Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

14.1  Traffic Signs 14-1  14.1.4.4  Sign Faces for Permanent Traffic
Signs 14-4 
14.1.1 Description 14-1 
14.1.4.5  Manufacture and Assembly of
14.1.2 General 14-1
Permanent Traffic Signs 14-4 
14.1.2.1  Standards 14-1 
14.1.4.6  Location and Erection of Permanent
14.1.3 Materials 14-1
Traffic Signs 14-4 
14.1.3.1  References 14-1 
14.1.4.7  Covering of Permanent Traffic Signs 14-5 
14.1.3.2  Sign Classification 14-1 
14.1.4.8  Temporary Traffic Signs 14-5 
14.1.3.3  General Requirements for Permanent
14.1.5 Method of Measurement 14-5
Traffic Signs 14-1 
14.1.6 Basis of Payment 14-5
14.1.3.4  Posts for Permanent Traffic Signs 14-1 
14.1.7 Items in the BilI of Quantities 14-5 
14.1.3.5  Foundations for Permanent Traffic
Signs and Signals 14-2  14.2  Road Markings 14-5 
14.1.3.6  Sign Plates for Permanent Traffic
14.2.1 Description 14-5
Signs 14-2 
14.2.2 Materials 14-5
14.1.3.7  Sign Faces for Permanent Traffic
14.2.2.1  Thermoplastic Material 14-5 
Signs 14-2 
14.2.2.2  Liquid Paint 14-7 
14.1.3.8  Manufacture and Assembly of
14.2.2.3  Testing 14-8 
Permanent Traffic Signs 14-2 
14.2.2.4  Painting of curbs 14-8 
14.1.3.9  Covering of Permanent Traffic Signs 14-2 
14.2.3 Construction Requirements 14-8 
14.1.3.10  Depth and Marker Posts
14.2.3.1  Raised Rib (Profiled) Road Markings 14-9 
(for Floodways) 14-2 
14.2.3.2  Temporary Road Markings 14-9 
14.1.3.11  Kilometer Posts (5km spacing) and
14.2.3.3  Removal of Road Markings 14-9 
Kilometer Reference Posts
14.2.3.4  Masking of Road Markings 14-9 
(1km spacing) 14-2 
14.2.3.5  Longitudinal Road Markings Lateral
14.1.3.12  Delineator Posts (for edge of
Tolerances 14-9 
carriageway or right-of-way marking) 14-3 
14.2.4 Method of Measurement 14-9 
14.1.3.13  Traffic Signs on Cantilevers
14.2.5 Basis of Payment 14-9 
and Gantries 14-3 
14.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 14-9 
14.1.3.14  Preparation and Finish of Metal
and Other Surfaces 14-3  14.3  Road Studs 14-9 
14.1.3.15  Traffic Cones 14-3 
14.3.1 Description 14-9 
14.1.3.16  Flashing Beacons 14-3 
14.3.2 Materials 14-10 
14.1.3.17  Temporary Traffic Signs 14-3 
14.3.2.1  Permanent Retroreflecting
14.1.4 Construction Requirements 14-3 
Road Studs 14-10 
14.1.4.1  Posts for Permanent Traffic Signs 14-3 
14.3.2.2  Temporary Retroreflecting
14.1.4.2  Foundations for Permanent Traffic
Road Studs 14-10 
Signs and Signals 14-3 
14.3.2.3  Ceramic Buttons 14-10 
14.1.4.3  Sign Plates for Permanent
14.3.3 Construction Requirements 14-10
Traffic Signs 14-3 
Ref. Title Page No.
14.3.3.1  Permanent Retroreflecting
Road Studs 14-10 
14.3.3.2  Temporary Retroreflecting
Road Studs 14-10 
14.3.3.3  Non retroreflecting Road Studs 14-10 
14.3.4 Method of Measurement 14-10
14.3.5 Basis of Payment 14-10
14.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 14-10
14.1 Traffic Signs
14.1.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for supply
and erection of sign assemblies, comprising posts, clips,
post caps, gantries, sign faces and foundations.
14.1.2 General
14.1.2.1 Standards
1 All traffic signs, whether permanent or temporary,
shall be of the size, shape, color and type described in the
Highway Design Standard, Section 19, unless otherwise
approved by The Engineer. Signs that are not described in
the Highway Design Standard must be specially approved
by the Employer and the Engineer. Where the use of
temporary traffic signs is proposed, the Contractor shall
obtain the approval of the Engineer and the agreement of
the ROP and the Concerned Authority for the use of the
signs at the locations proposed.
2 Signs that are changeable by means other than
manual operation require approval of their construction
and operating mechanisms by the Engineer. This
requirement is in addition to the need for the design of the
sign to be described in the Highway Design Standards or
otherwise approved by the Employer.
14.1.3 Materials
14.1.3.1 References
1 BD 94/07 Design of Minor Structures (UK Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges).
2 BS EN 12899 Part 1 Fixed Vertical Road Traffic Signs.
3 BS 8408 Road Traffic Signs - Specification for
Microprismatic Sheeting Materials.
4 EN 1993 Design of Steel Structures.
5 EN 1999 Design of Aluminium Structures.
6 BS EN 13422 includes Cones and cylinders.
7 BS EN 12352 includes Flashing Beacons.
14.1.3.2 Sign Classification
1 The following classifications of signs apply:
i. Permanent Traffic Signs:-
Traffic signs described in the Highway Design
Standard, or specially approved by the
Employer, designed to remain in position at the
completion of the Permanent Works.
ii. Temporary Traffic Signs :-
a) Traffic signs defined in the Highway Design
Standards that comply with all the
requirements of a permanent traffic sign,
but which will not remain in position at the
completion of the Permanent Works
b) Traffic signs designed by the Contractor and
specially approved but which will not
remain in position at the completion of the
Permanent Works.
14.1.3.3 General Requirements for Permanent Traffic
Signs
1 Permanent traffic sign materials, construction,
assembly, test, location and erection shall comply with BS
EN 12899 where applicable and the requirements shown
on the Drawings or Schedules.
2 The sign plate shall be manufactured using 3mm
thick alloy aluminium sheet stiffened with alloy aluminium
rails or galvanized steel frame and designed to accept the
fastening clips. The sign face material shall be retro-
reflective sheeting applied to the aluminium sheet in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The
supporting posts may be galvanized steel or alloy
aluminium, as approved by the Engineer, specifically
designed to cope with the wind conditions of the location.
The sign plate shall be fixed to the post with stainless steel
clips and fasteners that do not pierce the face of the sign.
The posts shall be fixed to the concrete foundation as
described in Paragraph 14.1.3.5 of this specification.
3 Before the commencement of manufacture the
Contractor shall submit for the approval of The Engineer
three copies of:
i. a detailed schedule (including location) of all
traffic signs.
ii. fabrication and sign face drawings for
‘directional’ signs and ‘informative’ signs.
iii. fabrication and sign face drawings for any gantry
mounted signs.
iv. fabrication and sign face drawings for any
illuminated signs.
4 The back of each traffic sign shall have an indelible
label showing manufacturer, year of erection, sheeting
material class, sign face product. The text for the label
shall be in English and Arabic with a character height of 5
to 10mm.
5 Traffic signs shall be carefully handled at all times to
prevent damage and transported and stored in accordance
with the sign face or sign sheeting manufacturer’s
instructions.
14.1.3.4 Posts for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Posts for permanent traffic signs shall be as shown in
