12.

1  General 12-1 
12.1.1  Description 12-1 
12.1.2  References 12-1 
12.1.3  Materials 12-1 
12.1.4  Construction and Installation
Requirements 12-2 
12.1.4.1  Sub-grade and Sub-base 12-2 
12.1.4.2  Curbs 12-2 
12.1.4.3  Precast Concrete Tile Paving 12-2 
12.1.4.4  Block Paving 12-4 
12.1.4.5  Cast In-situ Concrete Paving/Curbing 12-4 
12.1.5 Method of Measurement 12-4
12.1.6 Basis of Payment 12-5
12.1.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities 12-5

♦ 12-1 ♦
♦ 12-2 ♦
12.1 General
12.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for paving
and curbs for sidewalks and other paved areas, including
precast concrete and natural stone paving, aggregate
bases, granular sub-bases and sub-grade, all as shown on
the Drawings.
2 Paving includes, as appropriate and shown on the
Drawings, hydraulically pressed precast concrete elements,
clay pavers, granite, basalt and cobbled paving, sub-bases
and related accessories such as movement joints. In
limited cases, and only if specifically ordered by the
Engineer, cast in situ concrete paving and curbs may be
permitted, provided trial sample work is approved by the
Engineer.
12.1.2 References
1 American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
M-33-99 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for
Concrete (Bituminous Type)
M 235M Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin
Adhesives
2 American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM)
D994-98 Standard Specification for Preformed
Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete (Bituminous Type)
C936M – 09 Standard Specification for Solid
Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
3 British/European Standards
BS 7533-3:2005/A1 2009
Pavements constructed with clay,
natural stone or concrete pavers. Code
of practice for laying precast concrete
paving blocks and clay pavers for
flexible pavements.
EN 1342:2001 Setts of natural stone for external
paving. Requirements and test methods
EN 1343:2001 Curbs of natural stone for external
paving. Requirements and test methods
BS 6717:2001 Precast, unreinforced concrete paving
blocks. Requirements and test methods
BS EN197-1:2000 Cement. Composition, specifications
and conformity criteria for low heat
common cements
EN 13139:2002 Aggregates for mortar
BS 882:1992 Specification for aggregates from
natural sources for concrete
EN 998-1:2003 Specification for mortar for masonry -
Rendering and plastering mortar
EN 998-2:2003 Specification for mortar for masonry -
Masonry mortar
BS 7263-1:2001 PC concrete flags, curbs, channels,
edgings and quadrants, PC
unreinforced concrete paving slabs and
complimentary fittings:- Requirements
and test methods.
12.1.3 Materials
1. Portland cement concrete shall conform to the
requirements of Section 5 and as shown on the Drawings,
including HDS Section 16, SD16.20.
2. Precast concrete curbs, edgings and channels shall
be hydraulically pressed units to conform to BS 7263,
obtained from an approved manufacturer, and of the
sections and sizes shown on the Drawings
i. Straight units shall generally be 900mm long but
shall be shorter where used for curves of radius
down to 12 meters,
ii. Radius curb units shall be used for curves of
radius less than 12 meters
3 Precast concrete paving slabs (tiles) shall be
hydraulically pressed slabs to conform to BS 7263,
obtained from an approved manufacturer, and of the sizes,
shapes, colors and surface finish shown on the Drawings.
4 Granite blocks shall conform to BS EN 1342 and 1343,
approved natural local granite with sawn finish, and be
obtained from one strata of one quarry, free from faults
and to the shapes, sizes and patterns shown on the
Drawings.
5 Basalt blocks shall be approved natural basalt sets to
BS EN 1342 and 1343 with various finishes, obtained from
one strata of one quarry, free from faults and to the
shapes, sizes, and patterns shown on the Drawings.
6 Interlocking concrete blocks shall conform to BS
6717 [ASTM C 936], precast concrete interlocking block
pavers, obtained from an approved manufacturer and to
the shapes, sizes, colors, finishes and patterns shown on
the Drawings.
7 Interlocking clay pavers shall conform to BS6677, be
obtained from an approved manufacturer and to the
shapes, sizes, colors, finishes and patterns shown on the
Drawings.
8 Stone cobbles: selected hard smooth, egg-shaped
beach or river cobble stones obtained from an approved
source and to the sizes shown on the Drawings.
