Oct. 19, 1937. A.

LYSHOLM 2,095,991
GAS TURBINE SYSTE OF THE CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION TYPE
Filed Oct. 19, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet l

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Oct. 19, 1937. A. LYSHOLM 2,095,991
GAS TURBINE SYSTEM OF THE CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION TYPE
Filed Oct. 19, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 2

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Oct. 19, 1937. A. LYSHOLM 2,095,991
GAS TURBINE SYSTE OF THE CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION TYPE
Filed Oct. 19, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 3

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Oct. 19, 1937. A. LYSHOLM 2,095,991
GAS TURBINE SYSTEM OF THE CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION TYPE
Filed Oct. 19, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 4

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Oct. 19, 1937. A. YSHOLM 2,095,991
GAS TURBINE SYSTEM OF THE CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION TYPE
Filed Oct. 19, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 5

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 Patented Oct. 19, 1937
2,095,991

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE

2,095,991
GAS TUERBINE SYSTEM OF THE CONTNU.
OUS COMBUST ON TYPE
Alf Lysholm, Stockholm, Sweden, assignor to
Aktiebolaget Milo, Stockholm, Sweden, a cor
poration of Sweden
Application October 19, 1934, Serial No. 749,006
In Great Britain March 8, 1933
14 Claims, (C. 60-41)
This application is a continuing application re is subjected to much higher centrifugal forces
placing my copending application Serial No.
714,228 filled March 6, 1934, and relates back as to than
other
the blading in the latter rows. Consequently,
things being equal, the higher mechanical
all common subject matter to said application
5 Serial No. 714,228 for all dates and rights incident Stresses
upon the
imposed upon the exhaust blading than
inlet blading, preclude Safe operation of
to the fling of said application and foreign appli the exhaust blading at temperatures as high as or
cations corresponding thereto. even closely approaching the safe temperature of
The present invention relates to gas turbine Operation for the inlet blading. From this it will
0
systems of the continuous combustion type as dis be evident that substantial rises above normal of
tinguished from such systems of the intermittent the exhaust gas temperature may result in an O
combustion or explosion type. The type of sys Operating temperature exceeding the maximum
ten with which this invention is concerned is permissible value for the exhaust blading of the
sometimes referred to as a constant pressure sys turbine.
15 tem, since the pressure of the motive fluid for any
given load on the system remains at substan Furthermore, in systems of the above described
character in which two or more turbines are con 5
tially constant value, the value of the pressure nected in Series with respect to flow of motive
changing, however, for different values of load on fluid, the relative amounts of heat drop in the
the system. turbines may so change as the load on the system
In systems of the continuous combustion type, decreases, that the turbine or turbines providing
control of the total power developed by the sys the last stage of expansion for the motive fluid 20
tem has been effected by varying the supply of cannot produce the amount of power required
fuel in order to compensate for changes in the of then at the reduced load. The reason for the
load on the system. This control is desirable be tendency of the exhaust temperature of a low
cause of its simplicity, but where the load on the
System changes to a substantial degree so that pressure turbine in such a system to rise as the
load decreases is that the inlet pressure of the 25
the system at times may be called upon to operate motive fluid decreases with decrease in the value
at a partial load that is substantially less than of the load, whereas the exhaust pressure remains
normal full load, control of the system by varia constant. Consequently, at reduced load, the
tion of the amount of fuel supplied alone is not pressure drop, through the low pressure turbine
30 entirely satisfactory for reasons to be hereinafter is less than that at normal or full load. With re 30