the Drawings or Schedules, shall comply with BS EN
12899-1, and shall be either:
i. galvanized steel posts of tubular or rectangular
hollow section complying with EN 1993
(Design of Steel Structures).
ii. aluminium posts of tubular or rectangular
hollow section complying with EN 1999
(Design of Aluminium Structures).
2 Where, exceptionally, traffic signs are illuminated,
base compartments for electrical equipment shall be as
shown in the Drawings or schedules and shall be fitted
with vandal and weather resistant locks to the approval of
♦ 14-1 ♦
the Engineer. Keys, in the quantities stated in the
Drawings or Schedules, shall be provided. Wherever
practicable, access doors shall be on the side of the
compartment furthest from approaching traffic. In the case
of signs supported by more than one post, the
compartment shall normally be in the post furthest from
the carriageway.
3 Flange mounted sign posts, where specified on the
Drawings or Schedules, shall have holes or slots in the
flange plate to accommodate the anchorage system.
Structural design of flange mounted sign assemblies shall
comply with Section 6 (Structural Steel and Other Metal
Work)
14.1.3.5 Foundations for Permanent Traffic Signs and
Signals
1 The type and size of foundations for permanent
traffic signs shall be as shown in the Drawings or
Schedules and shall comply with BD 94/07 (Design of
minor structures, UK Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges).
2 Posts should be flange mounted to foundations as
shown on the Drawings or Schedules.
3 Concrete foundations for multiple posts should
consist of a single long composite block.
14.1.3.6 Sign Plates for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Permanent sign plates shall be as shown in the
Drawings or Schedules and shall comply with BS EN
12899-1
14.1.3.7 Sign Faces for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Faces for permanent traffic signs shall be as shown
in the Drawings or Schedules, and shall comply with BS
EN 12899-1.
2 Sign face material shall comply with ASTM D4956-01
Type III (encapsulated lens sheeting) (also known as High
Intensity), or ASTM D4956-01 Type IV (microprismatic
sheeting). In locations where increased conspicuity is
required, such as chevrons and similar hazard warning
signs, sign face material shall comply with ASTM D4956-
01 Type VII material (microprismatic sheeting).
3 Testing of sign face materials shall comply with BS
8408 and BS EN 12899-1.
4 A warranty statement from the sign face sheeting
manufacturer must be provided stating that there is a
100% replacement guarantee for the effective shelf life and
performance life of the material being supplied of 9 years.
Failure to supply the warranty statement shall be cause for
rejection.
5 Deliveries of sign face material shall be accompanied
by certification that all specifications are met.
♦ 14-2 ♦
14.1.3.8 Manufacture and Assembly of Permanent
Traffic Signs
1 Manufacture and assembly of traffic signs shall
comply with BS EN 12899-1.
14.1.3.9 Covering of Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Where traffic signs are to be covered prior to use or
to show a new message, the following method shall be
adopted:
i. Permanent changes to permanent signs
A permanent self adhesive plastic film overlay
shall be used to display the new legend. The
overlay shall be compatible with the original sign
face sheeting and match the appearance of the
original sign face and shall be applied in full
compliance with the sheeting manufacturer’s
recommendations.
ii. Temporary covering of permanent signs (prior to
use)
A temporary opaque self adhesive plastic film
overlay shall be used to cover the sign face. The
overlay shall be compatible with the original sign
face and shall be applied and removed in full
compliance with the sheeting manufacturer’s
recommendations.
iii. Use of spray applications to temporarily cover
sign faces can be used, subject to the approval of
the Engineer, provided that the material is
compatible with the sign face material and is
used strictly in compliance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
iv. Temporary changes to permanent signs
A temporary self adhesive plastic film overlay
shall be used to display the new legend. The
overlay shall be compatible with the original sign
face sheeting and match the appearance of the
original sign face and shall be applied and
removed in full compliance with the sheeting
manufacturer’s recommendations.
2 The method of application and removal of temporary
covering is manufacturer specific and their instructions
must be followed exactly to avoid damage to the
permanent sign face material.
14.1.3.10 Depth and Marker Posts (for Floodways)
1 Depth and marker posts shall be constructed to
withstand permanent immersion in water and, in other
respects, shall be constructed as for permanent traffic
signs and be installed in the locations shown in the
Drawings or Schedules.
14.1.3.11 Kilometer Posts (5km spacing) and Kilometer
Reference Posts (1km spacing)
1 Kilometer posts and kilometer reference posts shall
be constructed as for permanent traffic signs and
materials, construction, assembly, testing, location and
erection shall be as shown on the Drawings or Schedules
and shall comply with BS EN 12899-1.
14.1.3.12 Delineator Posts (for edge of carriageway or
right-of-way marking)
1 Delineator posts shall comply with BS EN 12899 Part
3. Post construction and color and type of reflective
marker shall be as shown in the Drawings or Schedules.
14.1.3.13 Traffic Signs on Cantilevers and Gantries
1 Where traffic signs are erected on cantilevers or
gantries the sign plates and sign faces shall comply with
the requirements for permanent signs specified in this
Section and the Drawings or Schedules.
2 Cantilevers and gantries shall be in accordance with
the Drawings or Schedules. Fabricated steel gantries shall
be in accordance with Section 6 (Structural Steel and other
Metal Work) and Section 7 (Paint) of this Specification.
14.1.3.14 Preparation and Finish of Metal and Other
Surfaces
1 Permanent traffic signs (and temporary traffic signs
where specified in the Drawings and Schedules) shall be
protected against corrosion and finished in compliance
with Section 6 (Structural Steel and other Metal Work) and
Section 7 (Paint) of this Specification as applicable.
2 Posts, frames, purlins (stiffeners) and general fittings
and fixings shall be protected against corrosion as
specified, in compliance with Section 6 (Structural Steel
and other Metal Work) and Section 7 (Paint) of this
Specification.
3 To prevent specular reflection, the backs of
aluminium alloy sheets forming plate signs shall be dulled
using a method to be agreed by the Employer or be
coated as follows:
i. painted matt traffic grey, using a paint system
specified in Section 7.
