Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

16.1 Landscape 16-1 16.1.3.15 Requirements for Satisfactory Grass 16-8

16.1.3.16 Planting Ground Cover and Plants 16-8
16.1.1 General 16-1
16.1.3.17 Mulching 16-8
16.1.1.1 Summary 16-1
16.1.3.18 Installation of Edgings 16-8
16.1.1.2 Related Documents 16-1
16.1.3.19 Installation of Miscellaneous Materials 16-8
16.1.1.3 Definitions 16-1
16.1.3.20 Cleanup and Protection 16-8
16.1.1.4 Submittals 16-1
16.1.3.21 Disposal of Surplus and Waste
16.1.2 Materials 16-2
Materials 16-8
16.1.2.1 Trees and Shrubs 16-2
16.1.4 Warranty and Maintenance 16-8
16.1.2.2 Ground Cover 16-2
16.1.4.1 Warranty 16-8
16.1.2.3 Palms 16-2
16.1.4.2 Maintenance 16-9
16.1.2.4 Grass Seed 16-2
16.1.5 Method of Measurement 16-9
16.1.2.5 Grass Sod (Turf) 16-2
16.1.5.1 Excavation, Soiling, Cultivating
16.1.2.6 Grass Plugs 16-2
and Grading 16-9
16.1.2.7 Grass Sprigs 16-2
16.1.5.2 Grass Planting and Seeding 16-10
16.1.2.8 Topsoil 16-2
16.1.5.3 Tree, Shrub and Ground Cover
16.1.2.9 Soil Amendments 16-3
Planting 16-10
16.1.2.10 Fertilizer 16-3
16.1.6 Basis of Payment 16-10
16.1.2.11 Mulches 16-3
16.1.7 Items in Bill of Quantities 16-10
16.1.2.12 Stakes and Guys 16-3
16.1.2.13 Landscape Edgings 16-4 16.2 Irrigation System 16-10
16.1.2.14 Erosion-Control Materials 16-4
16.2.1 Description / General 16-10
16.1.2.15 Miscellaneous Materials 16-4
16.2.1.1 Scope 16-10
16.1.3 Construction Requirements 16-4
16.2.1.2 Schedules of Proposed Equipment 16-11
16.1.3.1 General 16-4
16.2.1.3 Approval of Equipment 16-11
16.1.3.2 Preparation 16-4
16.2.1.4 Submittals 16-11
16.1.3.3 Planting Soil Preparation 16-5
16.2.1.5 Delivery, Storage and Handling 16-12
16.1.3.4 Ground Cover and Plant Bed
16.2.1.6 Installation and Checking 16-12
Preparation 16-5
16.2.1.7 Spares 16-12
16.1.3.5 Preparation for Grassed Areas 16-5
16.2.1.8 Equipment Labels and Charts 16-12
16.1.3.6 Excavation for Trees and Shrubs 16-5
16.2.1.9 Operation and Instruction Manuals 16-12
16.1.3.7 Planting, Palms, Trees and Shrubs 16-6
16.2.2 Material 16-13
16.1.3.8 Tree and Shrub Pruning 16-7
16.2.2.1 Pipes, Fittings and Accessories 16-13
16.1.3.9 Tree and Shrub Guying and Staking 16-7
16.2.2.2 Valves and Penstocks 16-15
16.1.3.10 Grass Seeding 16-7
16.2.2.3 Irrigation Equipment 16-17
16.1.3.11 Hydro-Seeding 16-7
16.2.2.4 Valve Operators and Accessories 16-19
16.1.3.12 Sodding 16-7
16.2.2.5 Jointing Material 16-20
16.1.3.13 Plugging 16-7
16.2.2.6 Concrete and Metal Work 16-21
16.1.3.14 Sprigging 16-8
16.2.2.7 Pumping Plant 16-21

♦ 16-1 ♦
Ref. Title Page No.
16.2.3 Construction Requirements 16-21
16.2.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling 16-21
16.2.3.2 Pipe Laying - Generally 16-21
16.2.3.3 Jointing 16-22
16.2.3.4 Line and Gradient 16-22
16.2.3.5 Floatation 16-22
16.2.3.6 Pipe Built Into Structures 16-22
16.2.3.7 Field Testing: Generally 16-22
16.2.3.8 Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure
Pipelines 16-23
16.2.3.9 Visual Inspection Test 16-23
16.2.3.10 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes 16-23
16.2.3.11 Flushing 16-23
16.2.3.12 Field Protection and Coating 16-23
16.2.3.13 Irrigation Control 16-24
16.2.3.14 Contract Requirements 16-24
16.2.3.15 Documentation 16-24
16.2.3.16 Maintenance Program 16-24
16.2.4 Method of Measurement 16-24
16.2.5 Basis of Payment 16-25
16.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 16-25

♦ 16-2 ♦
16.1 Landscape 2 Sub grade: Surface of subsoil after completing
excavation, or top surface of a fill or backfill immediately
beneath planting soil.
16.1.1 General
3 Manufactured Soil: Soil produced off-site by
16.1.1.1 Summary homogeneously blending mineral soils or sand with
stabilized organic soil amendments to produce topsoil or
1 This Section describes requirements for soft
planting soil.
landscaping and irrigation, including the following:
4 Planting Soil: Native or imported topsoil,
i. Trees and shrubs.
manufactured topsoil, or surface soil modified to become
ii. Ground cover. topsoil; mixed with soil amendments.
iii. Palms.
16.1.1.4 Submittals
iv. Seed.
v. Turf-grass sod. 1 General: Submit the certificates, samples and other
information stated in this paragraph to the Engineer
vi. Plugs.
before ordering materials or starting the relevant work.
vii. Sprigs.
2 Certification of product compliance to specified
viii. Topsoil. requirements signed by manufacturer.
ix. Soil amendments. i. Manufacturer's certified analysis for standard
x. Fertilizers. products.
xi. Mulches. ii. Analysis for other materials by a recognized
xii. Stakes and guys. laboratory made according to approved
international standards.
xiii. Landscape edgings.
iii. Label data substantiating that plants, trees,
xiv. Erosion-control materials.
shrubs, and planting materials comply with
xv. Miscellaneous materials. specified requirements.
xvi. Irrigation iv. Certification of grass seed from seed vendor
2 Requirements for hard landscaping, paving and for each grass-seed or mixture stating the
curbs of sidewalks and areas adjacent to soft landscaping botanical and common name and percentage
are described in Section 12. by weight of each species and variety and
3 Landscape work shall be carried out by an percentage of purity, germination and weed
experienced landscape contractor whose qualifications seed. Include the year of production and date
and resources are approved by the Engineer, including his of packaging.
operatives and supervisors and equipment. v. Certification of each seed mixture for turf grass
4 Where tests and analysis on soil and products are sod, plugs and sprigs, identifying source,
required by this Specification, they shall be carried out by including name and telephone number of
an agency approved by the Engineer. supplier.
vi. Certification of all soil amendments and
16.1.1.2 Related Documents fertilizers signed by product manufacturer.
1 Drawings and other Specification Sections, apply to 3 Samples of each of the following:
this Section. i. 2 kg of mineral mulch for each color and
2 Related Sections: The following Sections contain texture of stone t, in labeled plastic bags.
requirements that relate to this Section: ii. Edging materials and accessories to verify
i. Section 1 for protection of existing trees and color selected.
planting, topsoil stripping and stockpiling, and 4 Qualification data for firms and persons employed in
site clearing. the work to demonstrate their capabilities and experience.
ii. Section 2 for excavation, filling, rough grading Include lists of completed projects with project names and
and subsurface aggregate drainage and addresses, names and address of architects/engineers and
drainage backfill. owners, and other information specified.
iii. Section 8 for subsurface drainage. 5 Material test reports from qualified independent
iv. Section 12 sidewalks, paving areas and curbs”. testing agency indicating and interpreting test results
relative to compliance of the following materials with
16.1.1.3 Definitions requirements indicated:

1 Finish Grade: Elevation of finished surface of planting i. Analysis of existing surface soil.
soil. ii. Analysis of imported topsoil.