pointed out. duced pressure drop through the turbine, the heat
One of the characteristics of operation of con drop through the turbine is reduced. The total
tinuous combustion systems wherein control is heat energy in the motive fluid as admitted to the
effected by variation of the amount of fuel sup turbine does not decrease in proportion to the de
plied in response to change in load, is that the in crease in pressure. Consequently, with the total
let temperature of the motive fluid remains com heat input to the turbine decreasing less rapidly
paratively constant over a wide load range, but than the heat drop through the turbine, the ex
as the load drops, a further characteristic of such haust temperature rises. With two turbines con
a system when controlled in this manner is that, nected in series, the heat drop through the high
40 at low load and with correspondingly low com pressure turbine does not decrease as rapidly 40
pressor power output, the exhaust temperature with a given decrease in load as does the heat
from one or more of the turbines, particularly that drop through the low pressure turbine. This is
of any low pressure turbine of the system ex because the high pressure turbine receives motive
hausting to atmosphere or other constant pres fluid at reduced pressure when the load decreases,
sure receiver, will rise to a value exceeding the and exhausts motive fluid at a lower back pres 45
maximum permissible value. v sure. The low pressure turbine, however, as
This is particularly true in the case of turbines explained above, exhausts against a substantially
in which the path of expansion has a substantial constant back pressure and, receiving motive fluid
component of flow in radial outward direction at a lower inlet pressure, can expand it only
50 from inlet to exhaust. The reason for this is that through a pressure range that decreases more 50
in such turbines the mean diameters of the blade rapidly than the pressure range through the high
rows adjacent to the exhaust end of the turbine pressure turbine. This characteristic of opera
are substantially greater than the mean diameters tion results in a change in the relative outputs of
of the blade rows adjacent to the inlet end of the the two turbines, the power output from the low
55 turbine, and the blading in the former rows pressure turbine dropping more rapidly than the
55
 2 2,095,99.
power output from the high pressure turbine. Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating certain temper
Consequently, when the load on the System de ature load characteristics;
creases to a material extent, a condition may arise Fig. 8 is a view similar to Fig. 4 showing
where the Small heat drop through the low presanother type of control system with a turbine
5 sure turbine will, in addition to producing unde arrangement such as shown in Fig. 4; and 5
sirably high exhaust temperature, fail to produce Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 2 illustrating a
enough power from the low pressure turbine to compound control means applied to a system
enable it to perform its share of the Work in the having the same general turbine arrangement as
System. that shown in Fig. 2.
10. It is the primary object of the present inven In accordance with the present invention, con- 0
tion to eliminate the difficulties heretofore en trol of the System, in order to take care of load
countered in the control of a System of the char variations thereon, is effected by two controls or
acter under discussion for widely varying loads governing means, one of which may be termed
When the control is effected primarily by Control the primary governor or main governor, which
15 of the fuel supply, and to this end I have provided controls the total power developed by the system 5
novel method and means for effecting the Control by controlling the primary or main fuel supply,
which will be explained in detail in the ensuing while the other governing means, which may be
description of numerous different embodiments termed the secondary governor or auxiliary gov
of apparatus suitable for the carrying of the ernor, controls either directly or indirectly the
20 invention into effect. exhaust temperature of such of the turbines as 20
Other and more detailed objects of the inven require Such control, and/or controls the dis
tion, together with the advantages to be derived tribution of the energy input to the individual
from its use, will become apparent as the descrip turbines.