ii. covered with matt grey non-retro-reflective
sheeting.
4 Electrical equipment cabinets and metal components
of electrical equipment in base compartments shall be
protected against corrosion as specified in Section15 of
this Specification.
5 Unless otherwise specified on the Drawings or
Schedules, stainless steel shall be left untreated except
where the component is visible against the sign face when
it shall be covered by a compatible material of a color to
match that part of the face.
14.1.3.15 Traffic Cones
1 Traffic cones shall comply with BS EN 13422.
14.1.3.16 Flashing Beacons
1 Flashing beacons shall comply with BS EN 12352.
14.1.3.17 Temporary Traffic Signs
1 Temporary traffic sign materials, construction,
assembly, testing, location and erection shall comply with
the requirements for permanent traffic signs, and with BS
EN 12899 as applicable, and shall be as shown on the
Drawings or Schedules.
2 Where a temporary sign is to be erected it may be
fixed or frame mounted so that it can be easily relocated
or reused. Fabricated frames shall conform to Section 6
(Structural Steel and Other Metal Work).
3 Temporary traffic signs include all vertical sign types
and bollards and marker, depth, kilometer, kilometer
reference and delineator posts.
14.1.4 Construction Requirements
14.1.4.1 Posts for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Posts shall not protrude above the top of the sign.
2 Signs erected on a single post shall be positioned so
that the post is in the center of the sign, unless otherwise
shown on the Drawings.
3 The fasteners used for fixing the sign to the post
shall have shear heads so that the hexagonal head of the
bolt shears off when the fixing is tightened, leaving a
tamper proof fixing.
4 As an alternative for item 3 above, theft resistant
methods of fixing can, with the approval of the Engineer,
consist of welding up appropriate areas of fastening.
14.1.4.2 Foundations for Permanent Traffic Signs and
Signals
1 Pits for post foundations shall be excavated to the
sizes shown on the Drawings and cleared of all loose
material before placing of concrete and backfilling.
Concrete shall conform to the requirements of Section 5 of
these Specifications and the Drawings, and where steel
reinforcement is used, be protected with two coats of
bitumen material in accordance with paragraph 5.10.3.6 of
these Specifications
2 Posts for all traffic signs shall be installed centrally in
circular or square concrete foundations to the dimensions
shown in the Drawings or Schedules and finished with a
minimum ground cover of 150 mm.
3 Where, exceptionally, traffic signs are illuminated,
provision shall be made for cable entry through the
foundation by means of ducting as shown on the
Drawings.
4 Surfaces above foundations shall be reinstated to
match the existing surrounding surface construction and
finish in accordance with the Drawings.
14.1.4.3 Sign Plates for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Fabricated plate signs up to 1.2m in height and 2.4m
width shall be made of a single substrate sheet. Above
this size, the number of sheets shall be kept to a minimum
♦ 14-3 ♦
and the separate sheets shall be rectangular and of
comparable size and shape.
2 Fabricated plate signs up to 2.4m wide shall have no
vertical joints. Above 2.4m wide, joints in the stiffening
extrusions shall preferably be positioned at a vertical
support. If not, then the vertical joints in the stiffening
extrusions shall be staggered so that joints are not less
than 1.0 m apart. Only one such joint in each horizontal
stiffening extrusion shall be permitted and all joints shall
be reinforced.
3 Sign face plates shall have all corner points rounded
as shown in the Drawings. These should match cleanly
with the associated corner radius of sign face sheeting to
be fitted.
14.1.4.4 Sign Faces for Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Sign substrates shall be prepared to receive sign face
sheeting materials in compliance with the sheeting
manufacturer’s recommendations.
2 All sign face sheeting shall be fixed in accordance
with the sheeting manufacturer’s instructions.
3 Only vertical and horizontal joints shall be permitted
and all joints in plastic sheeting shall be overlapped by not
less than 6mm. The overlap in the horizontal joints shall
be from the top. Butt joints in plastics sheeting shall not
be used, except in overlay film, or if recommended by the
sheeting manufacturer.
4 All materials comprising the sign face, including the
background, border and legends shall be carefully
matched for color at the time of sign fabrication to provide
uniform appearance both by day and night. The sheeting
manufacturer’s recommendations on color matching
methods shall be observed.
5 Letters, numerals, symbols and borders shall be clear
cut, sharp edged and without cracks.
6 Any cut-out letters, numerals, symbols and borders
shall be of material compatible with the sheeting to which
they are applied. They shall be applied in accordance with
the sheeting manufacturer’s instructions.
7 Sheeting materials including letters, numerals,
symbols and borders shall be fully adhered and there shall
be no air bubbles, creases, cracks or other blemishes.
14.1.4.5 Manufacture and Assembly of Permanent
Traffic Signs
1 All sign plates, frames, purlins, posts and other
components shall have rough edges smoothed prior to
assembly.
2 Where framing and stiffening are not an integral part
of the sign plate their joints shall be welded or joined with
suitable brackets utilizing nuts, bolts and washers.
3 Where purlins are adopted they shall be attached to
each vertical member of the sign frame and the sign
stiffening and framing shall be continuous in the vertical
direction. Purlins shall be spaced equally apart.
♦ 14-4 ♦
Connections shall be made at every point where a purlin
crosses a post.
4 Where purlins are not adopted the sign stiffening and
framing shall be continuous in the horizontal direction.
5 Rivets and other devices used for fixing sign plates to
their stiffeners or framework, or in the construction of
housings, shall be of a material compatible with the
materials being joined. Spacing of rivets or other fixing
devices shall be uniform and shall not exceed 150 mm
around the outside edge of any sheet or section of sheet,
and shall not exceed 300mm on cross braces. Hollow
rivets shall not be used. Where sign plates need to be
stiffened this shall be achieved in a manner such that the
sign face material is not punctured or otherwise damaged
to accommodate the stiffening.
6 Rivets or other fixings must not protrude through the
sign face sheeting
7 An additional washer of neoprene, nylon or plastic
shall be used between the sign face and any metal nuts,
bolts, washers and screws to protect it from corrosive or
other damaging effects.
8 Where traffic sign posts are required to have flange
plates these shall be secured by anchorages and
