfacing is removed to
accommodate the bridge joint it shall be cut to a clear
straight line for the full depth of the surfacing without
damage to the concrete substrate or the waterproofing.
3 Before installation of the joint, the concrete surfaces
shall be free from laitance, sand, clear and comply strictly
with the joint manufacturer's requirements.
11.4.3.2 Nosings
1 Construction of nosings at joints using epoxy mortar
and epoxy concrete shall be formed under the direction of
a competent supervisor experienced in the use of the
material. The work shall be carried out preferably in the
warm weather. The air temperature around the joint shall
be not less than 10 degrees C, which shall be achieved
artificially if necessary. Concrete surfaces to which
nosings are applied shall be dry, sound and free from
laitance. Before application of the primary coat, loose
material and dust shall be removed by an air jet tested to
ensure that no oil is carried over from the compressor.
2 Unless otherwise specified, surfacing shall be carried
across the joint and then cut back to accommodate the
nosing. The cutting shall be done with a diamond saw to
give a clean edge throughout the depth of the material to
be removed. Masking material shall be provided to
prevent surfacing materials adhering to the deck where
nosings are to be formed and shall be adequately located
to prevent displacement by the paving machine.
♦ 11-9 ♦
3 A primary coat of unfilled epoxy resin composition cross the joints only by means of the ramps until the
shall be well worked in by brush to all surfaces with which bedding and nosing have reached full strength.
the nosings will be permanently in contact, at a uniform
rate of not less than 300 gm/square meter. The mortar 11.4.4 Method of Measurement
shall then be applied as quickly as possible while the
primary coat is still tacky. 1 Bridge expansion joints shall be measured by the
linear meter of each joint type and size (measured by
4 The epoxy mortar and epoxy concrete composition
movement range). Measurement shall be made from
shall be approved by the Engineer. Aggregate shall be
outside face of parapet to outside face of parapet whether
either silica sand, calcined bauxite or other approved
or not the joint types over carriageway, verges and
synthetic or natural aggregate of suitable grading. The
walkways for a particular joint type are similar. Special
particle size distribution shall be that which produces a
curb units, cover plates over walkways, epoxy mortar
mortar with adequate strength and workability and
bedding and epoxy concrete nosing shall not be measured
minimum voids. Aggregate shall be clean and completely
for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary
dry. Whichever type of aggregate is used, the epoxy
works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in
mortar or epoxy concrete constituents shall be thoroughly
the unit rates.
mixed in a suitable mechanical mixer. The sequence,
duration and temperature of mixing shall be in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions. 11.4.5 Basis of Payment
5 The mixed constituents shall be placed in position 1 The amount of completed and accepted work
within the time recommended by the manufacturer, well measured as provided above, will be paid for at the rates
worked against the primed surfaces and trowelled flush identified in the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full
with the adjacent road surface to form a dense solid compensation for furnishing, installing, fixing and for
nosing to the required profiles. Epoxy mortar shall materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and all other
generally be compacted in layers not exceeding 50 mm items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
thick. Where an underlying layer is more than one hour
old it shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, be 11.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
primed with an unfilled epoxy resin priming coat before
placing the next course. (i) Buried Joint
movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
11.4.3.3 Installation
(ii) Elastomeric (waterproof) Joint
1 The gap width shall be set, in relation to the
movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
prevailing deck temperature, with the joint gap sides
parallel as described on the Drawings and within the joint (iii) Modular joint with neoprene
manufacturer's installation instructions. Seals shall insert, movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
remain in compression for the full range of joint
movement. (iv) Metallic finger joint with
2 Expansion joints shall be of uniform width and shall neoprene insert
be accurately set or finished and aligned flush with the movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
finished carriageway surface. Care shall be given to
ensure that metallic components are not bent or deformed (v) Metallic finger joint no insert
during handling and installation. movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
3 The installation process shall strictly comply with
(vi) Asphaltic Plug Joint
instructions given on the Drawings and by the joint
manufacturer. movement range ( ) (lin.m.)
4 The expansion joint and the waterproofing shall be
formed so that a watertight seal is provided. 11.5 Joint Seals and Fillers
5 During the placing and hardening of the bedding and
bonding materials, movement between the joint and the 11.5.1 Description
substrate shall be prevented.
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
6 When one half of the expansion joint is being set, the furnishing and installing joint sealing and preformed
other half shall be completely free from longitudinal expansion joint filler materials as shown on the Drawings,
restraint. In particular, where templates are used to locate or as directed by the Engineer.
the two sides of a joint, they shall not be fixed
simultaneously to both sides. 11.5.2 Materials
7 Ramps shall be provided and maintained to protect
all expansion joints from vehicular loading. Vehicles shall 1 For preformed joint filler strips, refer to Section 5,
Paragraph 5.3.2.6.