tion proceeds. As will hereinafter appear, the auxiliary gov
25 In the accompanying drawings, forming a part ernor may be responsive to One or more or a num- 25
of this specification: ber of different impulses indicative of the load on
Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating certain tem the System, and may effect the desired control of
perature and load values with respect to load. On exhaust temperature and/or energy distribution
the System; in several different ways. It may be pointed out
30 Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view partly in section here that in order for the primary and secondary 30
of a gas turbine system embodying the invention; governors to be able to Operate so as to effect the
Fig. 2d. illustrates a modification of Fig. 2 in control contemplated by the invention, the sys
which secondary control is effected in direct re ten must include one or more compressor tur
sponse to exhaust from the compressor turbine; bines which are independent with respect to
35 Fig. 2b is another modification of Fig. 2 in Speed from the turbine or turbines from which 35
which secondary control. is effected directly in the net useful power developed by the system is
response to variation in speed of the compressor obtained. In other words, the system must com
turbine; prise at least One compressor turbine operating
Fig. 2c is a further modification of Fig. 2 in on a shaft separate and independent from the
40 which Secondary control is made directly respon useful power turbine means. 4)
Referring now to Fig. 1, the diagram illus
sive to pressure of the motive fluid as supplied to trates
the power turbine; m by means of curve t1 a characteristic vari
Fig. 2d. is another modification of Fig. 2 in ation in the inlet temperature of the motive fluid
which secondary control is effected by a second over the full load range of a system of the char
45 ary fuel supply; acter under discussion, and curve ta illustrates 45
Fig. 2e is another modification of Fig. 2 in the variation in exhaust temperature over this
which secondary control is by a secondary fuel range. Curve L. illustrates the variations in the
compressor load, that is, the amount of power
supply controlled in response to speed of the com absorbed
pressor turbine; by the compressor means over the ful
50 Fig. 2f is another modification of Fig. 2 where load range of the System. 50
in secondary control is effected by a by-pass If we assume it to be the maximum permissible
arrangement for compressed air; exhaust temperature, it is evident from Fig. i
Fig. 2g is a modification of Fig. 2 in which sec that when the load on the system drops to value
Ondary control is effected by injection of water; C, control must be effected to prevent further
55 Fig. 2h is another modification of Fig. 2 in rise in exhaust temperature, which control can- is
which secondary control is also effected by injec not be effected solely through control of the
tion of Water; primary fuel Supply. The reason for this will
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view partly in Section be explained in connection with the following de
O of a different arrangement of a gas turbine sys Scription of a System of the continuous combus
ten embodying a different arrangement of tur tion type illustrated in Fig. 2 and embodying the
invention.
bines from that shown in Fig. 2; Referring now more particularly to Fig. 2, a
Fig. 4 is a similar view showing still another relatively simple low pressure system of the char
turbine arrangement; acter under discussion has been illustrated for the
65 Fig. 4a is a view showing a different control, sake of simplicity. This system comprises a sis
System for a turbine arrangement of the kind power Output turbine to having a shaft 2 from
shown in Fig. 4; Which useful power is derived. In the embodi
Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing a ment illustrated, useful power is taken off in the
System embodying still another turbine arrange form of electrical energy from a generator 4
70 ment; driven by shaft 12. The turbine to illustrated to
Fig. 5a is a view illustrating another kind of is of the axial flow type. It may be of another
control for the same turbine arrangement shown type. The useful power taken from this turbine
in Fig. 5; may be in other form than electrical energy.
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing still A Second turbine 6 having a shaft f8 inde
75 another turbine arrangement; pendent of the turbine shaft 2 drives a com- as
 2,095,991 3
pressor 2 to which air is admitted through the temperature as illustrated by the curve t1 of Fig.
inlet 22. Compressed air from compressor 2 1. Stabilized inlet temperature of the motive
is delivered through conduit 24 to a combustion fluid varies somewhat with variations in load,
chamber 26, to which fuel, which may advanta this variation being largely due to variations in
geously be in the form of liquid hydrocarbon, is the efficiency of the compressor when Operating
supplied from pipe 28 under the control of a main at the different speeds corresponding to differ
control valve 3). The motive fluid produced by ent loads. On the System.
internal combustion of fuel with compressed air As hereinbefore explained, the exhaust ten
in the combustion chamber 26 is delivered perature will rise as the load decreases, as shown
O through the inlet conduit 2 having branches 32a. by curve ta in Fig. 1, and the secondary or aux 10
and 32b, to turbines 0 and 6, which it will be iliary governor, in the embodiment illustrated,
observed are connected in parallel with respect
to flow of motive fluid. Turbines and 6 ex then comes into action when the temperature
haust respectively through exhaust conduits a supply ofa motive
rises to predetermined value, to throttle the
fluid to the useful power tur
15 and b to the exhaust conduit 4, which advan
tageously delivers the exhaust to a regenerator 36 bine. This throttling of the motive fluid causes 5
a greater proportion of the motive fluid to flow
through which the compressed air conduit 24 to the compressor turbine, the power output from
passes.