attachment systems in accordance with the Drawings. The
bolts shall be lightly greased before final installation and
they and their anchorages shall be installed so as to
achieve the loadings, torque settings and other
requirements in accordance with the Drawings and the
manufacturer’s instructions.
9 Sheet signs shall be connected to posts (or lighting
columns where permitted) by correctly sized stainless
steel clips.
10 Where ferrous components are permitted any
drilling of them shall be completed before the application
of any finish.
11 Prior to fitting any sign to any lighting column, the
Contractor shall seek the approval of the Engineer to
ensure that the column loading is acceptable. No holes
shall be drilled in the lighting column except those whose
location and size are specified on the Drawings.
12 Traffic signs to be erected on lighting columns shall
have fixings compatible with the column cross section and
finish.
14 Variable message traffic signs shall also comply with
these paragraphs.
14.1.4.6 Location and Erection of Permanent Traffic
Signs
1 The approximate location of each traffic sign is
shown in the Drawings and Schedules. Exact locations will
be as directed on Site by the Engineer and shall be
recorded as-built.
2 All posts shall be erected plumb and where two or
more posts are provided for any one sign, the faces of the
posts shall be aligned.
3 Signs erected on two posts shall have each post
positioned so that the distance from the center of the post
to the edge of the sign plate is 300mm unless otherwise
shown in the Drawings or Schedules.
4 Traffic signs mounted on posts, except those on
gantries, shall be erected to have their face plumb vertical
and be orientated at 95 degrees from the carriageway
centerline to reduce specular reflection.
5 The Contractor shall provide full proposals for the
erection of traffic signs mounted on gantries or cantilevers
for approval by the Engineer.
6 No traffic sign shall be dismantled, re-sited or
removed without the prior approval of The Engineer.
14.1.4.7 Covering of Permanent Traffic Signs
1 Any traffic sign erected at such a time that its legend
does not relate either wholly or in part to the traffic
movement and route in operation, shall have its sign face
covered as specified in Paragraph 14.1.3.9 until such time
as its legend is applicable.
2 Under no circumstances shall adhesive tape or other
non approved adhesive material be applied to the face of
any sign.
3 Removal of any covering shall be carried out with the
minimum disturbance to traffic.
14.1.4.8 Temporary Traffic Signs
1 Removal of temporary traffic signs shall be carried
out as soon as they become superfluous or a hazard to
traffic. Methods of removal shall ensure the minimum
disturbance to traffic consistent with safety. Making good
shall be carried out immediately after removal of the
traffic sign.
14.1.5 Method of Measurement
1 Rectangular signs shall be measured by the area in
square meters of the sign face installed. The rates shall
include sign substrate, sign face and all fixing devices.
2 Triangular, circular and other shapes of signs shall
be measured by the number of each type as installed.
3 Sign posts support assemblies shall be measured by
the number of each type installed. The rates shall include
for the foundation and all fixings and painting or other
protection.
4 Temporary signs are not measured separately. Their
cost shall be included as part of the traffic management
requirements stated in Section 1, Sub-section 1.7 of the
Specification.
14.1.6 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
rate for highway signs in the Bill of Quantities which rate
shall be full compensation for supplying, fabrication,
erection, painting, fixing, foundation, excavation
backfilling, and for materials, transport, labor, equipment,
tools, and other items necessary for the proper completion
of the work as specified.
14.1.7 Items in the BilI of Quantities
i. Highway sign, triangular, (height -mm). (nr.)
ii. Highway sign, circular, (diameter -mm). (nr.)
iii. Highway sign, rectangular, size
(finished sign area) (sq m).
iv. Highway sign, octagonal,
(height - mm) (nr.)
v. Sign post support assembly
including foundation (type). (nr.)
vi. Breakaway sign post support
assembly including foundation
(type). (nr.)
vii. Overhead sign support including
Foundation (type). (nr.)
14.2 Road Markings
14.2.1 Description
1 The Sub-section describes requirements for road
marking consisting of white or yellow lines, chevron
hatching, arrows, lettering and painting of curbs.
14.2.2 Materials
1 The material for markings on the carriageway shall
be either of the following, as shown on the Drawings or
directed by the Engineer:
i. Thermoplastic material to British Standard BS
EN1436: 2007, or
ii. Liquid paint to British Standard BS EN1871: 2000
and BS EN1436: 2007.
14.2.2.1 Thermoplastic Material
1 Type I road markings do not necessarily have special
properties that enhance retroreflection in wet or rainy
conditions. Type II road markings, on the other hand, are
road markings with special properties intended to enhance
the retroreflection in wet or rainy conditions. Type III road
markings are profiled markings designed for use on the
edges of major, heavily trafficked highways. Type I
markings shall not be used without special instruction
from the Employer.
2 Thermoplastic road markings shall consist of binder,
resin, intermix beads, pigment, plasticizing oil and such
other constituents as necessary to reach the performance
level required. The objective of BS EN1436 2007 is to set
the performance level that the thermoplastic road marking
must reach; it does not lay down specific percentages of
binder, resin, intermix beads, pigment or other
constituents. Subject to the restrictions stated in this
Specification, the manufacturer is free to achieve the
required performance level in any way suited to his
manufacturing techniques. However, because pavement
temperatures in Oman are very high over prolonged
periods, and because hydrocarbon resins are a proven
♦ 14-5 ♦
cause of blackening in road markings on hot pavements, White
hydrocarbon resins shall not be used. The Contractor shall
submit a certificate from the manufacturer stating that the Type I Road Markings Qd ≥ 100 mcd/m²/lx
thermoplastic road marking contains no hydrocarbon
Type II Road Markings Qd ≥ 130 mcd/m²/lx
resins.
3 The softening point of the thermoplastic road Type III Road Markings Qd ≥ 160 mcd/m²/lx
markings shall be not less than the figures shown in Table
Yellow
14.2.2.1. The flashpoint for thermoplastic materials must
o
be greater than or equal to 240 C and drying (tack free) Type I Road Markings Qd ≥ 80 mcd/m²/lx
time should be between 2 and 10 mins. dependent on
Type II Road Markings Qd ≥ 100 mcd/m²/lx
ambient road surface temperature and wind.
Type III Road Markings Qd ≥ 130 mcd/m²/lx