♦ 11-10 ♦
2 For joint sealants, refer to Section 5, Paragraph
5.3.3.7 (7).
11.5.3 Construction Requirements
1 For construction joints, refer to Section 5, Paragraph
5.3.3.6.
2 For contraction and expansion joints, refer to Section
5, Paragraph 5.3.3.7.
3 For waterstops, refer to Section 5, Paragraph 5.3.3.8.
11.5.4 Method of Measurement, Basis of
Payment and Bill of Quantities
1 No separate measurement is made for joint sealers
and fillers and no items are included in the Bill of
Quantities. The work shall be considered subsidiary to
other items of work in the Bill of Quantities.
11.6 Bridge Parapets and Railings
11.6.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
furnishing and installing bridge parapets and railings as
shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
11.6.2 Materials
11.6.2.1 Materials of Construction
1 The materials of construction of the parapet shall be
aluminum alloy or structural steel or reinforced concrete.
11.6.2.2 Aluminum Alloy
1 Aluminum alloys used for bridge parapets and
railings shall conform with the requirements of AASHTO
M 193 and AASHTO M 219 or BS 1470, BS 1474 and BS
1490.
11.6.2.3 Structural Steel
1 Structural steel used for bridge parapets and railings
shall conform to the requirements of Section 6 "Structural
Steel and Other Metal Work". The anchorage system shall
be as shown on the Drawings or of a type approved by the
Engineer.
11.6.2.4 Reinforced Concrete
1 Reinforced concrete used for bridge parapets shall
conform to the requirements of:
− Sub-Section 5.1 Concrete Materials and Mixes
− Sub-Section 5.2 Reinforcing Steel
− Sub-Section 5.3 Reinforced Concrete Structures
The anchorage system shall be as shown on the Drawings or
of a type approved by the Engineer.
11.6.2.5 Anchorage System
1 The anchorage system of parapets and rails, shall be
as shown on the Drawings and shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer. It shall be such that damaged
metal posts and rails can be readily replaced without the
need for cutting the bridge deck or copings or edge units
into which the anchorages are located.
11.6.3 Construction Requirements
1 During erection, the parapet units shall be securely
held in their correct positions until all connections and
fixings are complete and the post fixings have gained
adequate strength to develop the full holding down
moment. The assessment of the adequacy of the post
fixing shall be subject to the Engineer's approval. The
finished parapets shall be true to line and level throughout
their length.
2 Welding of aluminum shall comply with the
requirements of BS 3019 Part 1 and BS 3571 Part 1 and all
welding shall be carried out in the factory under controlled
environment. Welding of steel parapet units shall be
carried out in factory or at site in compliance with Section
6
3 The Contractor shall ensure the proper installation of
the posts and rails for metal bridge parapets by competent
persons who have been trained in the proper installation
of the type of bridge parapets to be installed, using tools
and procedures recommended by the manufacturer.
4 The rails and posts of parapets shall be closed
sections, presenting no visible seam welds or exposed
bolt heads. The shape and texture of the posts and rails
and the protective treatment to be applied shall be as
indicated on the Drawings and no deviations and/or
alterations to these shall be permitted.
5 The standard of finish of reinforced concrete parapet
units shall conform to finish of approved sample units
made before main production commences. Where minor
blemishes and discolorations occur on production units,
making good with an approved epoxy mortar compound
will be permitted only with the express approval of the
Engineer. Units which are considered unacceptable for
use in the works by the Engineer shall be destroyed.
Considerable care shall be given during erection of
parapet units to avoid cracking or otherwise damaging the
concrete unit or its finish.
11.6.4 Method of Measurement
1 Bridge parapets and railings shall be measured by
the linear meter of each type of parapet and railing, based
upon the lengths and dimensions shown on the Drawings
or ordered by the Engineer
2 Full scale dynamic testing or any other testing that
may be required, expansion joints, specially fabricated
units of posts and rails for nosing areas, special
requirements at junctions with transition walls, or guard
rails, grit blasting to produce the required surface texture
♦ 11-11 ♦
anchorages and holding down assemblies stitching and
making good to concrete and other ancillaries, will all be
considered as subsidiary works the cost of which shall be
deemed to be included in the rates for bridge parapets and
railings.

11.6.5 Basis of Payment

1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above shall be paid at the rates
in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full
compensation for furnishing and installing all materials,
labor, equipment, tools, tests, records and all other items
for completing the works as specified.
2 Where a concrete parapet is mounted with a metal
rail, both components will be measured as one item
completely furnished and installed.

11.6.6 Item in the Bill of Quantities

(i) Concrete bridge parapet
(state type) (lin.m.)

(ii) Concrete bridge parapet with

metal rail (state type) (lin.m.)

(iii) Steel bridge parapet (lin.m.)

(iv) Aluminum bridge parapet (lin.m.)

(v) Steel pedestrian railing (lin.m.)

(vi) Aluminum pedestrian railing (lin.m.)

♦ 11-12 ♦