9 Base, sub-base and sub-grade courses for paving
shall comply with requirements of Section 3 of these
standard specifications and as shown on the Drawings,
including HDS Section 16, SD16.20.
10 Preformed expansion joint filler shall meet the
requirements of AASHTO M-33-99 or ASTM D994-98
11 Cement-sand mortar mix for bedding of block pavers
shall, unless otherwise specified, be composed of:
i. Ordinary Portland cement to BS EN 197-1 or, if
instructed, white Portland cement to BS EN197-1.
ii. Sand to BS 882, Table 5.
♦ 12-1 ♦
 iii. Mix composition shall be Type “ii” as BS 998
1&2, to give a 28 day compressive strength of
not less than 5 MPa. Cement sand ratio shall not
be less than 1: 3 or 1:4 by volume; submit details
of proposed mix for approval.
12 Where approved by the Engineer, factory premixed
mortar to BS EN 998-1 & 2, compressive strength at 28
days not less than 5 MPa, may be used.
13 Bedding sand for block paving shall be clean sharp
sand, free from deleterious salts and contaminants with
clay, silt and fine dust content of not more than 3% by
mass. They shall be obtained from a single source,
consistently graded according to the requirements of BS
7533-3, Table 2. Sand that will stain paving should not be
used. Bedding sand should be maintained at an even
moisture content which will give maximum compaction
during block laying.
14 Epoxy adhesive shall conform to the requirements of
AASHTO M 235M, Standard Specifications for Epoxy
Resin Adhesive, for the type of application required.
12.1.4 Construction and Installation
Requirements
12.1.4.1 Sub-grade and Sub-base
1 The sub-grade shall be excavated to the required
depth and to the width to receive sub-base and paving and
to permit installation and bracing of the forms where
needed. The foundation shall be shaped and compacted to
an even surface conforming to the sections shown on the
Drawings. All soft and yielding material shall be removed
and replaced with acceptable material.
2 Prior to commencing laying paving blocks, paving
tiles and stone paving, the prepared sub-grade surface
shall be cleared of loose and waste material and prepared
to receive sub-base as per Section 3, Clause 3.2.3.
3 Granular sub-base shall be constructed where shown
or directed by the Engineer, and shall be placed in layers
not exceeding one hundred fifty (150) millimeters in depth
and each layer shall be compacted to at least 95% of dry
density.
12.1.4.2 Curbs
1 Curb sections shall be hydraulically pressed in
approved molds under conditions of controlled
temperature and humidity. Sections shall be water or
steam cured until the concrete attains one hundred (100)
percent of specified strength. Curbs shall have a clean
finish with smooth surfaces. Segregation, honeycombing
or broken corners will not be allowed and remedial
measures will not be accepted.
2 Curbs shall be placed to the lines shown on the
Drawings or established by the Engineer. The Contractor
shall mark the location where each section is to be placed
and the marks shall be approved by the Engineer prior to
beginning work. No curb sections shall be placed over
longitudinal or transverse joints of the pavement surface.
♦ 12-2 ♦
3 Where specified or instructed by the Engineer curbs
shall be bedded in adhesive. The adhesive shall be placed
uniformly on the cleaned pavement surface or on the
bottom of the curb sections in a quantity sufficient to
result in complete coverage of the area of contact of the
curb and the pavement, with no voids present and with a
slight excess after the curb has been pressed in place. The
curb shall be placed in position and pressure applied until
firm contact is made with the pavement. Excess adhesive
around the edge of the marker, excess adhesive on the
pavement, and adhesive on the exposed surfaces of the
marker shall be immediately removed. The curb shall be
protected against impact until the adhesive has hardened.
4 Mixing of adhesive shall be performed in limited
quantities such that the curb sections shall be aligned and
pressed into place within five (5) minutes after mixing the
adhesive components. Any mixed batch of adhesion,
which becomes so viscous that the adhesive is not readily
extruded from under the curb on application of slight
pressure, shall not be used.
12.1.4.3 Precast Concrete Tile Paving
1 Tiled sidewalks shall be constructed in accordance
with the dimensions and levels shown on the Drawings or
as directed by the Engineer. All areas inside channelizing
islands shall also be provided with a sidewalk pavement,
unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or as directed by
the Engineer.