Type I Road Markings 95°C minimum Table 14.2.2-5: Luminance coefficient

Type II Road Markings 95°C minimum 8 The luminance factor (β) for dry road markings shall
be greater than the figures shown in Table 14.2.2.6.
Type III Road Markings 110°C minimum
Table 14.2.2-1: Softening point White

4 The skid resistance of the thermoplastic road Type I Road Markings β = 0.30 minimum
markings (assisted if necessary by the application of drop- Type II Road Markings β = 0.40 minimum
on beads) shall be not less than the figures shown in Table
14.2.2.2. (Note: Tested using the pendulum test as Type III Road Markings β = 0.50 minimum
specified in EN 1341 for external paving. Skid resistance Yellow
has no units.)
Type I Road Markings β = 0.20 minimum
Type I Road Markings 45 minimum
Type II Road Markings β = 0.30 minimum
Type II Road Markings 45 minimum Type III Road Markings β = 0.40 minimum
Type III Road Markings 55 minimum Table 14.2.2-6: Luminance factor
Table 14.2.2-2: Skid resistance
9 The luminance coefficient (Qd) under diffuse
5 The flow resistance of the thermoplastic road illumination under dry conditions, measured in
marking shall not be more than the figures shown in Table millicandellas (mcd) shall after one year in use conform to
14.2.2.3. the figures shown in Table 14.2.2.5.
10 The luminance factor (β) for dry road markings shall
Type I Road Markings 5% maximum after one year in use be greater than the figures shown in
Table 14.2.2.6.
Type II Road Markings 5% maximum
11 For the measurement of reflection under vehicle
Type III Road Markings 5% maximum
headlamp illumination, the coefficient of reflected
Table 14.2.2-3: Flow resistance luminance RL is used. RL is expressed in mcd/m²/lx. Road
markings in the dry under vehicle headlamp illumination
6 The relative density of the thermoplastic road
shall conform to the figures shown in Table 14.2.2.7.
markings, measured in grams per cubic centimeter, shall
be within the range shown in Table 14.2.2.4.
White
Type I Road Markings 1.9 to 2.1 g/cm³ Type I Road Markings RL ≥ 100