The primary or main governor is, in this em which increases. The increased proportion of
20 bodiment, illustrated diagrammatically as a power delivered by the compressor turbine causes
centrifugal governor driven from the turbine to the compressor to operate at higher speed and 20
shaft f2 and operating through suitable linkage be provide air at higher pressure than would
the case if the normal distribution of motive
indicated generally at 40 to control the fuel sup fluid to the turbines through the unrestricted
ply valve 30 in accordance with changes in load
25 on the system. Obviously other known control conduits took place. As a result, the inlet pres
Sure is prevented from falling below a prede 25
means may be employed for effecting control of termined
the main fuel supply valve in accordance with is a higher minimum value. Consequently, there
variations in load on the system. pressure drop and consequently a
greater heat drop through the turbines, and in
The secondary or auxiliary governor in this addition
30 embodiment comprises a control valve 42 located the greater quantity of air resulting
from the higher operating rate of the compres 30
in the inlet conduit so as to control flow of motive Sor 20 results in a somewhat reduced tempera
fluid to the branch 32d leading to the power out ture of the combustion
put turbine. Valve 42 may advantageously be lets. These factors combine gases at the turbine in
of the rotary sleeve or plug type so as to provide to prevent the rise
little if any resistance to flow of motive fluid thaust temperature above a predetermined
Wate.
therethrough when the valve is Open, and in the 35
present embodiment valve 42 is controlled by tem beAsobtained
previously stated, the desired result may
by a wide variety of forms of aux
perature responsive means consisting of athermo iliary governing means, which may be responsive
stat 44 located in the exhaust branch conduit 34a to numerous different factors, and which may
40 of the useful power turbine and actuating mech operate in different ways
anism which in the present instance has been to effect the desired 40
Control.
shown by way of example as comprising a bellows In Figs. 2a to 2h, a number of different em
4B expansible upon rise of thermostat tempera bodiments of auxiliary governing apparatus are
ture, and linkage 48 connecting the bellows with shown, and in Such of the figures as do not show
45 the valve member 2a of valve 42. As illustrated
in the drawing valve 42 may advantageously be the complete system, the remainder of the ap 45
of a type such that the flow of motive fluid to the paratus may be assumed to be like that shown
in Fig. 2.
branch conduit 82a is not throttled upon initial
movement of the valve member 42a from the po theFig. 2a illustrates the thermostat element of
auxiliary governing apparatus located in the
50 sition which it occupies at full load.
Considering now the operation of the system Outlet 34b of the compressor turbine 6. In other
respects the arrangement is the same as that
illustrated and not taking into consideration the shown
secondary or auxiliary governor, and further as skilled inin
Fig. 2. It will be evident to anyone
the art that as the load on the sys
suming the system to be running at normal full ten shown in Fig. 2 drops the exhaust tempera
55 load, the operation upon reduction in the value ture of both turbines will tend to rise when 55
of the load on the system is as follows: as SOOn the System is governed by a primary governor
as the load drops, the main governor 38 acts to of the character shown, and consequently the
reduce the flow of fuel through valve 30. This secondary control may be made responsive to
in turn reduces the energy input to the turbines the exhaust temperature from either turbine with
80 by effecting a temporary reduction in the tem equal facility.
perature of the motive fluid. The reduced tem Fig. 2b illustrates an arrangement whereby
perature of the motive fluid results in a reduced the secondary control valve 42 for throttling
heat drop and reduced power output of the tur the supply of motive fluid to the power turbine
bines, which consequently tend to slow down. 0 upon reduction of load is made responsive to
As a result the speed of the compressor 20 is re a governor 50 responsive to variations in speed 65
duced, and the quantity and pressure of the of the compressor turbine shaft 8. The gover
air supplied to the combustion chamber is also nor 50 actuates the auxiliary control valve 42
reduced. The reduced quantity of air supplied through Suitable linkage indicated generally at
to the combustion chamber causes the tempera 52. In other respects the system is as shown
70 ture of the motive fluid delivered from the Com
bustion chamber to rise again, and a stabilized in Fig. 2, and the controlling action will be simi 70
condition of operation of the System at reduced lar to that described in connection with Fig. 2.