2 Precast tiles shall be manufactured by an automatic
plant of the central batch high pressure type, erected in a
special yard reserved specifically for this purpose. The
plant shall be equipped with a double feeding system, one
for the upper layer, and another for the lower layer of the
tile. Manual intervention shall be a minimum.
3 Operation of the plant shall be such that it shall first
discharge enough mortar materials into the form for the
upper layer, and after preliminary vibration and uniform
leveling, the coarse mixture for the lower layer shall then
be discharged into the tile form. The high pressure
automatic device shall be used only after a second
vibration and leveling of the material has taken place. Tiles
shall not be disturbed during setting of the concrete.
4 Curing of the tiles shall take place in a closed curing
room where the Contractor shall provide an automatic
steam curing system to be operated as approved by the
Engineer. The capacity of the curing room shall permit
acceptance and complete curing of the daily plant
production of tiles.
5 The period of curing shall be at least one full day at a
temperature of fifty-five to seventy-five degrees Celsius
(55 o to 75o C). This period may be subject to changes and
adjustments after direct tests have been made on the
production or as directed by the Engineer.
6 Tiles shall not be imperfectly finished, and shall be
free from segregation, honeycombing, broken or damaged
corners and imperfect plan faces. Correction of defects by
polishing, retouching or any other means will not be
permitted. Approval of the tiles given by the Engineer at
any stage of the work shall not prejudice the Engineer's
right to later discard any imperfect tiles. Final approval
shall be given only after the tiles have been completely
positioned in-situ. Rejected tiles shall be removed from
the site and replaced.
7 The following tests shall be carried out on sidewalk
to tiles to ascertain their suitability for the Work:
i. Impact Strength
ii. Flexural Strength
iii. Abrasion Resistance
8 Impact Strength Test; this test establishes the
minimum height of fall of a steel ball weighing one kg.
which, when striking the tile in the middle, breaks it. The
product of the height of the fall by the weight of the ball is
taken as the Impact Strength, limiting value: 0.5 kg -meters
minimum.
9 Flexural Strength; this test is carried out by placing a
tile on two knife supports, with edges rounded with a
radius of one (1) centimeter, arranged parallel to the side
of the tile and ten (10) centimeters apart. The load is
gradually transmitted to the tile top surface, along the
centerline, by a third knife arranged parallel to the other
two.
The unit maximum bending stress = fifteen (15) Phb ,
2 with plastic or nylon sheets to avoid evaporation of water
where :
'P' is the total breaking load in kilograms, 'b' is the
width of the tile in centimeters and 'h' is the
thickness of the tile in centimeters.
The limit acceptance value for Flexural Strength shall be
thirty (30) kilograms per square centimeter minimum.
10 Abrasion Resistance; this test is carried out with a
machine composed of a horizontal cast-iron disc, rotating
about its vertical central axis at uniform speed; a
horizontal diametrical crosspiece by means of which two
samples are pressed on the disc, at such a distance from
the center of the disc that the relative speed with respect
to the disc, is one meter per second; a second horizontal
diametrical cross-piece orthogonal to the first, which is
carried at either end; appropriate devices to let the
moistened abrasive flow onto the track; two pairs of
conveniently arranged brushes to guide the abrasive that
tends to escape under the samples. The samples, pressed
against the disc, rotate by means of a special mechanical
device, around their own vertical central axis, at the rate of
one turn of the specimen for fifty (50) turns of the disc.
Carborundum grit sufficiently coated with liquid mineral
oil with an Engler viscosity between five (5) and seven (7)
at fifty degrees Celsius (50o C.) shall be used as an
abrasive. The grit shall pass Sieve No. 60 and be retained
on Sieve No. 100. Consumption of carborundum and oil
should be approximately twenty (20) and twelve (12)
grams, respectively, per minute. The square sample, with
a surface area of fifty (50) square centimeters shall be
pressed against the disc by a total of fifteen (15) kilograms
unit pressure of three tenths (0.3) kilograms per square
centimeter. The test is normally carried out with a distance
run of the grinding wheel of five hundred (500) meters. For
materials with a surface wearing layer different from the
rest of the tile, the distance run must be such that the disc
does not penetrate into the lower layer. The thickness of
the layer abraded in millimeters with a pressure of three-
tenths (0.3) kilogram per square centimeter for a distance
run of one thousand (1000) meters is taken as the
Abrasion Factor. This factor is determined by assuming
that the consumption is proportional to the distance run.