Type II Road Markings 1.9 to 2. 1 g/cm³ Type II Road Markings RL ≥ 150

Type III Road Markings 1.9 to 2. 1 g/cm³ Type III Road Markings RL ≥ 200

Table 14.2.2-4: Relative density Yellow

7 The luminance coefficient (Qd) under diffuse Type I Road Markings RL ≥ 80

illumination under dry conditions measured in Type II Road Markings RL ≥ 150
millicandellas (mcd) shall conform to the figures shown in
Table 14.2.2.5. Type III Road Markings RL ≥ 200
Table 14.2.2-7: Reflectorization under vehicle headlamp
illumination (dry)

♦ 14-6 ♦
12 Road markings in rain under vehicle headlamp considered necessary for the acceptance of the materials
illumination shall conform to the figures shown in Table or for the control of their application.
14.2.2.8.
14.2.2.2 Liquid Paint
White
1 The daytime visibility of road marking paint shall be
Type I Road Markings RL ≥ 25 defined by the luminance factor β. The classes shown in
Type II Road Markings RL ≥ 35 Table 14.2.2.10 shall apply.

Type III Road Markings RL ≥ 50 Colour Class Luminance factor β

Yellow LF5 ≥0.30
White LF6 ≥0.40
Type I Road Markings RL ≥ 25 LF7 ≥0.50
Type II Road Markings RL ≥ 35 LF1 ≥0.30
Yellow
LF2 ≥0.40
Type III Road Markings RL ≥ 50
Table 14.2.2-10: Luminance factor
Table 14.2.2-8: Reflectorization under vehicle headlamp
2 The x, y chromaticity co-ordinates for dry road
illumination (rain)
markings shall lie within the regions defined by the corner
13 The x, y chromaticity co-ordinates for dry road points as shown in Table 14.2.2.11.
markings shall lie within the regions defined by the corner
points as shown in Table 14.2.2.9. Corner White Yellow
Point No X Y X Y
Corner White Yellow 1 0.355 0.355 0.443 0.399
Point No X Y X Y 2 0.305 0.305 0.545 0.455
1 0.355 0.355 0.443 0.399 3 0.285 0.325 0.465 0.535
2 0.305 0.305 0.545 0.455 4 0.335 0.375 0.389 0.431
3 0.285 0.325 0.465 0.535 Table 14.2.2-11: Color
4 0.335 0.375 0.389 0.431
3 The contrast ratio (hiding power) for white and
Table 14.2.2-9: Color yellow paints shall be not less than 96% for white and 90%
for yellow when tested in accordance with ISO 2814 when
14 In order to prevent cracking of thermoplastic when
applied with a doctor blade of 300μm.
the plasticizing oil content is reduced to prevent
blackening of the road marking, good quality resins (such 4 The paint shall be free from skin and settlement that
as alkyd resins, rosin esters and maleic-modified resins) cannot be reincorporated by stirring. Drying (tack free)
shall be used in the manufacture of thermoplastic material time should be between 5 and 7 minutes dependent on
instead of the hydrocarbon resins. Road markings ambient road surface temperature and wind.
showing more than minimal cracking during the 5 The skid resistance of the painted road markings
warranted life of the markings will be deemed to have (assisted if necessary by the application of drop-on beads)
failed. shall be not less than 50.
15 The Contractor shall warrant that Type I and Type II 6 For the measurement of reflection under vehicle
markings will continue to achieve all performance headlamp illumination, the coefficient of reflected
requirements of this Specification for a minimum period luminance RL is used. RL is expressed in mcd.m-2.lx-1.
of 1 (one) year from the time of application and that Type Road markings in the dry under vehicle headlamp
III markings will continue to achieve all similar applicable illumination shall conform to the figures shown in Table
performance requirements for a minimum period of 3 14.2.2.12.
(three) years from the time of application, when used on
White RL ≥ 100
the edges of the highway as yellow edge marking.
Yellow RL ≥ 80
16 In no case shall any materials be laid more than 6
mm thick. Unless specified, all white markings shall be Table 14.2.2-12: Reflectorization under vehicle headlamp
reflectorized by means of spherical glass beads to BS EN illumination (dry)
1424 premixed during compounding and additionally by
7 Road markings in rain under vehicle headlamp
spherical glass beads to BS EN 1423 wet surface applied
illumination shall conform to the figures shown in Table
during application. The glass beads shall not have more
14.2.2.13.
than 1,000 ppm of Arsenic Trioxide, 200 ppm of Lead and
1,000 ppm of Antimony. The Contractor shall supply test White RL ≥ 35
certificates showing compliance with these requirements. Yellow RL ≥ 35
17 Before delivery to site, or during the course of the Table 14.2.2-13: Reflectorization under vehicle headlamp
work, the Engineer may call for any tests that are
illumination (rain)