♦ 16-1 ♦
6 Planting schedule indicating planned dates and
locations for each type of planting.
7 Maintenance instructions recommending procedures
to be established by the Employer for maintenance of
landscaping during an entire year. Submit before
expiration of required maintenance periods.
16.1.2 Materials
16.1.2.1 Trees and Shrubs
1 Provide nursery-grown trees and shrubs conforming
to ANSI Z60.1, with healthy root systems developed by
transplanting or root pruning. Provide well-shaped, fully-
branched, healthy, vigorous stock free of disease, insects,
eggs, larvae, and defects such as knots, sun scald, injuries,
abrasions, and disfigurement.
2 Provide trees and shrubs of sizes and grades l
conforming to ANSI Z60.1 for type of trees and shrubs
specified and shown on the Drawings.
3 Label each tree and shrub with securely attached
waterproof tag bearing legible designation of botanical
and common name.
4 Provide balled and burlapped trees and shrubs.
Container-grown trees will be acceptable in lieu of balled
and burlapped subject to meeting ANSI Z60.1 limitations
for container stock.
5 Shade trees shall be single-stem trees with straight
trunk, well-balanced crown, and conforming to ANSI Z60.1
for type of trees required.
i. Branching Height: 1/3 to 1/2 of tree height.
6 Small trees shall be small upright or spreading type,
branched or pruned naturally according to species and
type and with relationship to caliper, height, and
branching recommended by ANSI Z60.1 and stem form as
follows:
i. Form: Multi-stem, clump, with 2 or more main
stems.
7 Deciduous shrubs shall have no less than the
minimum number of canes required by and measured
according to ANSI Z60.1 for type, shape, and height of
shrub.
8 Broad-leafed evergreens shall be: normal-quality,
well-balanced, broadleaf evergreens of type, height,
spread, and shape conforming to ANSI Z60.1.
16.1.2.2 Ground Cover
1 Ground cover plants shall be established and well
rooted in removable containers or integral peat pots and
with not less than the minimum number and length of
runners required by ANSI Z60.1 for the pot size indicated.
16.1.2.3 Palms
1 Palms shall have a crown of new leaves, proper color
of leaves of adult palms and sufficient hardiness. Palms
shall be supplied earth balled and hessian covered. Height
♦ 16-2 ♦
of palms is measured from nursery ground line to base of
first frond.
2 Heights of palms are to be as indicated in the Plant of
Material Schedules shown on Drawings and shall have
corresponding root-ball diameters as follows:
Palm Height Root-ball Diameter
1.5 m 0.75 - 0.90 m
2.0 m 0.90 - 1.10 m
2.5 m 1.10 - 1.30 m
3.0 m 1.30 - 1.50 m
3.5 m 1.50 - 1.80 m
4.0 m 1.80 - 2.00 m
16.1.2.4 Grass Seed
1 Grass seed shall be fresh, clean, dry, new-crop seed
complying with AOSA's "Journal of Seed Technology;
Rules for Testing Seeds" for purity and germination
tolerances.
2 Seed species shall be as stated in the Special
Specification or shown on the Drawings for the particular
use and location, with not less than 95 percent
germination, not less than 85 percent pure seed, and not
more than 0.5 percent weed seed.
16.1.2.5 Grass Sod (Turf)
1 Grass sod (turf) shall be first quality, complying with
TPI's ‘Specifications for Sod (Turf) Materials’ in its
‘Guideline Specifications to Sodding’, including limitations
on thatch, weeds, diseases, nematodes, and insects,
Provide viable sod of uniform density, color, and texture,
strongly rooted, capable of vigorous growth and
development when planted. Sods shall be nominal size
750mm x 300mm.
2 Grass sod species shall be as stated in the Special
Specification or shown on the Drawings with not less than
95 percent germination, not less than 85 percent pure seed,
and not more than 0.5 percent weed seed:
16.1.2.6 Grass Plugs
1 Grass plugs shall be as specified in paragraph
16.1.2.5 but with a nominal size 100mm x 100mm.
16.1.2.7 Grass Sprigs
1 Grass sprigs shall be healthy living stems, rhizomes,
or solons with a minimum of two nodes and any attached
roots free of soil, of the species stated in the Special
Specification or shown on the Drawings.
16.1.2.8 Topsoil
1 Topsoil shall conform to ASTM D 5268, pH range of
5.5 to 7, 4 percent organic material minimum, free of
stones 25 mm or larger in any dimension, and other
extraneous materials harmful to plant growth, obtained
from any of the sources stated below.
 i. Topsoil Source: Reuse surface soil stockpiled
on site. Verify suitability of surface soil to
produce topsoil meeting requirements and
amend when necessary. Supplement with
imported topsoil when quantities
insufficient. Clean topsoil of roots, plants, sods,
stones, clay lumps, and other extraneous
materials harmful to plant growth.
ii. Topsoil Source: Imported topsoil from off-site
sources, obtained from naturally well--drained
sites where topsoil occurs at least 100mm
deep; do not obtain from bogs or marshes.
iii. Topsoil Source: Amend existing surface soil to
produce topsoil. Supplement with imported
topsoil when required. Topsoil shall have a
physical and chemical analysis before any
amendments are added.
16.1.2.9 Soil Amendments
1 Lime shall be dolomite limestone conforming to
ASTM C 602, Class T, agricultural limestone, containing a
minimum 80 percent calcium carbonate equivalent, with a
minimum 99 percent passing a 2.36 mm sieve and a
minimum 75 percent passing a 250 micrometer sieve.
2 Aluminum sulfate shall be commercial grade,
unadulterated.
3 Sand shall be cleaned, washed, natural
manufactured sand, free of toxic materials.
4 Perlite shall be horticultural perlite, soil amendment
grade.
5 Peat Humus shall be finely divided or granular
texture, with a pH range of 6 to 7.5, composed of partially
decomposed moss peat or reed-sedge peat.
6 Peat Humus for acid-tolerant trees and shrubs, shall
be moss peat, with a pH range of 3.2 to 4.5, coarse fibrous
texture, medium-divided sphagnum moss peat or reed-
sedge peat.
7 Sawdust or ground bark humus shall be decomposed,
nitrogen-treated, of uniform texture, free of chips, stones,
sticks, soil, or toxic materials.
i. When site treated, mix with at least 2.4 kg of
ammonium nitrate or 4 kg of ammonium
sulfate per cu. m of loose sawdust or ground
bark.
8 Manure shall be well-rotted, unleached stable or
cattle manure containing not more than 25 percent by
volume of straw, sawdust, or other bedding materials; free
of toxic substances, stones, sticks, soil, weed seed, and
material harmful to plant growth.
9 Herbicides shall be EPA registered and approved, of
type recommended by the manufacturer.
16.1.2.10 Fertilizer
1 Bone-meal shall be commercial, raw, finely ground;
minimum of 4 percent nitrogen and 20 percent phosphoric
acid.
2 Superphosphate shall be commercial, phosphate
mixture, soluble; minimum of 20 percent available
phosphoric acid.
3 Commercial fertilizer shall be commercial-grade
are complete fertilizer of neutral character, consisting of fast-
and slow-release nitrogen, 50 percent derived from natural
organic sources of urea-form, phosphorous, and
potassium in the proportions recommended in reports
from a qualified soil testing agency.
4 Slow-release fertilizer shall be granular fertilizer
consisting of 50 percent water-insoluble nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium in the proportions
recommended in reports from a qualified soil testing
agency.
16.1.2.11 Mulches
1 Mineral mulch shall be hard, durable stone, washed
free of loam, sand, clay, and other foreign substances, of
following type, size range, and color:
i. Type: Crushed stone or gravel.
ii. Size Range: 20 mm maximum, 6 mm
minimum.
iii. Color: Uniform tan-beige color range,
acceptable to the Engineer.
2 Straw mulch shall be air-dry, clean, mildew- and
seed-free, salt hay or threshed straw of wheat, rye, oats, or
or
barley.
3 Peat mulch shall be peat humus as specified in
paragraph 16.1.2.9, items 5 or 6 as appropriate.
4 Compost mulch shall be well-composted, stable, and
weed-free organic matter, pH range of 5.5 to 8; moisture
content 35 to 55 percent by weight; 100 percent passing
through 1-inch (25-mm) sieve; soluble salt content of 5 to
10 decisiemens/m; not exceeding 0.5 percent inert
contaminants and free of substances toxic to plantings;
and as follows:
i. Organic Matter Content: 50 to 60 percent of
dry weight.
ii. Feedstock: Agricultural, food, or industrial
residuals; biosolids; yard trimmings; or source-
separated or compostable mixed solid waste.
5 Fiber mulch shall be biodegradable, dyed-wood,
cellulose-fiber mulch; nontoxic; free of plant-growth or
germination inhibitors; with maximum moisture content
of 15 percent and a pH range of 4.5 to 6.5.
6 Non asphaltic tackifier shall be colloidal tackifier
recommended by fiber-mulch manufacturer for slurry
application; nontoxic and free of plant-growth or
germination inhibitors.
7 Asphalt emulsion shall conform to ASTM D 977,
Grade SS-1; nontoxic and free of plant-growth or
germination inhibitors.
16.1.2.12 Stakes and Guys
1 Upright and Guy Stakes: Rough-sawn, sound, new
hardwood, redwood, or pressure-preservative-treated
♦ 16-3 ♦
softwood, free of knots, holes, cross grain, and other
defects, 50 by 50 mm by length indicated, pointed at one
end.
2 Guy and Tie Wire: ASTM A 641M, Class 1,
galvanized-steel wire, 2 strands, twisted, 2.7 mm in
diameter.
3 Guys for Palms: 5 mm diameter, 7-strand galvanized
wire in suitable lengths, with chafing guards of 13 mm
diameter PVC pipe, wire adjustments or turn buckles as
approved and 15 mm malleable iron ground anchors.
4 Guy Cable: 5 strand, 4.8 mm diameter, galvanized-
steel cable, with zinc-coated turn buckles, 75 mm long
minimum, with 2 10 mm galvanized eyebolts.
5 Hose Chafing Guard: Reinforced rubber or plastic
hose at least 13 mm in diameter, black, cut to lengths
required to protect tree trunks from damage.
6 Flags: Standard surveyor's plastic flagging tape,
white, 150 mm long.
2
7 Burlap: Jute of 0.20 kg/m or cloth having same
strength and resistance to tearing and capable of rotting in
the ground.
16.1.2.13 Landscape Edgings
1 Polyethylene edging shall be proprietary standard--
black polyethylene edging, 3 mm thick by 125 mm deep,
unless otherwise indicated, extruded in standard lengths,
with 225 mm steel angle stakes.
i. Top Profile: Straight, with top 50 mm, 6 mm
thick.
ii. Top Profile: Rounded.
16.1.2.14 Erosion-Control Materials
1 Erosion-Control Blankets: Biodegradable wood
excelsior, straw, or coconut-fiber mat enclosed in a
photodegradable plastic mesh. Include manufacturer's
recommended steel wire staples, 150 mm long.
2 Erosion-Control Fiber Mesh: Biodegradable twisted
jute or spun-coir mesh, a minimum of 0.5 kg/sq.m. with 50
to 65 percent open area. Include manufacturer's
recommended steel wire staples, 150 mm long.
16.1.2.15 Miscellaneous Materials
1 Anti-desiccant: Water-insoluble emulsion, permeable
moisture retarder, film forming, for trees and shrubs.
Deliver in original, sealed, and fully labeled containers and
mix according to the manufacturer's instructions.
2 Trunk-Wrap Tape: Two layers of crinkled paper
cemented together with bituminous material, 100 mm
wide minimum, with stretch factor of 33 percent
16.1.3 Construction Requirements
16.1.3.1 General
1 Examine areas to receive landscaping for compliance
with requirements and for conditions affecting
♦ 16-4 ♦
performance of work. Do not proceed with installation
until unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected.
2 Topsoil Analysis: Furnish a soil analysis made by a
qualified independent soil-testing agency stating
percentages of organic matter, inorganic matter (silt, clay,
and sand), deleterious material, pH, and mineral and
plant-nutrient content of topsoil. Report suitability of
topsoil for growth of applicable planting material. State
recommended quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potash nutrients and limestone, aluminum sulfate, or
other soil amendments to be added to produce
satisfactory topsoil.
3 Deliver packaged materials in containers showing
weight, analysis, and name of manufacturer. Protect
materials from deterioration during delivery and while
stored at site.
4 Deliver trees, shrubs, ground covers, and plants after
preparation for planting has been completed and plant
immediately. If planting is delayed more than 6 hours
after delivery, set planting materials in shade, and protect
from weather and mechanical damage, and keep roots
moist.
i. Heel-in bare-root stock. Soak roots in water for
2 hours if dried out.
ii. Set balled stock on ground and cover ball with
soil, peat moss, sawdust, or other acceptable
material.
iii. Do not remove container-grown stock from
containers until time of planting.
iv. Water root systems of trees and shrubs stored
on site with a fine-mist spray. Water as often
as necessary to maintain root systems in a
moist condition.
5 Coordinate installation of planting materials during
normal planting seasons for each type of plant material
required.
6 Coordinate planting periods with maintenance
periods to provide required maintenance from date of
handing over.
7 Proceed with planting only when existing and
forecast weather conditions permit.
16.1.3.2 Preparation
1 Lay out individual tree and shrub locations and areas
for multiple planting. Stake locations, outline areas, and
secure the Engineer's acceptance before the start of
planting work. Make minor adjustments as may be
required.
2 Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements,
and other facilities, trees, shrubs, and plantings from
damage caused by planting operations.
3 Provide erosion-control measures to prevent erosion
or displacement of soils and discharge of soil-bearing
water runoff or airborne dust to adjacent properties and
walkways.
16.1.3.3 Planting Soil Preparation
1 Before mixing, clean topsoil of roots, plants, sods,
stones, clay lumps, and other extraneous materials
harmful to plant growth.
2 Mix soil amendments and fertilizers with topsoil at
rates indicated following soil physical and chemical
analysis. Delay mixing fertilizer if planting does not follow
placing of planting soil within a few days.
3 For palms and tree pit or trench backfill, mix planting
soil before backfilling, and stockpile at site ready for use.
4 For planting beds, mix planting soil either prior to
placing or apply on surface of topsoil and mix thoroughly
before planting.
i. Mix lime with dry soil prior to mixing fertilizer.
Prevent lime from contacting roots of acid-
tolerant plants.
ii. Apply phosphoric acid fertilizer, other than that
constituting a portion of complete fertilizers,
directly to sub-grade before applying planting
soil and tilling.
16.1.3.4 Ground Cover and Plant Bed Preparation
1 Loosen sub-grade of planting bed areas to a
minimum depth of 150 mm. Remove stones larger than 40
mm in any dimension and sticks, roots, rubbish, and other
extraneous materials.
2 Spread planting soil mixture to depth required to
meet thickness, grades, and elevations shown, after light
rolling and natural settlement. Place approximately one
half the thickness of planting soil mixture required. Work
into top of loosened sub-grade to create a transition layer
and then place remainder of planting soil mixture.
3 Till soil in beds to a minimum depth of 200 mm and
mix with specified soil amendments and fertilizers.
4 Remove existing unsuitable soil to a minimum depth
of 200 mm and replace with prepared planting soil mixture.
16.1.3.5 Preparation for Grassed Areas
1 Limit sub-grade preparation to areas to be planted.
2 Newly prepared sub grade: Loosen newly prepared
sub grade to a minimum depth of 150 mm. Remove
stones larger than 25 mm in any dimension and sticks,
roots, rubbish, and other extraneous matter and dispose
off site.
i. Apply superphosphate fertilizer directly to sub-
grade before loosening.
ii. Thoroughly blend planting soil mix off-site
before spreading, or spread topsoil, apply soil
amendments and fertilizer directly to the
surface, and thoroughly blend planting soil
mix.
a. Delay mixing fertilizer with planting soil if
planting will not proceed within a few days.
b. Mix lime with dry soil before mixing
fertilizer.
iii. Spread planting soil mix to a depth of 150 mm
but not less than required to meet finish grades
after light rolling and natural settlement. Do
not spread if planting soil or sub-grade is
muddy or excessively wet.
a. Spread approximately one-half the
thickness of planting soil mix over
loosened sub-grade. Mix thoroughly into
top 100 mm of sub grade and then spread
remainder of planting soil mix.
b. Reduce elevation of planting soil to allow
for soil thickness of sod.
3 If grass is to be sown or planted in areas unaltered or
undisturbed by excavating, grading, or surface soil
stripping operations, prepare surface soil as follows:
i. Remove existing grass, vegetation, and turf.
Do not mix into surface soil. Remove stones
larger than 25 mm in any dimension and sticks,
roots, trash, and other extraneous matter.
ii. Loosen surface soil to a depth of at least of 150
mm. Apply soil amendments and fertilizers
according to planting soil mix proportions and
mix thoroughly into top 150 mm. of soil. Till
soil to a homogeneous mixture of fine texture.
iii. Dispose of waste material, including grass,
vegetation, and turf, off site.
4 Grade planting areas to a smooth, uniform surface
plane with loose, uniformly fine texture. Grade to within
plus or minus 13 mm of finish elevation. Roll and rake,
remove ridges, and fill depressions to meet finish grades.
Limit fine grading to areas that can be planted in the
immediate future.
5 Moisten prepared lawn area before planting if soil is
dry. Water thoroughly and allow surface to dry before
planting. Do not create muddy soil.
6 Restore areas if eroded or otherwise disturbed after
finish grading and before planting.
16.1.3.6 Excavation for Trees and Shrubs
1 Pits and Trenches: Excavate with vertical sides and
with bottom of excavation slightly raised at center to
assist drainage. Loosen hard subsoil in bottom of
excavation.
i. Bare-root trees and shrubs: Excavate at least
300 mm wider than root spread and deep
enough to allow setting of roots on a layer of
planting soil and with collar set at same grade
as in nursery, but 25 mm below finish grade.
a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of
planting soil.
b. Trees setting layer: Allow 225 mm of
planting soil.
ii. Balled and burlapped trees and shrubs:
Excavate approximately 1½ times as wide as
ball diameter and equal to ball depth, plus the
following setting layer depth:
♦ 16-5 ♦
 a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of
planting soil.
b. Trees setting layer: Allow 225 mm of
planting soil.
iii. Container-grown trees and shrubs: Excavate to
container width and depth, plus the following
setting-layer depth:
a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of
planting soil.
b. Trees setting layer: Allow 150 mm of
planting soil.
iv. Pits for palms excavate to a depth not less than
1.6m below finished grade and to a diameter of
not less than 1.5 m and at least 1 m greater
than diameter of root ball. Break up bottom of
pits to a depth of 300 mm.
2 Dispose of subsoil removed from excavations. Do not
mix with planting soil or use as backfill.
3 Notify the Engineer if unexpected rock or
obstructions detrimental to trees or shrubs are
encountered in excavations.
i. Hardpan layer: Drill 150 mm diameter holes
into free-draining strata or to a depth of 3 m,
whichever is less, and backfill with free-
draining material.
4 Notify the Engineer if subsoil conditions show
unexpected water seepage or retention in tree or shrub
pits.
5 Fill excavations with water and allow to percolate out,
before placing setting layer and positioning trees and
shrubs.
16.1.3.7 Planting, Palms, Trees and Shrubs
1 Measure trees and shrubs according to ANSI Z60.1
with branches and trunks or canes in their normal position.
Do not prune to obtain required sizes. Take caliper
measurements 150 mm above ground for trees up to 100
mm caliper size, and 300 mm above ground for larger
sizes. Measure main body of tree or shrub for height and
spread;
2 Deliver freshly dug and container grown palms, trees
and shrubs to the site just before planting. Do not prune
before delivery, except as approved by the Engineer.
Protect bark, branches, and root systems from sun scald,
drying, sweating, whipping, and other handling and tying
damage. Do not bend or bind-tie trees or shrubs in such a
manner as to destroy natural shape. Maintain protective
covering during delivery. Do not drop trees and shrubs
during delivery.
i. Immediately after digging bare-root stock, pack
root system in wet straw, hay, or other suitable
material to keep root system moist until
planting.
ii. Handle balled and bur lapped stock by the root
ball
♦ 16-6 ♦
3 Set balled and bur lapped stock plumb and in center
of pit or trench with top of ball raised above adjacent
finish grades as indicated.
i. Place stock on setting layer of compacted
planting soil.
ii. Remove burlap and wire baskets from tops of
balls and partially from sides, but do not
remove from under balls. Remove pallets, if
any, before setting. Do not use planting stock
if ball is cracked or broken before or during
planting operation.
iii. Place backfill around ball in layers, tamping to
settle backfill and eliminate voids and air
pockets. When the pit is approximately half
backfilled, water thoroughly before placing the
remainder of backfill. Repeat watering until no
more is absorbed. Water again after placing
and tamping the final layer of backfill.
4 Set container-grown stock plumb and in center of pit
or trench with top of ball raised above adjacent finish
grades as indicated.
i. Carefully remove containers so as not to
damage root balls.
ii. Place stock on setting layer of compacted
planting soil.
iii. Place backfill around ball in layers, tamping to
settle backfill and eliminate voids and air
pockets. When the pit is approximately half
backfilled, water thoroughly before placing
remainder of backfill. Repeat watering until no
more is absorbed. Water again after placing
and tamping the final layer of backfill.
5 Set bare-root stock on cushion of planting soil.
Spread roots without tangling or turning toward surface,
and carefully work backfill around roots by hand. Puddle
with water until backfill layers are completely saturated.
Plumb before backfilling, and maintain plumb while
working backfill around roots and placing layers above
roots. Remove injured roots by cutting cleanly; do not
break.
i. Set collar 25 mm below adjacent finish grades,
unless otherwise indicated.
6 Dish and tamp top of backfill to form a 75 mm high
mound around the rim of the pit. Do not cover top of root
with backfill.
7 Wrap trees of 50 mm caliper and larger with trunk-
wrap tape. Start at base of trunk and spiral cover trunk to
height of first branches. Overlap wrap, exposing half the
width, and securely attach without causing girdling.
Inspect tree trunks for injury, improper pruning, and insect
infestation and take corrective measures required before
wrapping.
8 Remove suckers, flowering and fruiting parts and
approximately 30% of fronds from palms before planting.
Leave sufficient fronds to enclose and protect growing
bud, trim to 65% of original length, lift to surround
growing bud and burlap wrap and securely tie them in
position and leave on palm for around one year after
planting. Special attention is required to protect palm
roots from being bruised during digging and bur lapping.
16.1.3.8 Tree and Shrub Pruning
1 Prune, thin, and shape trees and shrubs according to
standard horticultural practice. Prune trees to retain
required height and spread. Unless otherwise directed by
the Engineer, do not cut tree leader; remove only injured
or dead branches from flowering trees Prune shrubs to
retain natural character. Shrub sizes indicated are size
after pruning.
16.1.3.9 Tree and Shrub Guying and Staking
1 Stake all trees of 50 to 125 mm caliper; stake trees
less than 50 mm caliper only if required to prevent
displacement by wind. Use a minimum of 2 stakes of
length required to penetrate at least 450 mm below
bottom of backfilled excavation and to extend at least 1800
mm above grade. Set stakes vertical and spaced to avoid
penetrating balls or root masses. Support trees with 2
strands of tie wire encased in hose sections at contact
points with tree trunk. Allow enough slack to avoid rigid
restraint of tree.
2 Guy and stake trees exceeding 4.2 m high and more
than 75 mm caliper. Securely attach no fewer than 3 guys
to stakes 750 mm long, driven to grade. Attach flags to
each guy wire, 750 mm above finish grade.
3 Support palms with 4 guy wires secured to ground
anchors and attached to palm at approximately two thirds
height. Adjust tension as necessary with wire adjusters or
turn buckles.
16.1.3.10 Grass Seeding
1 Sow seed with spreader or seeding machine. Do not
broadcast or drop seed when wind velocity exceeds 8
km/h. Evenly distribute seed by sowing equal quantities in
two directions at right angles to each other.
i. Do not use wet seed or seed that is moldy or
otherwise damaged.
2 Sow seed at the rate of 2.3 to 3.6 kg/92.9 sq.m.
3 Rake seed lightly into top 3 mm of topsoil, roll lightly,
and water with fine spray.
4 Protect seeded areas with slopes exceeding 1:6 with
erosion-control fiber mesh and slopes exceeding 1:4 with
erosion-control blankets installed and stapled according to
manufacturer's written instructions.
5 Protect seeded areas with slopes not exceeding 1:6
by spreading straw mulch. Spread uniformly at a
minimum rate of 42 kg/92.9 sq.m. to form a continuous
blanket 38 mm in loose depth over seeded areas. Spread
by hand, blower, or other suitable equipment.
i. Anchor straw mulch by crimping into topsoil
with suitable mechanical equipment.
ii. Bond straw mulch by spraying with asphalt
emulsion at the rate of 38 to 49 L/92.9 sq.m.
Take precautions to prevent damage or
staining of structures or other plantings
adjacent to mulched areas. Immediately clean
damaged or stained areas.
6 Protect seeded areas from hot, dry weather or drying
winds by applying compost mulch, peat mulch or planting
soil within 24 hours after completing seeding operations.
Soak and scatter uniformly to a depth of 4.8 mm and roll
to a smooth surface.
16.1.3.11 Hydro-Seeding
1 Mix specified seed, fertilizer, and fiber mulch in
water, using equipment specifically designed for hydro
seed application. Continue mixing until uniformly blended
into homogeneous slurry suitable for hydraulic application.
i. Mix slurry with no asphaltic tackifier.
ii. Apply slurry uniformly to all areas to be seeded
in a one-step process. Apply mulch at a
minimum rate of 15.3-kg/92.9 sq. m dry weight
but not less than the rate required to obtain
specified seed-sowing rate.
iii. Apply slurry uniformly to all areas to be seeded
in a two-step process. Apply first slurry
application at a minimum rate of 5.1-kg/92.9
sq.m. dry weight but not less than the rate
required to obtain specified seed-sowing rate.
Apply slurry cover coat of fiber mulch at a rate
of 10.2 kg/92.9 sq.m.
16.1.3.12 Sodding
1 Lay sod within 24 hours of harvesting. Do not lay
sod if dormant or if ground is muddy.
2 Lay sod to form a solid mass with tightly fitted joints.
Butt ends and sides of sod; do not stretch or overlap.
Stagger sod strips or pads to offset joints in adjacent
courses. Avoid damage to sub grade or sod during
installation. Tamp and roll lightly to ensure contact with
sub grade, eliminate air pockets, and form a smooth
surface. Work sifted soil or fine sand into minor cracks
between pieces of sod; remove excess to avoid
smothering sod and adjacent grass.
i. Lay sod across angle of slopes exceeding 1:3.
ii. Anchor sod on slopes exceeding 1:6 with wood
pegs or steel staples spaced as recommended
by sod manufacturer but not less than 2
anchors per sod strip to prevent slippage.
3 Saturate sod with fine water spray within two hours
of planting. During first week, water daily or more
frequently as necessary to maintain moist soil to a
minimum depth of 38 mm below sod.
16.1.3.13 Plugging
1 Plant plugs in holes or furrows, spaced 300 mm apart
in both directions. On slopes, contour furrows to neat
levels.
♦ 16-7 ♦
16.1.3.14 Sprigging
1 Plant freshly shredded sod sprigs in furrows 63 to 75
mm deep. Place individual sprigs with roots and portions
of stem in moistened soil, 150 mm apart in rows 250 mm
apart, and fill furrows without covering growing tips.
Lightly roll and firm soil around sprigs after planting.
2 Broadcast sprigs uniformly over prepared surface at
a rate of 0.28 cu. m/92.9 sq.m. and mechanically force
sprigs into lightly moistened soil.
i. Spread a 6-mm thick layer of compost mulch,
peat mulch, planting soil or topsoil on sprigs.
ii. Lightly roll and firm soil around sprigs after
planting.
iii. Water sprigs immediately after planting and
keep moist by frequent watering until well
rooted.
16.1.3.15 Requirements for Satisfactory Grass
1 Seeded areas: At end of maintenance period, a
healthy, uniform, close stand of grass has to be
established, free of weeds and surface irregularities, with
coverage exceeding 90 percent over any 0.92 sq.m and
bare spots not exceeding 125 by 125 mm.
2 Sodded areas: At end of maintenance period, a
healthy, well-rooted, even-colored, viable lawn has been
established, free of weeds, open joints, bare areas, and
surface irregularities.
3 Plugged areas: At end of maintenance period, the
required number of plugs has been established as well-
rooted, viable patches of grass; and areas between plugs
are free of weeds and other undesirable vegetation.
4 Sprigged areas: At end of maintenance period, the
required number of sprigs has been established as well-
rooted, viable plants; and areas between sprigs are free of
weeds and other undesirable vegetation.
5 Reestablish grassed areas that do not comply with
requirements and continue maintenance until lawns are
satisfactory.
16.1.3.16 Planting Ground Cover and Plants
1 Space ground cover and plants as indicated.
2 Dig holes large enough to allow spreading of roots,
and backfill with planting soil. Work soil around roots to
eliminate air pockets and leave a slight saucer indentation
around plants to hold water. Water thoroughly after
planting, taking care not to cover plant crowns with wet
soil.
16.1.3.17 Mulching
1 Mulch backfilled surfaces of pits, trenches, planted
areas and other areas with mulch material as indicated on
the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
2 Lay the mineral mulch where shown or directed,
average 75mm deep, and finish level with adjacent finish
grades. Do not place mulch against trunks or stems.
♦ 16-8 ♦
16.1.3.18 Installation of Edgings
1 Install plastic edging where indicated, according to
the manufacturer's recommendations. Anchor with steel
stakes spaced approximately 600 mm apart, driven
through upper base grooves of edging.
16.1.3.19 Installation of Miscellaneous Materials
1 Apply antidesiccant using power spray to provide an
adequate film over trunks, branches, stems, twigs, and
foliage. When deciduous trees or shrubs are moved in full-
leaf, spray with anti-desiccant at nursery before moving
and again 2 weeks after planting.
2 Set tree grate segments with adjoining surfaces as
shown on the Drawings. Shim up from supporting
substrate with soil-resistant plastic. Maintain a 75 mm
minimum growth radius around base of tree; break away
units of casting, if necessary, according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
16.1.3.20 Cleanup and Protection
1 During landscaping, keep pavements clean and work
area in an orderly condition.
2 Protect landscaping from damage due to landscape
operations, operations by other contractors and trades,
and trespassers. Maintain protection during installation
and maintenance periods. Treat, repair, or replace
damaged landscape work as directed.
3 Promptly remove soil and debris created by planting
work from paved areas. Clean wheels of vehicles before
leaving site to avoid tracking soil onto roads, walks, or
other paved areas.
4 Erect barricades and warning signs as required to
protect newly planted areas from traffic. Maintain
barricades throughout maintenance period and remove
when instructed. Remove erosion-control measures after
grass or plants are established.
16.1.3.21 Disposal of Surplus and Waste Materials
1 Disposal: remove surplus soil and waste material
including excess subsoil, unsuitable soil, trash, and debris,
and legally dispose of it off site.
16.1.4 Warranty and Maintenance
16.1.4.1 Warranty
1 General Warranty: The special warranty specified in
this Clause shall not deprive the Client Authority of other
rights that it may have under other provisions of the
Contract and shall be in addition to, and run concurrent
with, other warranties given by the Contractor under
requirements of the Contract.
2 Special Warranty: Warrant the following living
planting materials for a period of one year after date of
Completion, against defects including death and
unsatisfactory growth, except for defects resulting from
lack of adequate maintenance, abnormal weather
conditions unusual for warranty period, or incidents that Lay out temporary watering system to avoid
are beyond the Contractor's control. walking over muddy or newly planted areas.
i. Trees. ii. Water grass at a minimum rate necessary to
ii. Shrubs. ensure uniform moisture and growth.