The limit acceptance value for the Abrasion Factor shall be
twelve (12) millimeters maximum
11 Tiles shall be laid with joints between tiles and
between tiles and curbs nominally 10mm wide,
completely filled with 1:2 cement/sand mortar or a grout
for the full thickness of the tile by use of proper tools,
during and after positioning of the tiles. All transverse and
longitudinal joints shall be in proper line and in the correct
pattern, to ensure a neat and workmanlike appearance.
12 As soon as the mortar or grout has partially set, the
Contractor shall rake all mortar material from the groove
formed by the two adjacent bevels, and from the first
three mm. depth of the joint, using appropriate tools.
13 When the mortar has sufficiently set, the Contractor
shall sprinkle the sidewalk with water and shall cover it
during the curing period. The sheets shall be left in place
until completion of setting of the mortar and concrete, or
as ordered by the Engineer. The Contractor shall then
remove all foreign matter, wood, concrete or mortar
lumps, etc., leaving the sidewalk in a neat, clean and tidy
condition.
14 In cases where tiles are required to be cut, due to the
presence of obstacles, poles, hydrants, etc., or in the
construction of driveways or side roads, etc., the
Contractor shall cut the tiles and/or substitute in-situ
concrete of at least the same quality as the tiles. The
Engineer shall decide, after trials, on the method to be
adopted. This operation shall be kept to a minimum. The
Contractor shall complete as much as practicable of the
sidewalk using precast tiles.
15 Where the sidewalk crosses the entrance to a shop or
a house the level of which is higher than the sidewalk, the
Contractor shall construct steps, formed by a curb and a
complete or partial tile. The steps shall be backfilled with
concrete of the same quality as specified for tile
foundations.
16 A step shall be constructed wherever the difference
in elevation between the entrance and the sidewalk is
more than three hundred (300) millimeters. The Contractor
shall submit to the Engineer, prior to commencing any
sidewalk construction, a list of locations where steps will
be required, together with design details for construction
of such steps.
17 Driveway pavements shall be constructed to the
same standards as specified for sidewalks.
♦ 12-3 ♦
18 The tolerances for sidewalk, drive way and median
paving construction shall be plus or minus six (6)
millimeters from the designed grade elevation.
12.1.4.4 Bedded and Interlocking Block Paving
1 Bedded block paving shall be bedded in mortar and
laid to the pattern shown on the Drawings or directed by
the Engineer. A bed of stiff mortar should be spread and
leveled. Blocks shall be individually laid and hammered
down so that tops are level, leaving joints open. Joints
shall be carefully and thoroughly filled flush with the
surface of the blocks using mortar of stiff plastic
consistency. Finishing shall be neat and cleaned of any
mortar from the face of blocks before it sets. Joint widths
in stone block paving are to be a nominal 10 mm.
2 Interlocking block paving shall be laid and bedded in
accordance with the Drawings. Unless otherwise specified,
paving shall not be commenced until adjacent curbs,
edgings and channels have been installed and sufficiently
matured. Blocks shall be laid to the required pattern on the
sand bed and thoroughly compact with a vibrating plate
compactor as the work proceeds. After infilling at the
restraining edges; the same compacting effort shall be
applied over all areas, avoiding damage to edges and
adjacent work. Compaction shall not be conducted within
1 m of any working face. Un-compacted areas of paving
shall not be left at the end of working periods, except
within 1m distance of an unrestrained edge. Compacted
paving shall be checked initially and at frequent intervals
to ensure surface levels are correct. Where unsatisfactory,
blocks shall be lifted, the bedding adjusted and blocks re-
laid as necessary. Dry bedding sand shall be brushed into
the joints, followed by the re-vibration of the surfaces.
This shall be repeated until all joints are completely filled.
12.1.4.5 Cast In-situ Concrete Paving/Curbing
1 In situ concrete paving and curbing, where directed
by the Engineer, shall conform to the appropriate
requirements of Section 5.
