ECT 0333 - Power Electronics

PRACTICAL REPORT 1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: [6 February 2020]

TITLE : AC – AC PHASE CONTROL

PREPARED BY:
NAME GMI NO. GROUP

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HAZIM BIN MOHD NAZLIN MEC18070122 DMCH 1

MUHAMMAD FAIZ FITRI BIN MOHD NOH MEC18070132 DMCH 1

AMIR HAKIM BIN MOHD ASRI MEC18070155 DMCH 1

HARITH FARHAN BIN ROZLAN MEC18070193 DMCH 1

TTO NAME SIR HANIEF BIN AHMAD AZAM

COMMENT
Table of Contents

1. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 3

2. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 4

3. INSTRUMENTS & COMPONENTS ............................................................................................... 5

4. PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................... 6

5. RESULTS & FINDINGS.................................................................................................................... 8

a. WAVEFORM .................................................................................................................................. 8
b. CALCULATION........................................................................................................................... 10
c. MEASUREMENT......................................................................................................................... 12
6. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 13

7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 13

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 1. OBJECTIVE

The objective of this practical are we will able to know to determine the value of output
voltage, able to understand and know the position of the waveform. Not only that, able to learn
about symmetrical AC current regulation unit function.

Other than that, able to learn how to applied the formula such as the Power Factor ( PF =
P/S= Vo/Vi ) , RMS Output Current (Io = Vo/R) and many more, able to learn how to construct
the circuit , able to learn how to plot the characteristic curve for the converter, able to deduce the
expected power transfer from given voltage phase angle. Lastly able to understand the function
and the mechanism of AC-AC phase control.

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 2. INTRODUCTION

Introduction
A solid-state AC-to-AC converter converts an AC waveform to another AC waveform, where the
output voltage and frequency can be set arbitrarily.

Figure 1
Referring to Figure 1, AC-AC converters can be categorized as follows:

 Indirect AC-AC or AC/DC-AC converters with rectifier, DC link and inverter

 Cyclo-converters
 Hybrid matrix converters
 Matrix converters (MC).

AC-AC Phase Control is often used to control the amount of voltage, current or power that
power supply gives to its load. It creates an average value at its output. If the supply has a DC
output, the time base is not importance in deciding when to pulse the supply on or off as the
value of the pulse is continuous.
These converters control the rms value of output voltage at a constant frequency. The common
application of these converters includes starting of AC motors and controlling power to heaters.

A single-phase AC/AC voltage converter consists of a pair of anti-parallel thyristors along with a
control circuit as shown in figure below. The other names of this controller are single phase full
wave converter and AC voltage controller.

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 3. INSTRUMENTS & COMPONENTS

Instruments List
Power Supply A power supply is plugged into a wall outlet, and can typically deliver
voltages ranging from 0 to 30 Volts.
Multimeter Multimeter might be analog type multimeters or digital multimeters,
depending on the type of circuit being used. Normally, these hand-held
devices are very useful to detect faults or provide field measurements at a
high degree of accuracy
Oscilloscope Can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC)
waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or
as high as several megahertz (MHz).

Components

SCR Basically, it is a simple direct current (DC) light switch. More

specifically, if you place an available current on the cathode, a load
on the drain, you can switch the current on by applying a small
current to the gate.
Wire Cable Used to connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer of
electrical signals or power from one device to the other. Cables are
used for a wide range of purposes, and each must be tailored for that
purpose.
Connector Electro-mechanical device whose purpose is to quickly and easily
disconnect or interrupt a circuit path. Connectors come in a variety of
sizes, shapes, complexities and quality levels.

Instruments Components

 DC Power Supply  DC Power Supply

 Diff. Amplifier  Silicon Controlled Rectifier
 Universal Control  Resistor
 Current Converter
 3-Phase Isolating Converter

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4. PROCEDURE

1. Construct the main circuit as shown below

1. After main circuit has been constructed, check the voltage Vin using the Analog Digital
Multimeter.
U port connected to 2L1 port
O port connected to 47V port

2. Using with schematic diagram given AC-AC Phase Control, make connection to the
workstation.

3. 3 Phase Isolating Transformer 300VA (B = Vin) connected to Current Converter/ Valve

Unit (C = Vscr / C = VAK) with V1 and V2 is parallel.
2L1 port connected to L1 port
V1 port connected to V2 port