iii. Ground cover. 5 Mow grass as soon as top growth is tall enough to
cut. Repeat mowing to maintain grass at a height of 38 to
iv. Palms.
50 mm. Remove no more than 40 percent of grass-leaf
v. Lawns and grasses. growth in initial or subsequent mowing. Do not delay
3 Remove and replace dead planting materials mowing until grass blades bend over and become matted.
immediately unless required to plant in the succeeding Do not mow when grass is wet. Schedule initial and
planting season. subsequent mowing to maintain the following grass
4 A limit of one replacement of each plant material will height:
be required, except for losses or replacements due to 6 Apply fertilizer after initial mowing and when grass
failure to comply with requirements. is dry. Use fertilizer that will provide actual nitrogen of at
least 0.45 kg/92.9 sq.m. to lawn area.
16.1.4.2 Maintenance
7 Maintain ground cover by watering, weeding and
1 Maintain trees, palm and shrubs by pruning, fertilizing to establish healthy viable planting for a period
cultivating, watering, weeding, fertilizing, restoring of 6 months after the date of Completion
planting saucers, tightening and repairing stakes and guy
supports, and resetting to proper grades or vertical 16.1.5 Method of Measurement
position, as required to establish healthy, viable plantings.
Spray as required to keep trees and shrubs free of insects 16.1.5.1 Excavation, Soiling, Cultivating and Grading
and disease. Restore or replace damaged tree wrappings.
1 Excavation and filling to reduce or make up levels
Maintain palms, trees and shrubs for a period of 12
specifically required for landscaping shall be measured in
months following the date of Completion.
cubic meters as the volume shown on the Drawings or
2 Begin maintenance of grassed areas immediately directed on site. Other excavation related to construction
after each area is planted and continue until acceptable is measured under Section 2.
lawn is established, but for not less than the following
2 Excavation for tree and shrub planting and for
periods:
ground cover plants is not measured separately but is
i. Seeded areas: 90 days from date of deemed to be part of the planting items
Completion.
3 Planting soil for grassed and planted areas, whether
When full maintenance period has not elapsed manufactured or imported, shall be measured together in
before end of planting season, or if lawn is not cubic meters as the volume specified or shown on the
fully established, continue maintenance during Drawings or as directed on site.
next planting season.
4 Planting soil for trees and shrubs and ground cover
ii. Sodded areas: 45 days from date of plants is not measured separately but is deemed to be part
Completion. of the planting item.
iii. Plugged areas: 45 days from date of 5 Rates for excavation, filling and soiling shall be
Completion. deemed to include, but not be limited to:
iv. Sprigged areas: 45 days from date of i. marking boundaries of planting areas,
Completion.
ii. excavating by machine or hand, supporting
3 Maintain and establish grass by watering, fertilizing, sides, trimming to slopes and finished levels
weeding, mowing, trimming, replanting, and other and keeping excavated areas free from water,
operations. Roll, re-grade, and replant bare or eroded and disposal of surplus material,
areas and remulch to produce a uniformly smooth lawn.
iii. applying fertilizers and herbicides to surfaces
i. In areas where mulch has been disturbed by to receive filling,
wind or maintenance operations, add new
iv. supplying planting soil from any source, laying
mulch. Anchor as required to prevent
and cultivating and final grading of in situ
displacement.
topsoil and topsoil filling,
4 Watering: Provide and maintain temporary piping,
v. additional cultivation and application of
hoses, and watering equipment to convey water from
herbicides during the fallow period,
sources and to keep grass uniformly moist to a depth of
100 mm. vi. prevention of erosion.