♦ 14-7 ♦
8 Testing of spherical glass beads shall be done to
conform with BS EN 1423 for drop on materials and BS EN
1424 for premix glass beads. The Contractor shall warrant
that markings will continue to achieve all performance
requirements of this Specification for liquid paint for a
minimum period of 1 (one) year from the time of
application.
9 Liquid paint is unsuitable for forming raised rib edge
line markings and should not be used for this purpose.
14.2.2.3 Testing
1 Testing for liquid paint shall comply with BS EN 1436
2007. The softening point, flow resistance and density of
road marking material should be carried out by a roads
testing laboratory. The manufacturer of the road marking
material shall provide a certificate for the material stating
these values. The responsibility for the accuracy of the
figures remains with the Contractor.
2 Testing of skid resistance shall be by use of a
portable skid resistance tester designed to carry out the
Pendulum test. This is common equipment for use in the
field or in a roads testing laboratory.
3 Determination of the luminance coefficient (Qd) and
the reflectorization (RL) shall be by use of a road marking
retro-reflectometer which is a portable unit suitable for
use on site.
4 Determination of the luminance factor (β) shall be
tested using a Reflectometer which is a portable unit
suitable for use on site.
5 Before delivery to site, or during the course of the
work, the Engineer may call for any tests that are
considered necessary for the acceptance of the materials
or for the control of their application.
14.2.2.4 Painting of curbs
1 Chlorinated rubber paint for painting curbs shall be
plasticized and drying shall be solvent evaporation alone.
It shall have the properties give in Table 14.2.2.14.
Property Allowable Limits
Relative density 1.48 minimum
Viscosity at 21°C 65 to 70
Drying time Approx 10-15 minutes
Coverage 3m² per litre maximum
Luminance
80 mcd/m²/lx minimum
coefficient
Passes around 12mm diameter
Flexibility
mandrel
Chlorinated
9.0%
rubber content
Table 14.2.2-14: Paint for Curbs
14.2.3 Construction Requirements
1 Traffic shall be kept off markings until the installation
has fully cured.
♦ 14-8 ♦
2 Application of road marking material shall generally
be by mechanized spraying equipment consisting of a
motor powered self propelled machine with compressor.
A minimum line width of 100mm shall be sprayed in one
pass. The separate bead gun shall be synchronized to
spray glass spheres immediately onto the surface of the
road marking. An automatic mechanism shall be fitted to
produce broken or dotted lines as shown on the Drawings
without the need for pre-measurement.
3 If material is applied by hand methods,, the
Contractor shall provide stencils, specialized labor and all
necessary equipment to ensure that results match the
quality and finish of the sprayed work, to the satisfaction
of the Engineer. Drop on spherical glass beads shall be
hand applied to give a consistent covering over the whole
of the surface of the road marking between 350 to 400
grams per square meter.
4 All road markings shall comply with the dimensions,
angles and proportions stated in the Highway Design
Standards.
5 Where indicated on the Drawings, curbs shall be
painted alternately black and yellow to cover the entire
exposed surface. Changes in colors shall be made at joints
between curbs.
6 Obsolete or existing markings to be replaced shall be
removed by a purpose designed line removal machine
capable of operating between 600 and 2500 meters/hour. It
should not cause damage to the road surface. The working
width shall be adapted to the width of the marking line up
to a maximum of 400mm. Hand operated machines used
for removal of small areas of marking shall have a work
rate of 3 meters/minute.
7 The pavement shall be prepared in accordance with
the following:
i. Where the marking is to be applied on concrete
carriageways, the transverse texturing shall be
freed from all traces of curing compound by wire
brushing or other approved means. Prior to the
application of thermoplastic material a tack coat
compatible with the road surface and the
marking material shall be applied in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions.
ii. On surface dressed carriageways, all loose
chippings where the marking is to be applied
shall be removed prior to application. The
surface to be marked shall be clean and dry.
8 Road marking materials shall only be applied to
surfaces which are clean and dry. Markings shall be free
from raggedness at their edges and shall be uniform and
free from streaks. Longitudinal road markings shall be laid
to a regular alignment.
9 Pre-marking shall be carried out manually on straight
lines and curves using a 100m long string. On straights the
pre-marking shall consist of 1 dot mark every 3m, and on
curves every 1m. The pre-marking dot shall be a circle of
40mm diameter cut into 2 equal parts by a gap of 10mm.
Longitudinal changes in line types shall be within 300mm BS 7962. The total thickness of original and masking
of the location specified on the Drawings. materials shall not exceed 6 mm.

