ECT 0333 - Power Electronics

PRACTICAL REPORT 1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: [6 February 2020]

TITLE: AC – AC PHASE CONTROL

PREPARED BY:
NAME GMI NO. GROUP

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HAZIM BIN MOHD NAZLIN MEC18070122 DMCH 1

MUHAMMAD FAIZ FITRI BIN MOHD NOH MEC18070132 DMCH 1

AMIR HAKIM BIN MOHD ASRI MEC18070155 DMCH 1

HARITH FARHAN BIN ROZLAN MEC18070193 DMCH 1

TTO NAME SIR HANIEF BIN AHMAD AZAM

COMMENT

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Table of Contents

1. Objective .........................................................................................................3
2. Introduction....................................................................................................4
3. Instruments and Components ......................................................................5
4. Procedure........................................................................................................6
5. Results .............................................................................................................7
6. Discussion .....................................................................................................11
7. Conclusion ....................................................................................................12

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 1. Objective

The objective of this practical are we will able to know to determine the value of output voltage ,
current and power with different firing angles, able to display the position of the waveform.

Not only that, able to learn about symmetrical AC current regulation unit function. Other than
that, discuss the relationship between the firing angle with output, voltage, current and power.
Able to learn how to plot the characteristic curve for the ac chopper with mixed load , able to
show the function an effect of inductance of the output voltage , current and power. Lastly able
to understand the function and the mechanism of AC-AC phase control.

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 2. Introduction

An AC-AC voltage controller is a converter that regulates the voltage, current, and
average power supplied from an AC source to an AC load. In the static, solid state switches of
these controllers connect and disconnect the source and the load at regular intervals.

These are used in practical circuits such as light dimmer circuits, induction motor speed sensors,
power traction motors etc. For our practical, we will examine the efficiency of a single-phase
AC-AC circuit using SCRs with emphasis on harmonic output content and input voltage usage
with an introduction of an inductor.

The waveforms produced from the device should also be able to show changes in the waveform.
The waveform changes differ because of the NTP (alpha/α) changes.

The circuit of an inductive powered single-phase voltage controller, which may be a magnetic
relay or an induction motor, is shown in the practical below. The main requirement the circuit
will satisfy is that the output voltage is a regulated input voltage version and has both positive
and negative half cycles.

Practical below displays the circuit of an inductive driven single-phase voltage controller which
may be a magnetic relay or an induction motor. The time-varying magnetic field causes voltage
in the conductor when the current flowing through an inductor shifts, as defined by Faraday's law
of induction.

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3. Instruments and Components

Instruments Components

 DC Power Supply  Silicon Controlled Rectifier

 AC Power Supply  Resistor
 Current Converter  Wires
 Diff Amplifier  Connectors
 Universal Control Unit
 Inductor

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4. Procedure

1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 1.

2. Using schematic diagram given, AC-AC Phase Control, connect the circuit on the
workstation
3. Connect the main circuit to the Diff. Amplifier to show the waveforms on the computer
4. Find the first Natural Triggering Point (NTP) in the Phacon Software. Tabulate the 2 nd
NTP
5. Observe the changes in alpha, α for each time NTP ranging from 36 to 178 degrees.
6. Connect the circuit to Analog-digital Multimeter and observe and measure the changes of
Voltage Output, Current Output and Power Output
7. Construct control characteristic curve.

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 5. Results

α = 3° α = 30°

α = 60° α = 90°

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 α = 120° α = 150°

α = 180°

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Calculation
Table of Firing Angle (α):

α (°) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

𝑽𝒊𝒏 (V) 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 (V) 0.91 97.3 84.6 62.1 33.0 1.78 0.31

𝑷𝒊𝒏 (W) 0.1 27.5 19.3 9.1 2.1 0.1 0.1

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 (W) 0.0 26.8 18.8 9.0 2.0 0.0 0.0

𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (mA) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

PF 8.79m 0.94 0.817 0.6 0.3188 17.198m 2.995m

Firing Angle (α) Against Power Factor (PF):

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Measured
Table of Measured Values:

NTP(°) 3 25 55 85 115 145 175

𝑽𝒊𝒏 (V) 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 (V) 0.85 98.0 87.3 66.3 38.0 10.0 0.21

𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (A) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

PF 8.213m 0.947 0.843 0.64 0.367 0.097 2.029m

Natural Triggering Point (NTP) Against Power Factor (PF):

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6. Discussion

- We found out that the Natural Triggering Point (NTP) of 26° as the firing angle
increases, the power factor decreases.

- In this experiment, we observed that the addition of the inductive load causes the lag in
the output current (Iout).

- We compared the results of AC Chopper and AC Chopper with mixed load and we found
out the differences in waveforms & the Natural Triggering Point (NTP). The difference
were the result of adding an inductive load into the circuit. After adding an inductive
load, we noticed the changes of the brightness of the load (bulb). The indicator light only
switches on at the angle of 66°, which also the point that the power factor (PF) was at its
highest, which is 0.947.

- We discovered that if the wires are not connected respectively to its terminals, incidents
such as the tripping effect, short circuits and burnt out fuses might occur.

- We encountered certain problems in constructing the circuit which were the usages of the
same type of wire colour will results in mistakes while constructing the circuit
connection.

- After noticing these errors, we were able to construct the circuit with several variations
such as connecting the inductor to the shunt resistor (Rm) which lead to the output
voltage being obtained. Inductor induces voltage input and produces lower voltage output
as the inductance increases.

- Therefore, it is important to connect all the wires first before turning on the power supply
in order to ensure our safety and also ensure all terminals are connected respectively to
their terminals. By not following the safety precautions, we could end up facing
unwanted circumstances such as getting electrocuted.

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 7. Conclusion

In conclusion, we figured out by adding inductive load in circuits, the NTP increases, the power
factor decreases.
Through the completion of this experiment, we managed to understand several of characteristics
of the SCR circuit. This experiment proves that SCR provides much more accurate readings and
measurements by viewing the waveforms obtained in the display of the PHACON software.
In this circuit, there are several advantages such as higher power ratings, high efficiency to
trigger and high accuracy in reading. The voltage produced at the load can be varied by
alternating the firing angle for each half cycle of a period. The output voltage can be controlled
to any value between zero and the source voltage. Suitable for applications such as lighting
control and motor speed control.
With the addition of an inductor in this circuit, we were able to control the speed of a single-
phase AC induction motor and regulate the RMS voltage across the terminals of an AC induction
motor. It can also control temperature of furnaces by varying the RMS output voltage.

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