i. Schedule watering to prevent wilting, pudding,

erosion, and displacement of seed or mulch.

♦ 16-9 ♦
16.1.5.2 Grass Seeding and Planting 16.1.7 Items in Bill of Quantities
1 Each kind of grass shall be measured separately in Excavation, Soiling, Seeding and Cultivating:
square meters as the area shown on the Drawings or i. Excavating to reduce levels (cu.m.)
instructed on site.
ii. Excavating topsoil for preservation (cu.m.)
2 Rates for grass seeding or planting are deemed to
iii. Filling to make up levels (cu.m.)
include, but not limited to, the costs of:
iv. Topsoil filling to make up levels
i. final cultivation and weeding of soil, watering
and for planting (cu.m.)
and application of pre-seeding or planting
fertilizer, Grass Seeding and Planting:
ii. applying fertilizer after planting or seeding, v. Grass seeding (sq.m.)
iii. watering during establishment of grass, vi. Grass sods (turf) (sq.m.)
iv. first and subsequent cuts, including fertilizing vii. Grass plugs (sq.m.)
and watering, viii. Grass sprigs (sq.m.)
v. temporary protection,
Trees, Palms and Shrubs
vi. maintenance and making good defects.
ix. Trees (Type; Size) (nr.)
16.1.5.3 Tree, Palm, Shrub and Ground Cover Planting x. Palms (Type; Size) (nr.)
1 Each type of tree, shrub, palm and plant is measured xi. Shrubs (Type; Size) (nr.)
separately by number, stating the species, height or size Ground Cover and Other Planting:
where appropriate. Botanical names are given in
xii. Ground cover plants (Type) (nr.)
descriptions
xiii. Climbers (Type) (nr.)
2 Rates for trees, shrubs, palms and plants are deemed
to include, but not limited to, the costs of:
16.2 Irrigation System
i. Re-cultivating topsoil in planting areas,
ii. Setting out planting beds, 16.2.1 Description / General
iii. Drainage of planted areas,
16.2.1.1 Scope
iv. Excavating pits and holes including disposal
and breaking up bottoms, 1 This Sub-section describes requirements for
v. Cutting and treating roots, pruning and the like, furnishing, installing, testing and putting into service,
including anti-desiccant and tree wound complete irrigation systems to provide water for the trees,
dressings, shrubs and grassed and planted areas around and
vi. Planting, including backfilling hole with adjacent to the highway system, all as and where shown
on the Drawings.
planting soil and firming,
vii. Watering and fertilizing after planting, 2 The work includes all civil, mechanical and electrical
Works, pipelines, pumping stations, water tanks, filters,
viii. Supports to trees and palms including stakes,
fertilizer injection equipment, control valves, pressure
guys, ties and chafing guards,
regulators and gauges, water meters, automatic or manual
ix. Trunk wrapping, controllers, and all incidentals and spare parts specified
x. Labeling, and as appropriate for the particular irrigation system
specified.
xi. Forking and/or raking soil at completion
3 The irrigation system shall be as specified in the
xii. Applying mulches,
Special Specification for the particular Project and shall be
xiii. Temporary protection, of a type which will supply the quantities of water required,
xiv. Maintenance and making good defects. on a "programmable" basis. The irrigation system shall, in
general, be either drip irrigation utilizing drip emitters
16.1.6 Basis of Payment and/or sprinkler irrigation using either bubblers or
sprayheads.
1 The landscape work, completed, and accepted by the
4 When access to the domestic water supply is
Engineer will be paid for at the unit rates for the relevant
intended, the Contractor shall liaise with the appropriate
items stated in the Bill of Quantities, which unit rates shall
authorities regarding the planning, design, construction of
be deemed to be full compensation for supply of all
the works and the subsequent operation of the irrigation
materials, labor, transport, tools and equipment and
network. Back flow preventers (of the double check valve
provision of all other items and services and maintenance
type) shall be installed at points of connection to the
for the complete work as specified.
domestic water supply network.

♦ 16-10 ♦
5 The control head for each irrigation branch system 4 The Engineer may verify the performance and quality
shall include all components as shown on the Drawings, of any samples by arranging for such tests as he deems
as required for the complete operation of the system. The appropriate to be carried out, at the Contractor's expense.
final size of all components of each control head for each Approval of samples by the Engineer shall not relieve the
irrigation branch system shall be a minimum of 20% Contractor of his obligations with respect to the suitability
greater than the demand load as submitted by the of equipment or its final performance once installed, and
Contractor, with the working drawings, in tabular form coordination of elements into a fully operational irrigation
drawn up as follows for approval: system. The Contractor shall not be entitled to any
compensation for the rejection of any sample by the
Control Irrigation Capacity Peak Approx.
Head Controller at Water Working Engineer and shall be held responsible for any delay
No. Control Demand Pressure resulting from such rejection.
Head (lit/24 hr) at Control
(lit/hr) Head 16.2.1.4 Submittals
(MN/sq.m)
1 Product Data: Include pressure rating, rated capacity,
settings, and electrical data of selected models for the
following:
16.2.1.2 Schedules of Proposed Equipment
i. Pipes and fittings.
1 Schedules containing full details of all principal items
ii. Pumps/motor and related mechanical and
of the irrigation system shall be submitted by the
electrical works
Contractor together with his Tender. The Contractor shall
ensure conformity of the equipment with the requirements iii. Water hammer arresters.
of the Specification. Any additional information required iv. Valves. Include aboveground and
by the Engineer shall be provided promptly by the underground; general-duty, pressure-reducing,
Contractor. manual and automatic control, and quick-
2 A summary of irrigation equipment manufacture coupler types.
including description, manufacturer, country reference v. Valve boxes.
and catalog origin in a tabular format shall be included in vi. Sprinklers and devices.
the Contractor's submission.
vii. Specialties. Include emitters, drip tubes, and
3 The Contractor shall supply equipment from the other devices.
manufacturer's lists with the characteristics indicated in
viii. Controllers. Include wiring diagrams.
his Tender unless otherwise agreed.
2 Shop Drawings: Show irrigation system, including
4 Approval of a manufacturer does not necessarily
plan layout and locations, types, sizes, capacities, and flow
constitute approval of his product as equal to that
characteristics of piping components. Include water
specified. The Contractor shall ascertain that the approved
meters, backflow preventers, valves, piping, sprinklers and
manufacturers are capable of supplying the required
devices, specialties, accessories, controls, and wiring.
materials and/or equipment and shall ensure conformity
Show areas of sprinkler spray and overspray in
with the Specification in all respects.
accordance with the requirements of the Specification.
16.2.1.3 Approval of Equipment 3 Coordination Drawings: Show piping and major
system components. Indicate interface and spatial
1 Equipment shall not be ordered until approved by the
relationship between piping, system components,
Engineer. All documentation submitted regarding
adjacent utilities, and proximate structures.
equipment shall be in English except if otherwise
indicated in the Contract Documents. 4 Test Reports: Submit reports of tests on materials
and installations as directed by the Engineer.
2 Promptly upon signing the Contract, the Contractor
shall submit to the Engineer 3 copies of the detailed 5 Maintenance Data: Include in maintenance manuals
characteristics of all irrigation equipment proposed, data for the following:
including catalogs (originals not copies) with identification i. Valves / surge control devices.
references. Particulars shall be given of any
ii. Automatic, pressure-reducing control valves.
manufacturer's deviations from the Specification. The
iii. Sprinklers.
Contractor shall also confirm that the selected irrigation
system equipment is robust, able to withstand rough iv. Specialties.
handling, and capable of supplying the specified v. Controllers.
quantities of water on a programmable basis.
6 As-Built Drawings: At project close-out, submit
3 The Contractor shall, at his own expense, present record drawings of installed pipework and products, in
samples to the Engineer of the various valves, pipes, accordance with the requirements of the Specification,
fittings and other products proposed for use. Such Section 1, Sub-section 1.12. The drawings shall show the
samples will be required only after approval of their location, with respect to the highway and other pipelines
technical characteristics. and other permanent features, of all pumping stations,