As previously explained, the compressor turbine
load is arrived at, at which the motive fluid is 6 will slow down at part load under the influ
supplied to the turbines at reduced pressure and ence
75 at a temperature approximately that of full load ernor,ofand
the regulation effected by the main gov
the reduction in the speed of opera 75
 4. 2,095,991.
tion of this turbine is inherently accompanied increased pressure of the motive fluid provides
by a rise in the exhaust temperature in a Sys for a greater pressure drop and consequently a
tem of the character in which the apparatus is greater heat drop through the turbines, and this
embodied. The speed of the compressor corre in turn results in the prevention of a rise in ex
5 sponding to a rise in exhaust temperature to haust temperature to an unduly high value.
the maximum permissible value is a deternin Where, as in this instance, additional fuel is sup
able factor, and accordingly the speed of the plied to the motive fluid flowing to one of the
compressor turbine may provide an impulse in turbines at part load, the total power output of
dicative of the load on the System and of the ex the turbines of the system is controlled in ac
10 haust temperature conditions which may be em cordance with the value of the load on the sys 10
ployed for regulation instead of the temperature tem as a whole by further compensating regula
impulse provided by the thermostats located in tion of the primary or main fuel governor. In
the outlet as illustrated in FigS. 2 and 2d. other words, when auxiliary regulation of the
In the form of apparatus illustrated Fig. 2c, type shown in this figure is employed, the posi
15 the pressure of the motive fluid as Supplied to tion of the main fuel supply valve for stabilized 5
the turbines is utilized to effect throttling of the Operation of the System at a given value of low
motive fluid supplied to the useful power tur partial load will result in a Smaller quantity of
bine. In this instance the valve member 42a fuel being supplied to the primary combustion
of the secondary control valve 42 is connected chamber than would be the case where auxiliary
20 by means of suitable linkage 54 to piston 56 in regulation is effected by throttling of the motive 20
cylinder 58. A spring 60 acting on piston 56 fluid going to one of the turbines, as illustrated
tends to move the latter so as to close valve in the previously described figures. In one case,
42. A pipe 62 transmits pressure from the in the control of the distribution of energy input to
let conduit 32 to piston 56 in opposition to the the different turbines is effected by decreasing
25 force exerted by the spring 60. The strength the amount of energy available to One turbine, 25
of spring 60 is related to the area of the pis and in the other case, control of the distribution
ton 56 so that the pressure existing in conduit is effected by adding energy to the motive fluid
32 during full load operation of the system is supplied to one of the turbines.
sufficient to maintain valve 42 in open position It will be understood, of course, that in an ar
30 against the action of the Spring. When, upon rangement of the character shown in Fig. 2d, 30
decrease in load, the pressure of the motive fluid the reheating combustion is effected by com
in conduit 32 drops as a result of the fuel regul bustion with excess air not burned in the pri
lation effected through the medium of the main mary combustion chamber. In Systems of the
fuel control valve, spring 60 moves the valve 42 character under discussion, turbines having full
35 toward closed position to effect the desired throt admission are preferably employed, and the inlet
tling of the motive fluid passage to the power temperature of the motive fluid is consequently
turbine 0. maintained at a relatively moderate value for
In Fig. 2d., a secondary governor is shown which gas turbine systems, a suitable inlet temperature
operates to effect the desired control of the ex being within a range of which the lower limit is
40 haust temperature and of the energy distribu approximately 800° C. absolute and the upper 40
tion to the different turbines by supplying addi limit of which is in the neighborhood of 1000
tional fuel to the motive fluid going to one of C. absolute.
the turbines. In this arrangement, the throttle In systems where water injection is not emi
valve 42 employed in the arrangement shown in ployed in forming the motive fluid, the desired
45 the preceding figures is omitted, and in the moderate temperature is advantageously ob 45
branch inlet conduit 32b leading to the com tained by the use of a substantial quantity of
pressor turbine f6, there is provided a reheater excess air, and this excess air provides the neces
64, to which fuel is supplied through the fuel sup sary means for supporting combustion in a re
ply pipe 66 under the control of an auxiliary fuel heating chamber.