14.2.3.1 Raised Rib (Profiled) Road Markings 14.2.3.5 Longitudinal Road Markings Lateral Tolerances

1 Raised rib road markings shall only be used on 1 For longitudinal road markings, the lateral tolerance
National and Arterial roads with full width hard shoulders shall be within ± 25mm from the designed position. Any
or other high speed roads (both single and dual discontinuities between road markings shall be replaced
carriageway) with at least 1 meter wide hard strips. with a smooth taper from one road marking to the other.
2 Raised rib road markings shall be yellow lines which The length of the transition shall be derived from Table
are continuous over the sections where they are specified 14.2.3.1.
on the Drawings. Gaps shall be provided for drainage
Speed (km/h) Taper
purposes only where specified on the Drawings.
3 Raised rib road markings shall be in accordance with Up to 60 1 in 40
the Highway Design Standards. Spacing of the transverse
80 1 in 45
raised ribs shall be 500 mm.
4 Raised rib road markings shall not be used adjacent 100 1 in 50
to hatched areas or central reserve crossings.
120 1 in 55
14.2.3.2 Temporary Road Markings
Table 14.2.3-1: Marking transition taper
1 Temporary road markings shall only be adopted with
2 Where studs are to be placed within the line the
the prior approval of the Engineer. They shall comply with
centre line of the marking and the center line of the studs
the same clauses as permanent road markings, or if
must not be displaced by more than 15mm.
required to be removable, be constructed only from a
proprietary preformed road marking material complying
with BS EN 1790.
14.2.4 Method of Measurement
2 When temporary road markings are used on surfaces 1 Road markings of each type shall be measured by
that will continue to be used by public traffic after their square meters marked. Removal of road markings shall be
removal, any shadow trace remaining after their removal measured by square meters removed.
shall be permanently obliterated. Preformed materials
shall not be used for this obliteration. 14.2.5 Basis of Payment
3 Temporary road markings constructed from a 1 The amount of completed and accepted work
proprietary preformed road marking material shall only be measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
adopted in locations and on types of road surface as rate for Road Marking in the Bill of Quantities which rate
shown on the Drawings and shall comply with any other shall be full compensation for supplying, applying, surface
requirement therein. The marking material shall be new preparation, and for materials, labor, equipment, tools,
and together with any primer shall be stored and installed supplies and other items necessary for the proper
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and completion of the work as specified.
within the recommended shelf life.
4 Temporary preformed road markings shall only be 14.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
applied to surfaces that are clean and dry. Upon removal
i. Traffic lines (type) (material)
they shall be disposed of off Site and if any making good
(mechanical application). (sq.m.)
is necessary to the road surface it shall be satisfactorily
ii. Raised rib road markings. (sq.m.)
carried out before the road is opened to traffic to the
iii. Special road markings
satisfaction of the Engineer.
(type), (material) ;(hand applied). (sq.m.)
14.2.3.3 Removal of Road Markings iv. Curb painting (sq.m.)
v. Removal of road markings (sq.m.)
1 The removal of road markings on surfaces that will
continue to be used by traffic shall be undertaken in a
manner that will avoid damage to the surface. The
14.3 Road Studs
removal of road markings shall be by mechanical means
only. The Contractor shall submit details of the system he 14.3.1 Description
proposes to use to the Engineer for approval. 1 This Sub-section describes requirements for the
supply and installation of road studs.
14.2.3.4 Masking of Road Markings

1 When black masking materials are required to cover

existing permanent road markings, they shall comply with

♦ 14-9 ♦
14.3.2 Materials studs shall be removed from the carriageway on
completion of the Works to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
14.3.2.1 Permanent Retroreflecting Road Studs
14.3.3.3 Non retroreflecting Road Studs
1 All retroreflecting road studs shall comply with BS
EN 1463-1 and 1463-2, and shall be installed in accordance 1 All non retroreflecting road studs shall be installed in
with the manufacturer’s instructions accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions in
2 Retroreflecting road studs and components which do locations, and complying with any other requirements, as
not fall into a category of BS EN 1463, but which have type shown on the Drawings.
approval of the Employer may be used if specifically
permitted by the Engineer. 14.3.4 Method of Measurement
3 The bodies of the studs shall be aluminium or high 1 Road studs of each type shall be measured by the
impact plastic and shall incorporate an integral plug at number of studs installed.
least 60mm deep.
4 Fixing of studs shall be by epoxy resin adhesive in 14.3.5 Basis of Payment
accordance manufacturers requirements.
1 The amount of completed and accepted work
5 The Contractor shall submit details of the road studs measured as provided for above will be paid for at the unit
he proposes to use together with the method of fixing to rate for Road Studs in the Bill of Quantities which unit rate
the Engineer for approval. shall be full compensation for supplying, fixing, surface
preparation, and for materials, labor, transport, equipment,
14.3.2.2 Temporary Retroreflecting Road Studs
tools, and other items necessary for the proper completion
1 Temporary retroreflecting road studs shall be of the of the work as specified.
fluorescent yellow type to BS EN 1463-1.
14.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
14.3.2.3 Ceramic Buttons
i. Reflecting road studs (type/color). (nr.)
1 Ceramic buttons may be used only in exceptional
ii. Non-reflecting road studs. (nr.)
circumstances to supplement road marking only with the
approval of the Employer and Engineer.

14.3.3 Construction Requirements

14.3.3.1 Permanent Retroreflecting Road Studs

1 Traffic shall be kept off studs until the resin adhesive

has fully cured.
2 Permanent retroreflecting road studs shall be
installed in the locations and to any other requirements as
shown on the Drawings.
3 Road studs shall be fixed so that the displacement to
the left or right of the correct line does not exceed 10mm.
The angular displacement of road studs shall not exceed
5°.
4 Where studs are to be placed within the line the
centre line of the marking and the centre line of the studs
must not be displaced by more than 15mm.
5 Studs shall be installed after the completion of the
wearing course and the installation shall be carried out to
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and as
agreed by the Engineer.
6 Studs shall be applied on clean, sound, dry surfaces.
Air temperature shall be greater than 5° at the time of
installation and when it will remain above 5° for the time
taken for the adhesive to cure.

14.3.3.2 Temporary Retroreflecting Road Studs

1 They shall not be used for a second application.

Adhesive used for the temporary retroreflecting road

♦ 14-10 ♦