♦ 16-11 ♦
water tanks, irrigators, valves, pipelines, fittings and other
items incorporated in the Works. They shall also show the
sizes of all pipes, their pressure class or rating, and the
actual pressures as measured on the highest and lowest
spray heads commanded by each control valve.
7 Submit certificates of compliance from manufactures.
16.2.1.5 Delivery, Storage and Handling
1 Preparation for Transport: Prepare valves according
to the following:
i. Ensure that valves are dry and internally
protected against rust and corrosion.
ii. Protect valves against damage to threaded
ends and flange faces.
iii. Set valves in best position for handling. Set
valves closed to prevent rattling.
2 During Storage: Use precautions for valves
according to the following:
i. Do not remove end protectors unless
necessary for inspection; then, reinstall for
storage.
ii. Protect from weather. Store indoors and
maintain temperature higher than ambient
dew-point temperature. Support off ground or
pavement in watertight enclosures when
outdoor storage is necessary.
3. Deliver piping with factory-applied end caps.
Maintain end caps through shipping, storage, and
handling to prevent pipe-end damage and to prevent
entrance of dirt, debris, and moisture.
4. Protect stored piping from moisture and dirt. Elevate
above grade. Do not exceed structural capacity of floor
when storing inside.
5. Protect flanges, fittings, and specialties from
moisture and dirt.
6. Store plastic piping protected from direct sunlight.
Support to prevent sagging and bending.
7. Manufacturer’s recommendations on handling,
repairing, laying, jointing, anchoring, cutting and other
works for pipes and fittings are to be strictly followed.
16.2.1.6 Installation and Checking
1 The irrigation work shall be supervised by qualified
representatives of the Contractor and full facilities and
assistance shall be provided by the Contractor to enable
the Engineer to inspect or check the Works at any time.
Such inspection or checking shall in no way relieve the
Contractor from any of his obligations. He may be
required to open up for inspection any equipment that has
been delivered to the Site partly assembled.
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for making minor
adjustments to the location of sprinklers and specialties as
necessary to avoid plantings and obstructions such as
signs and light standards subject to the approval of the
Engineer.
♦ 16-12 ♦
3 The Contractor shall be responsible for the
correctness and safety of all electrical and mechanical
connections for the irrigation system, before the system is
brought into service, including checking the proximity of
different metals to ensure no chemical reaction or
corrosion will occur.
16.2.1.7 Spares
1 At the commencement of the Contract the Contractor
shall submit a detailed list of minimum essential spares
recommended by the irrigation system manufacturer,
together with current prices and catalog identifications.
2 Lists of any additional spares recommended by the
manufacturers shall also be submitted, referenced to each
major item of equipment and showing the current prices
and catalog identifications.
3 The Engineer will select the types and numbers of
spares he requires and will instruct the Contractor to
proceed with their purchase and delivery to the
Employer's store or depot. The spares shall be supplied
and suitably packed for transportation to the Site and for
long term storage and shall include all fastenings, lugs,
screws, etc. Identification labels shall be attached to the
outside and also enclosed within the package.
16.2.1.8 Equipment Labels and Charts
1 Each piece of equipment shall have a certified
nameplate, permanently attached at the factory and in a
readily accessible location, printed or stamped clearly with
the name and address of the manufacturer, equipment
model number, serial number, date of manufacture,
performance rating or duty, pressure, temperature, or
other limitations and other relevant data.
2 Aluminum tags 50 mm diameter and 1.5 mm thick
with stamped lettering filled with black print and with
heavy aluminum or brass hooks and chains shall be
provided in lieu of labels wherever the latter cannot easily
identify the equipment.
3 Charts indicating the schedules for equipment
lubrication, maintenance and essential operating
instructions shall be prepared, mounted on wooden or 6
mm dense hardboard back boards, covered with heat
bonded clear plastic laminate or framed under glass.
These charts shall be permanently fixed with four brass
screws at approved locations as directed.
4 Prior to preparing labels and tags, and maintenance
charts, a preliminary schedule shall be submitted for
approval, showing the equipment to be labeled or tagged
with suggested nomenclature, and proposed maintenance
schedules.
16.2.1.9 Operation and Instruction Manuals
1 Prior to final acceptance, the Contractor shall submit
to the Engineer 6 sets of operation, maintenance and
instruction manuals relating to the irrigation system. The
manuals shall be A4 size, bound in loose leaf binders or
booklets suitably enclosed and shall include the following
information:
i. Setting up, putting into service and operating
instructions.
ii. Fault location and repair procedures.
iii. Maintenance instructions, including schedules
for preventive maintenance, and
recommended lubricants and equivalents.
iv. Complete recommended spares list, including
manufacturers' names and catalog numbers.
v. Names and addresses of manufacturers' local
authorized representatives and service agents.
16.2.2 Material
16.2.2.1 Pipes, Fittings and Accessories
1 Ductile iron pipe
i. Ductile iron pipe for water shall be to BS EN
545 or equivalent. Unless otherwise indicated
in the Bill of Quantities or the Drawings, Class
K9 shall be used for diameters up to 500 mm,
Class K8 for diameters 500 to 800 mm and
Class K7 for diameters greater than 800 mm.
ii. Spigot and socket ended pipes shall be used
for straight runs and adjacent to elbows or
fittings. These joints shall be provided with
rubber gaskets, and an external thrust block is
required at elbows or fittings. Anchored or self
restrained joints shall be used for sections
adjacent to elbows in areas where space is
restricted or indicated on the Drawings or BOQ.
Anchored joints are to be push-in, self
anchored type able to take up the axial forces
thus allowing concrete thrust blocks to be
dispensed with. The Contractor shall submit
calculations verifying the number of restrained
joints required noting that pipe pressure
testing will be made when pipes are partially
backfilled.
iii. Flanged pipes wherever specified shall have
screwed-on or cast-on flanges to sustain
working pressure of NP 16 minimum.
iv. Flanges shall conform to BS EN 1092-2.
v. Factory protection for pipes and fittings:
a. Pipes shall be internally cement lined to
BS EN 545 with ordinary Portland cement
to BS EN 197-1 to specified thicknesses
b. Externally, pipe shall be coated with
metallic zinc to BS EN 545 and followed
by a bitumen coat to BS 3416 of
minimum thickness 6 mils. A hot applied
coal tar based material to BS 4164 may
replace the bitumen coat.
c. Fittings shall be coated internally and
externally by dipping, or other method,
using hot applied coal tar based material
to BS 4164 or hot applied bitumen to BS
3416, Type 1, grade d, minimum
thickness 10 mil.
2 uPVC Pressure Pipes
i. Pipes shall conform to BS EN 1452 or to DIN
8061/8062, Series 4 and 5 or ISO 161 Class 10 &
16. Concrete encasement shall be used if cover
is less than 1 meter or greater than 5 meters.
ii. Fittings shall be to BS EN 1452 part 3 or DIN
8063 part 1 fabricated from pipe.
iii. Joints shall be to DIN 8063 part 1, socket spigot
with rubber sealing rings shall be to BS EN
681-2.
iv. Pipes and fittings shall be protected from the
direct rays of the sun at all times by means of
reflective cover sheets.
3 Polyethylene PE Pressure Pipe
i. Pipes and fittings with 110 mm (4”) diameter
and larger shall be to ISO 4427, DIN 8074/8075
or AWWA C906. Pipe shall be supplied in
straight pieces and not rolled on a drum. The
ends of each pipe shall be plain and suitable
for heat fusion. Pipe and fittings shall be
minimum class 12 kg/cm2, Dimension Ratio 9.3,
according to AWWA C906 Table 9 or ISO 3126.
ii. Irrigation pipes smaller than 110 mm (4”) in
diameter shall be according to ISO 4427, BS EN
12201-2 (PN12) or to DIN 8074/8075 class
12Kg/cm2.
iii. Materials used shall have a standard PE codes
designation 3408 and 3406 with respective
minimum hydrostatic design basis of 1600 and
1250 psi according to AWWA C906 Table 1. PE
Pipes shall contain a minimum 2% carbon
black well dispersed and shall be constructed
with UV stabilizer material according to ASTM
D2239.
iv. Manufacturers shall provide certification that
stress regression testing has been performed
on the pipe products. Materials shall also meet
elevated temperature requirements as given in
Table 2 AWWA C906.
v. Fittings shall be to AWWA C906, extruded or
injection moulded suitable for class of pipe
required:
a. For irrigation pipes with diameters equal
or larger than 50 mm (2”) the following
fittings shall be used:
• for similar size PE pipes joining use
PE butt-weld fittings: to ASTM D3261.
• for dissimilar pipes sizes use PE
socket fittings that uses the electrical
♦ 16-13 ♦
 heating with the appropriate pipe viii. Pipes and fittings shall show no porosity when
clamps according: to ASTM D2683. tested in accordance with ASTM D 2444 or BS
b. For irrigation pipes with diameters less EN 1796 and BS EN 14364.
than 50 mm (2”) use PVC/PP ix. Samples made from pipe or fitting laminates
compression fittings. The compression shall show no evidence of delaminating or
fittings shall conform to BS 5114 with other impairment when tested in accordance
minimum 12 kg/cm2 nominal pressure. with ASTM D 570.
c. The use of insert and/or solvent welded x. The axial modulus of elasticity of pipes shall be
fittings for PE irrigation pipes shall not be tested in accordance with ASTM D 2925.
allowed thicknesses. xi. The short-time hydraulic failure strength of
vi. Joints for pipes and fittings shall be by heat pipe and fittings, shall be tested in accordance
fusion and in strict accordance with pipe with ASTM D 1599.
manufactures recommendations. Joints shall xii. The axial tensile stress for pipes shall be tested
have a tensile strength equal to that of the pipe. in accordance with ASTM D 2105.
Fusion temperature, interface pressure,
xiii. The hoop tensile strength of pipes shall be
alignment and cooling time, shall be according
tested in accordance with ASTM D 2290.
to manufactures recommendations.
xiv. The indentation hardness of pipes and fittings
vii. Pipes must be marked at intervals of not more
shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D
than 2 m. with legible cast, stamped lettering to
2583.
show the following, as appropriate:
xv. The glass content of the reinforced wall of
a. nominal pipe size,
pipes and fittings, will be determined in
b. type of plastic material in accordance accordance with ASTM D 2584.
with designation code,
xvi. The hydrostatic design stress for pipes and
c. standard dimension ratio SDR, fittings will be obtained from the extrapolated
d. pressure rating, long term hydrostatic tests in accordance with
e. Initials and number of relevant standard, ASTM D 2992.

f. manufacturer name or trademark, xvii. Joints shall be GRP double socket couplings
with rubber rings to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2.
g. date of manufacturer:
The allowable angular deflection shall conform
4 GRE Pipes and Fittings to the requirements of BS EN 1796 and BS EN
i. Pipes and Fittings: Conform to AWWA C950-07 14364 Table 3.
or BS EN 1796 and BS EN 14364 or equivalent xviii. Transition couplings for underground piping
suitable for 10 bar working pressure with a shall be to AWWA C219, metal, sleeve-type
minimum stiffness of 10000 N/m2. coupling same size as, with pressure rating at
ii. Resin: Use epoxy resin. The resin-curing agent
mixture will have sufficient chemical and
mechanical resistance to meet the imposed
requirements.
iii. The reinforcement of thermosetting resin shall
consist of two types of glass with a low alkali
content.
iv. C-glass or polyester non-woven shall be used
as reinforcing material for the chemically
resistant inner layer (liner).
v. E-glass shall be used as reinforcing material for
the structural wall. The reinforcing material is
to be provided with a special finish to assure a
good adhesion with the matrix.
vi. GRE pipe and fittings shall have a resin-rich
exterior surface having a minimum thickness of
0.5 mm.
vii. Flexible tensile resistant rubber seal lock joint
shall be used with a O-ring seal and a locking
device on all end connections except those
adjacent to flanged fittings when rigid tensile
resistant flanges are required.