2 Forms shall be of metal, wood, or other suitable
material and shall extend for the full depth of the concrete.
All forms shall be geometrically accurate, free from warp,
and of sufficient strength to resist the pressure of the
concrete without displacement. Bracing and staking of
forms shall be such that the forms remain in both
horizontal and vertical alignment until their removal. All
forms shall be cleaned and oiled before concrete is placed
against them.
3 Mixing and Placing Concrete. The foundation shall be
thoroughly moistened immediately prior to the placing of
the concrete. The proportioning and mixing of the
concrete shall be in accordance with the requirements for
the class of concrete specified. The concrete shall be
deposited in one course in such a manner as to prevent
segregation and consolidation by vibrators.
4 The surface of paving shall be finished with a
wooden float and light brooming. No plastering of the
surface will be permitted. All outside edges of the slab and
♦ 12-4 ♦
all joints shall be edges with a five (5) millimeter radius
edging tool.
5 Expansion joints for paving shall be in the locations
and of the dimensions specified, and shall be filled with
approved pre-molded expansion joint filler. Sidewalks
shall be divided into sections by weakened plane joints
formed by a jointing tool or other acceptable means as
directed. These joints shall extend into the concrete for
about one fourth (¼) to one fifth (1/5) of the depth and
shall be approximately three (3) millimeters wide. Joints
shall match as nearly as possible adjacent joints in curb or
pavements. Weakened plane joints may be sawed in lieu
of forming with a jointing tool.
6 Construction joints in paving shall be formed around
all appurtenances such as manholes, utility poles, etc,
extending into and through the sidewalk, drive way, or
median. Pre-molded expansion joint filler one (1)
centimeter thick shall be installed in these joints.
Expansion joint filler of the thickness indicated shall be
installed between concrete construction and any fixed
structure such as a building or bridge. This expansion joint
material shall extend for the full depth of the concrete
construction.
7 Concrete shall be cured by membrane or water in
accordance with Section 5, ‘Curing and Protection’.
12.1.5 Method of Measurement
1 Precast concrete tiled paving, concrete and clay block
paving and natural stone paving shall each be measured
separately by the square meter for each type, authorized,
completed, and accepted by the Engineer based on the
horizontal dimensions shown on the Drawings or ordered
by the Engineer.
2 In-situ concrete paving, where specifically instructed
by the Engineer, shall be measured by the square meter of
the area shown or instructed, stating the thickness. In-situ
concrete paving for irregular shapes or in locations where
other paving types are used, will not be measured
separately but will be deemed to be included in the area of
the adjacent paving.
3 In-situ concrete curbs, where specifically instructed
by the Engineer, shall be measured by the linear meter of
completed and accepted work.
4 Precast concrete curbs of each type, including all
blinding and haunching, shall be measured by linear
meters. Depressed curbs at driveway entrances and the
like will not be measured separately but will be included
as a normal length of standard curb as specified.
5 Excavation for paving and curb shall not be
measured separately for payment but will be considered
as subsidiary work, except when such excavation is a part
of, and is measured in conjunction with, the roadway
excavation. In such instances, the excavation shall be
measured and included in the quantity of roadway
excavation as per Section 2.
6 Preparation of sub-grade, supply, transport and laying
sub-base and bedding courses, concrete bases incidental
to curbs and the like, finishing, cleaning and protecting
paving, and tests on materials shall not be measured
separately but shall be considered subsidiary work, the
cost of which is deemed to be included in the rates stated
in the Bill of Quantities for the relevant items.

12.1.6 Basis of Payment

1 The completed and accepted work, as measured
above, will be paid for at the unit rates in the Bill of
Quantities, which shall be full compensation for supply,
transport and installation of all required materials,
equipment, tools, labor, and all other items necessary for
the proper completion of the Work as specified.

12.1.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities

1 Payment for the work will be made under one or
more of the following items:
i. Precast concrete tile paving (type) (sq.m.)
ii. Block paving (type) (sq.m.)
iii. Natural stone paving (type) (sq.m.)
iv. Cast in-situ concrete paving (type;
thickness) (sq.m.)
v. Precast concrete curb (type) (lin.m.)
vi. Cast in situ concrete curb (type) (lin.m.)

♦ 12-5 ♦