4. After that, from V1 and V2 connected to RLC-Load (A = Vout).

V1 port connected to 270Ω/ 30W port

5. Then take the wire and connected to Rm (R2).

O port connected to R2 input port

6. R2 output port connected to 47V port at 3 Phase Isolating Transformer.

7. From Diff. Amplifier, A box (ON condition) connected to RLC-Load.

A box input port connected to 270Ω/ 30W input port
A box output port connected to 270Ω/ 30W output port

8. B box (ON condition) connected to 3 Phase Isolating Transformer.

B box input port connected to 2L1
B box output port connected to 47V

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9. C box (ON condition) connected to Current Converter/ Valve Unit.
C box input port connected to V1 port
C box output port connected to L1 output port (Usyn.)

10. D box (OFF condition) connected to Rm (R2).

D box input port connected to R2 input port
D box output port connected to R2 output port

11. Univ. Control Unit (RUN condition) connected to computer and PCI/1 at
Diff. Amplifier.

12. From computer, open PHACON software to take waveform reading Vin, Vout, VAK,
and Iout.

13. Analog Digital Multimeter used to take reading for Vout, Iout, and Pout.
U port connected to RLC-Load input port
I port connected to RLC-Load output port
O port connected to R2 input port

14. Turn ON the 3 Phase Isolating Transformer 300VA to run the circuit.

15. Lastly, measuring and calculation process

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 5. RESULTS & FINDINGS

a. WAVEFORM

α = 3° α = 30°

α = 60° α = 90°

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α = 120° α = 150°

α = 178°

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 b. CALCULATION

1. SAMPLE CALCULATION

Firing Angle, α = 30°

Load, R = 270 Ω
Voltage In,Vin = 102.7 V

Voltage Out Current Out

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝟏−
𝒂
+
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒂 Iout = Vout / R load
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟐𝝅 I out = 101.16 / 270 Ω
30 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(30) = 0.375 A
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 102.7 1− +
180 2𝜋

Power Out Power Factor

Pout = Iout x Vout PF = Vin / Vout

Pout = 0.375 A x 101.16 V = 102.7 / 101.16
= 37.935 W = 1.01

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 2. TABLE

Firing 3 30 60 90 120 150 178

Angle, α (°)
Vin (V) 102.7
Vout (V) 102.7 101.16 92.122 72.62 45.39 17.46 9.743
Iout (A) 0.38 0.375 0.341 0.269 0.168 0.065 0.036
Pout (W) 39.26 37.935 31.413 19.535 7.626 1.137 0.0341
PF 1 0.98 0.897 0.707 0.442 0.170 0.095

3. CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Power Factor vs Firing angle ,α

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
3 30 60 90 120 150 180

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 c. MEASUREMENT

1. TABLE

A (°) 3 30 60 90 120 150 178

Vin (V) 102.7
Vout (V) 100.4 97.1 84.5 62.1 32.8 9.37 0.36
Iout (A) 0.34 0.33 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.04 0
Pin (W) 34.92
Pout (W) 34.4 32.1 24.5 13.2 3.9 0.3 0
PF 0.97 0.94 0.82 0.60 0.32 0.09 0.0035

1. CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Power Factor vs Firing angle,a

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
3 30 60 90 120 150 180

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 6. DISCUSSION

Based on this practical , we learn on how to determine the value of output voltage. Other than
that, we also learn about the position of the waveforms but we unfortunately could not tell the
difference between the waveform. Our solution is we alter the colour and the thickness of each
different waveforms to four different colours . We also learn on how to find the reading for the V
out, I out and P out on the multimeter . For the value of Power Factor , we have to calculate it
ourselves. We found out that the measurements and calculations value are different. This is
because measurement is conducted by using the multimeter. The multimeter has more accurate
readings depending on the condition of the components. For the calculations, we only applied it
using the formula given. Thus the measurement and calculations values are different.

7. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we have learn on how to apply the formula based on the values measured. We
have also learn on how to construct the AC-AC Phase control circuit. We have also determined
the value of Output Voltage, Output Current and Output Power. The V out and I out are
inversely proportional to the phase angle. We differentiate the control characteristic curve by
using different colours and labelling them. Lastly, we are able to construct the cycloconverter
circuit.

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