♦ 16-14 ♦
 least equal to and ends compatible with, piping
to be joined
16.2.2.2 Valves and Penstocks
1 Gate Valves: Cast Iron.
i. Type: Size 50 mm and smaller to BS 5154
inside screw, solid wedge, rising stem and
screwed bonnet.
ii. Type: Size 65 mm and larger to BS 5163, inside
screw, solid wedge, resilient seated, for valves
350 mm and smaller and metal seated for
valves 400 mm and larger, bolted bonnet, non-
rising stem type, suitable for NP 16 for
irrigation networks.
iii. Material of component parts from basic or
alternative materials listed in BS 5163.
iv. End Connections: Size 50 mm and smaller
screwed end to BS 21.
v. End Connections: Size 65 mm and larger
flanged end connection to BS EN 1092-2.
vi. Operation: Valves larger than 400 mm diameter
are to have spur gear drive operated by
removable key. Valves smaller than 400 mm
are to be operated by hand-wheel.
vii. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be
given an initial coat of protective paint
immediately after shot blasting and a second
coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be
hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or
BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be
250 microns.
2 Butterfly Valves: Cast Iron.
i. Type: To BS EN 593, double flange with
resilient seating, for horizontal use and suitable
for NP 16.
ii. Size: For 350 mm and larger.
iii. Material of component parts shall be from
basic materials listed in BS EN 593 Table 3.
iv. End Connections: Flanged to BS EN 1092-2.
v. Operation by hand wheel. Maximum shut off
pressure against which valve is operated is to
2 chambers, sealed through piston disc.
be 15 kg/cm .
vi. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be
given an initial coat of protective paint
immediately after shot blasting and a second
coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be
hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164, or
BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat shall
be 250 microns.
3 Globe Valves
i. Type: To ASTM A48/A48M grade 30B with
valve disc to ASTM A276 type 430, valve seat
to ASTM A276 type 420 and stem to ASTM
A276 type 403. Valve is to be suitable for a
working pressure of 16 bars.
ii. Construction: Non-rising stem, straight pattern
with flanged connections.
iii. Material of Component Parts: Cast iron with
stainless steel trim.
iv. Operation: Manual operated valves are to have
hammer type hand-wheel and electric operated
valves are to have motor actuator.
4 Ball Valves
i. Ball valves 50 mm and under shall be full port
of 2-piece construction, lever operated with
bronze body and stem, chrome-plated brass
ball, replaceable PTFE seats and packing,
plastic coated steel handle, threaded end
connection for steel piping, and copper
compression or solder end connections for
copper piping.
ii. Ball valves 150mm to 1200mm shall comply
with the requirements of AWWA C 507.
5 Check Valves
i. Check valves shall be to BS EN 12334, swing,
straight, for horizontal use and suitable for
working pressure of 16 bars.
ii. Material of Component Parts: Ductile iron from
basic materials listed in BS EN 12334 Table 5,
under 'copper alloy faced' column.
iii. Special Requirements: Seating or facing rings
are to be renewable. An arrow showing
direction of flow is to be visible from outside
and cast integral with the valve housing.
iv. End Connections: Either flanged to BS EN
1092-2, or screw ended to BS 21 to suit joints
specified for adjoining pipes.
v. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be
given an initial coat of protective paint
immediately after shot blasting and a second
coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be
hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or
BS 3416 respectively. Minimum thickness of
coating shall be 250 microns.
6 Float Valves
i. Type: Globe pattern, with two operating
ii. Operation: Valves shall operate with a
mechanical compensating float valve
controlling flow to tank by modulating in direct
ratio to minimum fall in water level. Control of
valve is to be through mechanically operated,
three-position, four-way valve. Moving four-
way valve control in one direction is to open
valve and moving lever in other direction is to
close-out valve. When lever is moved to centre,
valve will throttle in an intermediate position.
iii. Valve positioning control consists of float
operated linkage mechanism for remote
mounting which feeds water level changes
back to main valve through low friction,
♦ 16-15 ♦
 flexible push-pull cable supplied by same
manufacturer.
iv. Valve operating control consists of secondary
linkage mechanism functioning off common
lever connected to both main valve position
indicator rod and control valve position
indicator rod and control valve operating lever.
Minute changes in water level are transmitted
through push-pull cable to three-position, four-
way control valve.
v. Construction: Cast iron body to ASTM A126,
bronze valve trim and valve operating
mechanism to ASTM B62 and all stainless steel
valve float and pilots.
vi. Factory Protection: Internal coating of epoxy to
a thickness of 250 microns and external coating
of epoxy and nickel plating to a thickness of
250 microns.
7 Air Valves
i. Generally: Valves are to have cast iron body
and bolted cover to BS EN 1561 grade 14
minimum, rubber outlet seat, plastic or ebonite
ball, forged bronze screws and guide for ball
acting under pressure. Valves are to be
dynamic type where there is no possibility of
ball being drawn into orifice due to high air
velocities. Valves are to be factory tested to 1.5
times working pressure and factory coated with
coal tar or bituminous coating to BS 4164 or BS
3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be 250
microns.
ii. Double Air Valves (or Combination Air Valves):
These are required for relieving air under
pressure and in bulk. Large orifice releases or
admits air during charging or emptying of
mains while small orifice releases air
accumulated at summits of mains under
pressure. Large orifice area is to be equal to or
greater than inlet of valve. Valves are to be
fitted with nitrite rubber lined butterfly valve
with nylon coated disc on stainless steel shaft
operated by lever handle with indicator and
locking thumb screw. Valves are to be flanged
to BS EN 1092-2 and suitable for working
pressures up to NP16.
iii. Single Air Valves: Type 1 (or air vacuum valve)
for releasing or admitting air during filling or
emptying of pipes. Type II (or air release valve)
for automatically releasing, under pressure,
accumulated air at summits of mains. Air
valves larger than 50 mm are to be flanged to
BS EN 1092-2 and are to have nitrite rubber
lined butterfly valve with nylon coated disc on
stainless steel shaft operated by lever handle
with indicator and locking thumb screw. Air
valves 50 mm and smaller are to have B.S.P.
thread with brass or gun metal male screwed
♦ 16-16 ♦
stop valves. Valves are to be suitable for
working pressures up to NP16.
8 Sluice Gates / Penstock
i. Type: To AWWA C560, rising stem, having a
flat back for bolting to wall, suitable for 10
meters seating pressure and 4 meters off-
seating pressure, with standard conventional
closure and rectangular or circular aperture.
ii. Material of Component Parts: Unless otherwise
specified on the Drawings, any materials listed
in Section 2 of AWWA C560 may be used in
manufacture except that materials identified as
being subject to de-zincification or de-
aluminumization are not to be used.
iii. Operation: By floor pillar with gear box.
Maximum operating head from surface of
water to centre line of gate is to be 10 meters.
iv. Factory Testing: Leakage test to meet the
requirements of Section 6.3 of AWWA C560 is
to be carried out on all sluice gates.
v. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be
given an initial coat of protective paint
immediately after shot blasting and a second
coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be
hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or
BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be
at least 250 microns.
9 Pressure Reducing Valves
i. Types: Installed where shown on the Drawings
to pressure ratings and pressure settings
indicated, to automatically reduce higher inlet
pressure to steady lower downstream pressure
regardless of changing flow rate and/or varying
inlet pressure. Valves are to be high pressure
rating piston type and hydraulic pilot operated
type.
ii. Accessibility: Maintenance is to be possible
without removing valve from pipeline.
iii. End Connections: Flanged to BS EN 1092-2 to
pressure rating of 10, 16 or 25 as appropriate
and provided from factory with necessary bolts,
washers, nuts and gaskets.
iv. Factory Protection: Internal coating of epoxy to
a thickness of 250 microns and external coating
of epoxy and nickel plating to a thickness of
250 microns.
v. Piston Pressure Reducing Valves shall be of the
spring loaded type, balanced out against
upstream pressure by high resistance piston
action. Valve shall control a constant
downstream pressure to a maximum variation
of +/- 10% and close tight with zero flow rate.
Accessories shall include two pressure gauges
with isolation cocks, one fitted upstream and
one downstream.
 vi. Diaphragm Pressure Reducing Valves shall be
pilot controlled, single seated, hydraulically
operated, diaphragm type globe valve. Control
system is to be sensitive to slight pressure
changes and is to immediately control main
valve to maintain desired downstream
pressure. Pressure setting adjustment is to be
made with single adjustment screw protected
by a housing that can be sealed. Body and
cover are to be cast iron, ductile iron or cast
steel depending upon operating pressure.
Main valve trim is to be stainless steel and
pilot system all stainless steel. Main valve is to
have single removable seat and resilient disc.
vii. Diaphragm valve assembly shall be fully
guided by a precision machined stem with
bearings at both ends in the valve cover and
seat. Diaphragm is to be nylon bonded with
synthetic rubber. Valve is to have necessary
factory fitted pilot valves, small interconnecting
piping and accessories to perform required
functions. Pilot control is to be direct acting,
adjustable spring loaded, normally open,
diaphragm valve designed to permit flow when
controlled pressure is less than spring setting.
Control system is to include Y-strainer, fixed
orifice and isolation cocks. Pilot control system
is also to include flow control device to
regulate closing speed of valve. Valve is to
close tight at zero flow rate.
10 On-Off Solenoid Operated Valves
i. Type: Pilot controlled, single seated,
hydraulically operated, diaphragm type globe
valve fitted with solenoid control valve to keep
main valve open when energized and to close
tight main valve once de-energized.
ii. Construction: Cast iron valve body and cover,
stainless steel main valve trim and all stainless
steel pilot system.
iii. Controls: These shall comprise auxiliary
controls to permit adjustment of valve opening
and closing speeds of up to 2 minutes for
opening and for closing.
iv. Accessories shall include the following:
a. Adjustable opening speed control.
b. Adjustable closing speed control.
c. No-return check valves.
d. Y-strainers.
e. Interconnecting stainless steel tubing and
unions.
v. Factory Protection: Internal and external
coating of epoxy as described for float valves.
11 Electric Remote Control Valves
i. Type: Normally closed 24 VAC 50/60 cycle
solenoid actuated globe pattern with a
balanced pressure diaphragm design. The
valve operating pressure range shall be
between 1.5 and 14 bars.
ii. Material: The valve body and bonnet shall be
constructed of heavy-duty glass-filled UV-
resistant nylon and have stainless steel studs
and flange nuts; diaphragm shall be of nylon
reinforced rubber.
iii. Operation: The valve shall have manual
open/close control (internal bleed) for manual
opening and closing of valve without
electrically energizing the solenoid.
iv. Operation: The valve shall have a brass flow
control stem for accurate manual regulation
and/or shut off of outlet flow.
v. Construction: The valve construction shall be
such as to provide for all internal parts to be
removable from the top of the valve without
disturbing the valve installation.
12 Electric Remote Control Valves with Pressure
Regulation
i. Type: Electric remote control valve as specified
above shall have a pressure regulating module
capable of regulating outlet pressure between
1 and 7 bars (15 and 100 psi).
ii. Operation: Module shall have an adjusting
screw for setting pressure and Schrader valve
connection for monitoring pressure. The
pressure shall be adjustable from the pressure
regulating module when the valve is manually
bled.
16.2.2.3 Irrigation Equipment
1 Pop-Up Spray Sprinkler
i. Type: Fixed, non-rotating spray or stream
spray adaptable for full circle, part circle, or
strip wetting pattern, suitable for installation
on a pop-up mechanism. Spray head to have
built in check valve and pressure regulated
stem.
ii. Material: The sprinkler body, stem, nozzle, and
screen shall be constructed of heavy duty,
ultra-violet resistant plastic, with a heavy-duty
stainless steel retract spring.
iii. Construction: Spray head to retract flush with
the finished ground level when not in
operation. When spraying, net pop-up height
to be 150 mm from finished ground level.
iv. Performance: This shall meet requirements of
discharge and spray radius as specified on the
Drawings for the given nozzle pressure. The
sprinkler shall have a matched precipitation
rate nozzle with an adjusting screw capable of
regulating the radius of flow.
v. Tests: The Contractor shall provide test results
carried out at factory substantiating required
performance (discharge and radius of throw at
♦ 16-17 ♦
 prescribed operating pressure and height
above ground) and giving actual precipitation
rate and its uniformity as obtained for
uniformity test carried out using catch cans.
2 Pop-Up Rotor Sprinkler
i. Type: Full or part circle pop-up rotor sprinkler,
single nozzle. The part circle sprinkler shall
have adjustable arc coverage from 25° to 360°.
The sprinkler shall have a built in check valve
and pressure regulated stem.
ii. Material: The sprinkler body, stem, nozzle, and
screen shall be constructed of heavy duty,
ultra-violet resistant plastic, with a heavy duty
stainless steel retract spring.
iii. Construction: Sprinkler head to retract flush
with the finished ground level when not in
operation. When operating, net pop-up height
to be 100 mm from finished ground level.
iv. Performance: This shall meet the requirements
of discharge, radius and rotation angle as
specified on the Drawings for the given nozzle
pressure. The sprinkler shall have a matched
precipitation rate nozzle, with an adjusting
screw capable of regulating the radius and the
flow.
v. Tests: The Contractor shall provide test results
carried out at factory substantiating required
performance (discharge and radius of throw at
prescribed operating pressure and height
above ground) and giving actual precipitation
rate and its uniformity as obtained for
uniformity test carried out using catch cans.
3 Bubblers
i. Type: Pressure compensating, of the full circle
umbrella or trickle discharge, with inlet screen.
ii. Construction: Bubbler shall be of a
permanently assembled design constructed of
durable ultra-violet resistant plastic.
iii. Performance: Bubbler to operate at constant
flow discharge over a pressure range specified
on the Drawings.
6 Quick Couplings Valve
4 Emitters
i. Type: Pressure compensating, single outlet.
ii. Construction: Emitter shall have self-piercing
inlet barb constructed of durable ultra-violet
resistant plastic.
iii. Performance: The emitter shall have a self-
flushing action to minimize clogging, and shall
operate at a constant flow discharge over a
pressure range specified on the Drawings.
5 Backflow Preventers
i. Backflow preventers shall be installed in the
locations shown on the Drawings. Normally
for each control head in the system a backflow
preventer shall be installed upstream of all
♦ 16-18 ♦
other components in the control head.
Backflow preventers shall only be installed in
locations where they are readily accessible for
maintenance and testing and shall not be
located where any part of the device can
become submerged at any time.
ii. Backflow preventers shall be of the reduced
pressure type.
iii. Backflow preventers shall be evaluated and
tested by an approved authority and certified
by the American Society of Sanitary
Engineering Standards 1013 (latest edition) for
reduced pressure principle backflow preventers.
Such valves shall also meet the performance
requirements of AWWA C 511.
iv. Backflow preventers up to 75 mm in size shall
be of machined cast bronze body construction
and up to 150 mm in size shall be of cast iron
body construction with internal waterways
epoxy coated, stainless steel and/or brass
internal parts and stainless steel flange bolts,
durable, tight-seating rubber check valve
assemblies.
v. Backflow preventers shall be suitable for
supply pressure up to 1.2 MN/sq.m (12
kg/sq.cm) and for water temperature up to 44
degrees C. The operating range for flow and
pressure loss shall be as shown on the
Drawings.
vi. The backflow preventer assembly shall consist
of a pressure differential relief valve located in
a zone between two positive seating check
valves. The relief valve shall contain a
separate means whereby free air will enter the
zone, and contained water will be discharged
to the atmosphere, when the valve is fully open.
vii. The backflow assembly shall include 2 gate
valves for isolating unit, and 3 test cocks for
testing the device to ensure proper operation.
viii. Backflow preventers shall be designed for
inline servicing.
i. Type: The quick coupling valve shall be a two-
piece type.
ii. Construction: The valve body shall be
constructed of heavy cast brass.
iii. Cover: The cover shall be a durable, protective
self-closing, locking rubber cover.
iv. Valve Operating Key: The valve shall be
opened and closed by a brass key supplied by
valve manufacturer having a 25 mm male top
pipe threads and 19 mm female top pipe
threads outlet. The valve throat shall have a
keyway with detent positions for regulating
water flow. Operating keys are to be supplied
 at the rate of 1 per five valves installed or
fraction thereof.
16.2.2.4 Valve Operators and Accessories
1 General
i. Gate, butterfly and ball valves are to be
manually or electrically operated depending
upon size, torque applied on valve stem or as
shown on the Drawings.
ii. Valves 350 mm and smaller are to be operated
manually with a maximum applied torque on
handwheel of 100 Nm.
iii. Valves 400 – 500 mm are to be operated
manually with a maximum applied torque of
150 Nm.
iv. Valves of higher torque are to have appropriate
thrust bearings, slides and gearboxes to fulfill
these requirements.
v. Gate valves 600 mm and larger and ball valves
are always electrically operated using thrust
bearings, gearboxes and motor actuators.
vi. Butterfly valves 600 mm and larger are to be
either manually or electrically operated as
shown on the Drawings.
2 Programme Controllers
i. Type: Solid state or hybrid (combining electro-
mechanical and micro-electronic circuiting),
capable of fully automatic or manual operation
of the remote solenoid valves, with dual
programme, independent station timing, 14-
day calendar dial for every day or every other
day or any sequence starts, time-setting
control up to 60 minutes per station in 2
minutes increments 23 starts per day. The
number of stations to be as indicated on the
Drawings or in the Bill of Quantities. Maximum
number of 24 VAC solenoid valves that can be
controlled by a station is 4. Controller is to
allow for valve power output to be interrupted
without affecting the controller timers.
ii. Operation: The controller shall have a remote
pump start circuit to activate a remote pump
start relay to run the pump during the irrigation
cycle.
iii. Operation: The controller shall allow for
opening the first remote control valve before
operating the pump and also for closing the
last remote control valve within 15 seconds
after stopping the pump.
iv. Installation: Controller shall be installed in
pedestal weatherproof, heavy-duty, locking,
steel cabinet adequately protected. Pedestal
mount shall include terminal strips for the
quick connection of cables.
v. Electrical Features: Accept 220 V 50/60 cycle
current; to command 24 VAC solenoid valves;
to include output surge protection to protect
controller from power surges; to include one
arrestor for each valve wire and one for the
common or ground wire; to include a master
on-off switch.
vi. The Controller without exception shall be of
the same manufacturer as the remote control
valve.
3 Cabling for Irrigation Control
i. Low voltage wiring from automatic controllers
to remote control valves shall be direct burial
type, 600 volt solid copper single conductor
wire with heat resistant insulation minimum of
0.4 mm thickness. The Contractor shall submit
proposed low voltage wire routing shop
drawing for the Engineer's approval prior to
installation. The low voltage wire shall be
encased in 5 mm diameter conduit.
ii. Medium voltage cables shall conform to the
requirements of BS 5467, IEC 502, or other
approved comparable international standards
as applicable. Cables shall be 600/1000 volt
grade, multicore, stranded copper conductor,
cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated,
uPVC oversheather type. The service cable for
irrigation controllers shall be 3 core 10 mm2
minimum.
iii. Conductors shall be annealed stranded copper
in accordance with BS EN60228. Conductor
insulation shall be moisture and heat resistant,
90 degrees C, grade conforming to the relevant
parts of BS EN 50363. The cable cores unless
otherwise approved shall be colored as
follows: Single Phase System: Red (phase),
black (neutral), green or green/ yellow (ground).
4 Valve Chambers, Boxes and Markers
i. Valves shall be installed in chambers or boxes
of suitable size as shown on drawings for easy
access. Chambers and boxes shall be complete
with access covers, ladder rungs and other
incidental works.
ii. Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings all
chambers shall be installed on a suitable base
for proper foundation and easy leveling to
proper grade, and also to provide for sufficient
drainage.
iii. Valve markers showing the reference numbers
of the valves shall be of materials and to the
dimensions, shapes and details as shown on
the Drawings.
5 Valve Accessories
i. Hand-wheels shall be to BS 5163, of cast iron
to BS EN 1561. Hand-wheels are to be marked
'CLOSE' with an arrow to indicate clockwise
direction of closure. Diameters and other
constructional details shall be to
♦ 16-19 ♦
 manufacturer's standards. Hand-wheels are to
be supplied at a rate of 1 in 5 valves.
ii. Valve caps shall be to BS 5163, of cast iron or
malleable iron to BS EN 1561 and BS EN 1562
respectively. Set screw of valve cap is to be
mild steel M12.
iii. Operation Keys: Combination prizing bar and
lifting key type, with 1.5 m vertical bar and 0.5
m horizontal bar. Keys are to be supplied at a
rate of 1 in 5 valves.
iv. Extension Spindles for Gate Valves: Steel to BS
2470 - M12, hot dip galvanized to BS EN 10240,
size 18 x 18 mm for valves up to 200 mm
diameter and 24 x 24 mm for valves 250 mm to
400 mm diameter. Length for each valve size is
to suit excavation requirements. Spindles are
to have cast iron or malleable iron cap and
coupling, to BS EN 1561,and BS EN 1562,
respectively, on both sides of extension spindle
(cap for operating spindle and coupling for
connecting to valve). Set screws of caps and
couplings are to be mild steel M12.
v. Protection Tubes: Either uPVC or cast iron.
Shape, sizes and other constructional details
are to be to manufacturer's standards and/or as
shown on the Drawings. Tubes are to have
caps circling extension spindles.
vi. Surface boxes shall be to BS 5834 Part 2.
Frames and lids are to be cast iron to BS EN
1561, studs, bolts, nuts and hinge pins are to
be mild steel M12, chains are to be mild steel
or wrought iron and lid is to have a suitable
identification marking cast on in accordance
with details given on the drawings or as
instructed by the Engineer. Boxes are to be of
the following types:
a. Heavy grade type A for carriageways
(wheel loads up to 11.5 tons).
b. Medium grade type M for use where
heavy commercial vehicles are
exceptional.
c. Light grade type L for use in places
inaccessible to wheeled vehicles
vii. Lifting Key Sets: Malleable iron, supplied at the
rate of 1 per 5 covers installed or fraction
thereof.
viii. Guards for Underground Stop Valves: PVC,
shape and size and other constructional details
to manufacturer's standards and/or as shown
on the Drawings.
6 Plastic Valve Boxes
i. Generally: Valve boxes may be glass reinforced
plastic (GRP) or plastic.
ii. GRP valve boxes are to be designed to suit site
conditions and loadings. GRP is to be
manufactured from E-glass type fibers and
♦ 16-20 ♦
thermosetting resin and is to incorporate a
corrosion resistant liner. Glass fibers are to be
compatible with the resins used. Liner is to
comprise an inner face being a smooth hard
suitably reinforced resin rich layer. Exterior
surface of valve box is to be resin rich.
iii. Inside surface of valve box is to be hard,
durable, free of tackiness and free of bulges,
dents, ridges or other defects that result in a
variation of inside dimensions of more than 3
mm from that obtained in adjacent unaffected
portions of the surface.
iv. No glass fiber reinforcement is to penetrate
interior surface of valve box wall, and any
glass fiber reinforcement on exterior surface
must be thoroughly impregnated with resin.
v. Glass content will be determined by ignition
loss analysis in accordance with ASTM D 2584
or BS EN ISO 1172.
vi. Plastic valve boxes are to be manufactured
from high impact, acid and heat resistant, self-
extinguishing, hard, durable, low coefficient of
expansion PVC compound.
16.2.2.5 Jointing Material
1 Generally
i. Gaskets: Elastomeric full face 3 mm thick joint
rings to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2 with
dimensions to BS 3063.
ii. Rings: Elastomeric to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2
with dimensions to manufacturer's
recommendations to suit type of joint required.
iii. Bolts and Nuts: ISO metric black hexagon to BS
4190, minimum tensile strength 433 MN/m2,
maximum elongation 17%. After fixing, bolt
projection shall to be maximum 6 mm,
minimum 3 mm.
iv. Washers: Black steel shall be to BS 4320 or ISO
887.
v. Dielectric joints shall have insulating gasket
between flanges and Teflon sleeves and
washers between bolts and nuts and flanges.
Joints are to be suitable for operating pressure
of system.
2 Flexible Couplings
i. Type: Gasketed sleeve type, to allow angular
deflection and axial movement of two joined
pipe ends and to maintain permanent, leak-
tight joint.
ii. Components comprise one centre sleeve, two
end followers or flanges, two rubber-
compounded wedge-section gaskets and
sufficient draw bolts and nuts to properly
compress gaskets. Tightening of bolts to draw
end followers together is to compress gaskets
 in recess between centre sleeve and followers
onto pipe ends to effect positive seal.
iii. Size: Couplings are to have diameter
specifically supplied for and to properly fit type
of joined pipe ends. Center sleeve is to be of
adequate thickness and whole coupling
suitable for minimum working pressures
shown on the Drawings.
iv. Centre sleeve and followers shall be true
circular sections, free from irregularities, flat
spots or surface defects and formed from steel
mill sections with space between sleeve and
follower designed to provide confinement of
gasket.
v. Bolts shall be special steel having minimum
2
yield strength of 2800 kg/cm (40,000 psi) and
2 iii.
ultimate strength of 4200 kg/cm (60,000 psi).
Bolts shall be track-head design to prevent
turning when nut is drawn up and threads are
to be rolled with a nominal diameter larger
than diameter of shank. Manufacturer shall
supply information regarding recommended
torque to which bolts are to be tightened.
vi. Gaskets shall be synthetic rubber-base
compound with other products to produce
material which will not deteriorate from age,
heat or exposure to air and which is resilient
and able to resist cold flow of material so that
joint will remain sealed and tight indefinitely
when subjected to shock, vibration, pulsation,
temperature and adjustment of connected
pipes.
vii. Factory Protection: Coupling shall be factory
painted internally with 10 mils coating of epoxy
and externally with red primer to AWWA C203
Type B chlorinated rubber solution compatible
with bitumen, coal tar and general paints.
viii. Installation: Couplings are to be assembled on
site in accordance with manufacturer's
instructions to ensure permanently tight joints
under all conditions of expansion, contraction,
shifting and settlement.].
3 Dismantling Couplings
i. Type: Couplings shall ensure extensible
connection between sections of pipework, to
be mounted next to valves to enable easy
dismantling from pipework or to permit joining
pipework when butterfly valve is removed for
maintenance.
ii. Components: Dismantling piece shall be
flanged type composed of two parts, one
sliding into the other, and a free flange to
compress a trapezoidal section seal to ensure
water tightness. Coupling shall have locking
devices to provide elements of complete
rigidity.
iii. Construction: All steel with flanges class PN 10,
PN 16 or PN 25 depending upon coupling
location on pipework.
iv. Size: Couplings shall have diameter specifically
supplied for and to properly fit type of joined
ends of pipes and valves. Coupling shall
permit tightening of end flanges without risk of
misalignment. Seal shall be locked after end
joints are tightened.
4 Flanged Adaptor: Ferrous
i. Material: Cast iron to BS EN 545.
ii. Length of adaptor shall be 200 mm for
diameters up to 150 mm, 250 mm for
diameters between 200 and 300 mm and as
approved for diameters larger than 300 mm.
Factory Protection: Coated with bitumen or
coal tar to BS 3416 or 4164 respectively.
16.2.2.6 Concrete and Metal Work
1 Concrete shall conform to the requirements of
Section 5, clause 5.1.2, reinforcing steel to Clause 5.2.2
and reinforced concrete to Clause 5.3.2. Structural steel
and other metalwork shall conform to Section 6, Sub-
section 6.2 and as shown on the drawings. Structural steel
and other metalwork shall be painted and protected in
accordance with Section 7.
16.2.2.7 Pumping Plant
1 Refer to Section 17 of the Specification.
16.2.3 Construction Requirements
16.2.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling
1 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the
requirements of Sub-Sections 2.3 - ’Road Excavation’ and
2.7 - ’Excavation and Backfilling for Structures’.
2 All piping under pavements shall be installed in pipe
sleeves (ducts) to permit replacement at a later date.
Sleeves for irrigation piping shall be sulfate resistant
reinforced concrete pipe as specified in Section 8, Clause
8.1.2. Locations and sizes of pipe sleeves are as shown on
the Drawings. Pipe and sleeves, or sleeves only, shall be
placed prior to or during construction of the highway. Any
piping installed after completion of the highway
construction shall be placed after jacking a pipe sleeve
under the pavement. The Contractor will not be permitted
to cut into the pavement for pipe installation.
16.2.3.2 Pipe Laying - Generally
1 Lowering: The Contractor shall not lower pipe into
trench until pipe bed is brought to grade and approved. He
shall use ropes, wire slings, band slings, spreader beams
etc. as recommended by manufacturer for each type of
pipe and as approved.
2 Manufactured pipe shall be handled and assembled
in accordance, with the manufacturer's instructions. When
♦ 16-21 ♦
pipe laying is not in progress, the Contractor shall close manufacturer's of proprietary joints when laying and
open ends of pipes with properly fitted temporary wooden jointing.
plugs or standard caps as directed 4 Differing pipe and fitting material: The Contractor
3 All material shall be carefully examined for damage shall joint with adaptors as recommended by pipe
and tested in accordance with manufacturer's instructions manufacturer.
before laying to the satisfaction of Engineer.
16.2.3.4 Line and Gradient
4 The Contractor shall examine material to ensure
internal coating or lining and outer coating or sheathing 1 In open excavation: The Contractor shall provide and
are undamaged. If damaged, the Contractor shall make maintain sight rails and boning rods properly painted to
good or dispose of as directed. ensure correct alignment of pipe runs. Sight rails shall be
positioned either vertically above the lines of pipes or
5 The Contractor shall remove dirt and other materials
immediately adjacent thereto. At no time shall there be
before lowering the pipe into the trench and verify the
less than three sight rails in position on each length of
pipe inside is clear from construction debris before
pipeline under construction to any one gradient.
making joint.
2 In heading: The Contractor shall provide and
6 Pipe on solid ground: The Contractor shall cut holes
maintain marks to establish line and level of pipeline.
in bottom of trench to allow proper jointing and for barrel
Marks are to be fixed in each working shaft and two
of pipe to bear evenly on solid ground for its full length.
further marks established in each length of heading.
7 Pipe on granular bedding: The Contractor shall scoop
out locally at sockets/couplings to enable pipe to rest 16.2.3.5 Floatation
uniformly on barrel and adjust to exact line and level.
1 Prevention: Whenever water is excluded from interior
After testing, the Contractor shall lay and compact further
of pipe, the Contractor shall place sufficient backfill above
granular material in 150 mm layers or as approved to
pipe to prevent floatation.
levels shown on the Drawings.
2 The Contractor shall remove: any pipe that has
8 The Contractor shall lay pipe on an even formation
floated, correct the bedding and relay.
true to grade and line, with sockets (if any) facing up the
gradient. 16.2.3.6 Pipe Built Into Structures
9 Pipe on concrete bed or surround: The Contractor
1 Treatment of external surface: The Contractor shall
shall provide rectangular blocks of concrete Class 30,
thoroughly clean outside surface of pipes to be built-in
made in approved moulds at least 14 days before use, and
immediately before installation. The Contractor shall
approved hardwood folding wedges. The Contractor shall
remove protective coating to metal pipes, where ordered.
provide two concrete blocks for each pipe, set and bone
The Contractor shall roughen clay and concrete pipes as
into correct level on formation bottom and lay pipe
directed. The Contractor shall paint plastic pipes with
properly centered and socketed.
appropriate solvent cement and sprinkle with dry coarse
10 The Contractor shall insert two hardwood folding sand whilst wet. The Contractor shall cut away sheathing
wedges of width equal to width of concrete block between from sections to be built-in and after installation restore
body of pipe and block and drive together until pipe is protection up to external face of structure with approved
brought to exact level required. The Contractor shall leave bituminous material.
blocks and wedges undisturbed while pipes are being
2 Flexible joints: The Contractor shall provide two
jointed and concrete bed and haunch or surround are
flexible joints or flexible patented joints adjacent to
being placed. The Contractor shall ensure blocks and
structures. The Contractor shall place first joint not more
wedges are of sufficient size and strength to prevent
than one pipe diameter from face of structure and second
settlement of pipes. The Contractor shall leave sufficient
not more than the following distances away from first:
space to enable joints to be made, tested and inspected.
i. Pipelines not exceeding 450 mm: 2 pipe
16.2.3.3 Jointing diameters.

1 Manufacturer's instructions shall be followed ii. Pipelines over 450 mm and not exceeding 1000
regarding placement of bedding and backfilling, mm: 1.2 m.
cleanliness of joint surfaces, lubricant used, correct iii. Pipelines over 1000 mm: 1.8 m.
location of components, provision of correct gaps
between end of spigot and back of socket for flexible joints 16.2.3.7 Field Testing: Generally
etc. 1 Provision of test equipment: All items for tests shall
2 Deflection of joint: The Contractor shall not deflect be provided on site before the test i.e. pressure gauges,
flexible joints beyond maximum permissible angles given instruments, water etc...
by manufacturer and/or relevant Standards. 2 The Contractor shall carry out tests in the presence of
3 Patent detachable and flexible joints: The Contractor the Engineer's Representative.
shall strictly comply with special instructions issued by

♦ 16-22 ♦
3 Fittings and joints: The Contractor shall permanently
anchor fittings before testing and leave all joints exposed
for checking.
4 Test sections: The Contractor shall limit test sections
to not more than 500 m.
5 Test sections: The Contractor shall test pressure lines
between valve chambers whenever possible.
6 Test sections: No testing shall be carried out against
or through the pressure reducing valves. The setting of the
pressure reducing valves shall not be changed for testing
purposes.
7 Test plug: The Contractor shall secure end of main
and test plug by struts.
8 Closed valve: The Contractor shall not test against a
closed valve unless there is no acceptable alternative.
9 The Contractor shall apply pressure by manually
operated test pump or, in the case of large diameter mains,
by power driven test pump, if approved.
10 The Contractor shall examine exposed joints and
repair visible leaks.
11 Failure: Should a test fail, the Contractor shall locate
leak and replace or make good defective pipe or replace
and make good faulty joint and retest main.
12 Records: The Contractor shall keep test records in an
approved form and hand original copy to the Engineer
immediately after completion of test.
13 The Contractor shall carry out hydrostatic test while
pipeline is partially backfilled.
16.2.3.8 Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure Pipelines
1 The pipeline shall be filled slowly with water from the
lowest point. After filling with water, absorbent pipes shall
be allowed to stand for at least 24 hours before testing to
allow for complete absorption.
2 Entrapped air shall be bled and pressurizing shall
then proceed until the specified test pressure is reached in
the lowest part of the pipeline section under test. Further
quantities of entrapped air shall be bled while the pressure
is being raised.
3 Unless otherwise specified, the test pressure shall be
equal to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure of the
pipeline as shown on the Drawings or as determined by
the Engineer on Site, but shall in no case exceed 75% of
the factory hydrostatic test pressure.
4 The test pressure shall be maintained for one hour by
pumping using a separate test pump. Pumping shall then
be stopped for 2 hours, at the end of which time the line
shall be re-pressurized to the original test pressure and the
volume of water pumped into the line recorded.
5 The pipeline shall be deemed to have failed the test if
visible leaks are detected (regardless of leakage being
within the allowable specified limit) or if the volume of
water pumped to restore original test pressure after the
period when pumping was stopped exceeds 0.1 liter/day
2
per km of pipe per mm of pipe diameter for each 3 kg/cm
of applied pressure for other pipe material.
16.2.3.9 Visual Inspection Test
1 Timing: The Contractor shall carry out test after total
backfilling of length under test.
2 Limit of length to be tested at one time is three full-
length pipes unless otherwise approved.
3 Apparatus: The Contractor shall use rubber tyred
bogies which do not damage lining of pipe and an
adequate supply of electric lamps.
4 The Contractor shall check joints by means of feelers
to ensure rubber rings are correctly located.
5 The Contractor shall check pipe barrel for visible
cracks.
16.2.3.10 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes
1 The Contractor shall conduct deflection tests for GRP
pipes as required by the Engineer at 3 stages. Deflection
shall be measured at the spigot end at mid point and at
socket end.
2 Stage 1: at completion of primary backfill (deflection
at this stage should be below 0.5%).
3 Stage 2: at final backfill (Maximum allowable
deflection 2.5%).
4 Stage 3: six months after final backfill (maximum
allowable deflection 4.0%).
5 Pipes not passing the deflection tests at Stage 2 or
Stage 3 will be removed and replaced.
16.2.3.11 Flushing
1 Procedure shall be to AWWA C651.
2 The Contractor shall provide equipment, gauges,
temporary connections needed for flushing. The
Contractor shall arrange with the Employer to draw water
from existing sources.
3 The Contractor shall flush mains in sections as
directed by the Engineer.
4 The Contractor shall use washout valves and fire
hydrants to drain flushing water.
5 The Contractor shall flush main until effluent is clean
and then clean as directed. 1 to 2 times volume of pipe is
usually required for such flushing.
16.2.3.12 Field Protection and Coating
1 Iron pipes: Polyethylene encasement shall be to
ANSI/AWWA C105, Section 4.1 minimum thickness 200
microns and/or in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions.
2 Patented detachable and flexible joints and flanged
connections: The Contractor shall protect metal joints with
mastic compound and protective tape in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions and provide a minimum
overlap of 55%. The Contractor shall press out firmly all
folds and irregularities.
♦ 16-23 ♦
16.2.3.13 Irrigation Control
1 The 24V electrically operated irrigation solenoid
valves shall be controlled by the irrigation program
controller and positioned as shown on the Drawings.
2 The controllers shall be interlocked with the pumping
system to ensure that the pumps operate after the
irrigation valves are open.
3 The irrigation control electric cables, connecting the
irrigation program controller to the solenoid valves shall
be copper PVC insulated and PVC sheathed. The sizes of
cables shall be commensurate with the distances between
the controller and valves, operating pressure and
manufacturer's recommendations. The cables shall be
approved for ground feeders directly buried and rated for
600/1,000V. They shall be clipped to the main water
pipework. Multi-runs of cables shall be bunched and tied
together at one m intervals using PVC tape and clipped to
the underside of the water pipework at 2 m intervals using
plastic straps.
4 To allow full flexibility of the system, each valve shall
have a separate control cable such that any valve
sequence control may be re-adjusted.
5 Where required, cable junction boxes shall be fitted.
These shall be purpose made boxes fitted with fixed
connectors and suitably labeled. The boxes shall be fitted
with glands and gasketed lid to ensure a fully dust tight
and weatherproof enclosure to IP65.
6 Each solenoid valve shall be fitted with fixed
terminals inside an IP65 box and suitable for wiring from
the valve to be connected.
7 All cable cores shall be fitted with marker ferrules at
each end for ease of identification, and all valves shall be
fitted with identification labels.
16.2.3.14 Contract Requirements
1 The Contractor shall prepare working drawings of the
irrigation electrical system including all necessary
calculations and these shall be submitted in triplicate for
approval prior to commencing the Works on Site.
2 The Contractor shall submit, in triplicate, full details
of all equipment to be supplied for approval before firm
orders for the equipment are placed.
3 The Contractor shall submit "As-Built" drawings of
the installation on completion.
4 The Contractor shall maintain the installation
throughout the Period of Maintenance and shall keep a
detailed record of all maintenance and repair action taken.
16.2.3.15 Documentation
1 On completion of the Works, the Contractor shall
supply record, operation and maintenance data. A single
line diagram of the electrical installation shall be framed
and mounted in each pumping station.
2 All equipment and circuits shall be properly labeled
and reference shall be included on the single line diagram,
♦ 16-24 ♦
16.2.3.16 Maintenance Program
1 The Contractor shall submit a detailed Maintenance
Program for approval, at least 2 months prior to putting
the irrigation system into service. This Program shall
include an Operation and Maintenance Organization Chart
and all activities incidental thereto.
2 During the Period of Maintenance, the Contractor
shall maintain in proper operating condition all irrigation
equipment, pipes, valves, pumping stations, and
appurtenances. A record shall be kept of all maintenance
and repair activities throughout the Period of Maintenance,
including the date, location and type of work performed,
all repairs and replacement, activities and equipment
relevant to the Maintenance works. This record shall be
complete and acceptable to the Engineer.
16.2.4 Method of Measurement
1 Trench excavation and backfilling shall be measured
and paid for as indicated in Section 2, Clause 2.8.4.
2 Pipes shall be measured in linear meters of laid pipe
of each type, class and size, measured as a straight line
between the centers of consecutive coupling sections. The
distance between the two centers of the couplings on both
sides of any fitting or valve shall be included as pipe
length. No allowance will be made for cut ends and waste.
3 No separate measurement will be made for setting
out laying and bedding in trenches or fixing to structures,
thrust blocks, sleeves and ducts, jointing material,
couplings of any type, special fittings, connecting to
equipment and chambers, testing, lining and painting and
all other items and work to provide a fully functional
system as specified, all of which is considered to be
subsidiary work , the cost of which is deemed to be
included in the rates stated in the Bill of Quantities for
pipes
4 Valves shall be measured by the number of each type
and size installed completed and accepted. No separate
measurement shall be made for connections to pipes or
equipment, ancillary fittings, bolts nuts and gaskets, lining
and painting, loose keys spindles and hand wheels, valve
boxes or any other items required for a fully functional
unit, all of which is considered to be subsidiary work, the
cost of which is deemed to be included in the rates and
prices for the relevant items.
5 Irrigators, including sprinklers, bubblers and emitters
(excluding drip emitter distribution tubing) shall be
measured by the number of each type and size installed,
completed and accepted. The rates stated in the Bill of
Quantities are deemed to include, as appropriate, the
costs stated in item 4, above.
6 Drip emitter distribution tubing shall be measured by
the linear meter of each size installed, completed and
accepted. The rates stated in the Bill of Quantities shall be
deemed to include, as appropriate, the costs stated in item
3 above.
7 Irrigation program controllers shall be measured by
the number of each type or specification reference
installed. The rates stated in the Bill of Quantities shall be
deemed to include for all items and work required for a
fully operational system, including transport, electrical
installations and civil work.
8 Where spares are ordered by the Engineer, they will
be measured by number and paid for at the rates stated in
the Bill of Quantities for each type, size and class of spare
part authorized by the Engineer, purchased by the
Contractor, handed over, and accepted.

16.2.5 Basis of Payment

1 The amount of completed and accepted work
measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the
unit rates for the various items listed in the Bill of
Quantities, which unit rates shall be full compensation for
supplying, fabricating, connecting and testing, and for
labor, transport, materials, equipment, tools, and other
items necessary for the completion of the Work as
specified in Sub-section 16.2.

16.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

i Pipe (type, class and diameter) lin.m.
ii Valves (type and diameter) nr.
iii Irrigation Program Controller (type) nr.
iv Irrigators (type and size) nr.
v Drip Emitter Distribution Tubing
(type and diameter) lin.m.
vi Spares for Irrigation System (type,
class and size) nr.

♦ 16-25 ♦