50 supply valve 68. The fuel supply valve 68 is In the arrangement shown in Fig. 2e, the sec 50
opened by means responsive to a factor reflecting ondary or auxiliary regulation is effected by the
a drop in the load on the system, which in the addition of fuel to a reheating combustion cham
embodiment shown is in the form of a thermostat ber as in Fig. 2d, but in the arrangement shown
44 and bellows 46 operative upon rise of tem in Fig. 2e the control of the auxiliary fuel supply
55 perature of the exhaust gases in branch 34a to is effected by means of a governor 50a operating
open valve 68 and cause additional fuel to be in response to variations in speed of the com
supplied to the motive fluid flowing to the con pressor turbine 6a, which in the present emi
pressor turbine 6. In the operation of this mod bodiment has been shown as a double rotation
ification of the apparatus at full load or partial radial flow turbine operating compressor sections
60 loads of sufficiently high value to render the re 20a and 20b, connected in series by conduit 7 O. 60
sultant rise in exhaust temperature unimportant, Governor 50a is operated from shaft 8a of tur
the auxiliary fuel valve 68 is closed. When the bine 6a and through the medium of linkage 52d
load on the System drops to a value such that the operates to open the auxiliary fuel valve 68 upon
exhaust temperature rises to a value requiring decrease in the speed of the compressor turbine
65 regulation in addition to that afforded by the to a predetermined value. Obviously, the specific 65
main fuel control valve, the auxiliary fuel valve type of turbine employed may be altered. The
is opened, and additional fuel is supplied to the operation of the apparatus shown in this figure
motive fluid flowing to the compressor turbine. will clearly be similar to that described in con
This increase in the energy flowing to the con junction with Fig. 2d, the arrangement shown in
70 pressor turbine causes the compressor to operate the present figure being merely illustrative of the 70
at a higher speed than would be obtained without fact that the source and character of the sec
the additional fuel control, and the higher com Ondary impulse governing the regulation of the
pressor speed results in the production of motive auxiliary fuel valve may be altered within the
fluid at higher pressure than would otherwise be Scope of the invention.
75 the case for a given value of partial load. The In the arrangement shown in Fig. 2.f, a further 75
 2,095,991
means for effecting the audliary Control is ill conduit 24 between the outlet of the compressor
lustrated. In this embodiment, the compressed 20 and the regenerator 8. In other respects
air conduit 24 is connected to the branch inlet the construction is like that shown in Fig. 2g,
conduit 2a delivering motive fluid to the power
turbine by means of a by-pass conduit 72 pro and the injected water serves to reduce the inlet
temperature of the motive fluid upon rise of the
vided with a control valve 4 for admitting addi exhaust temperature in the manner previously
tional air to the branch conduit 2a when the described.
load on the system drops below a predetermined From the foregoing description of the several
value. In the arrangement shown diagrammat modifications of the auxiliary governor, it will
O ically in the figure, the valve member 4a is con be readily apparent that with a given turbine
nected by means of suitable linkage to a piston System the specific character of the impulse in O
operating in cylinder 8. Piston is acted response to which auxiliary regulation takes place
on by spring 80 tending to open the valve and may
pressure from by-pass conduit 72, which is indic mentsvary widely. As illustrated by the embodi
shown, the impulse may be temperature,
s ative of the pressure of the compressed air as pressure Or Speed responsive in its nature. It will
delivered from the compressor, acts through pipe further be evident that the manner in which 5
2 on piston : in opposition to spring 80 to the regulation effects the desired result may vary
close the valve. The area of piston 76 is related Widely. It may alter the relative amounts of
to the strength of spring 80 so that when the
20 pressure in pipe 82 is that corresponding to a available energy delivered to the different tur
bines by changing the amount or the character of
load on the system which does not require auxil
iary regulation, the valve 4 is closed. Upon de the motive fluid admitted to one of the turbines, 20
crease in the load on the system to a value result and it may effect the change in the relative
ing in reduction in the pressure of the air de
amounts supplied to the turbines by decreasing
25 livered from the compressor to a value making the Supply to One turbine or by increasing the
auxiliary regulation desirable, spring 80 acts to Supply to another. Auxiliary regulation may also 25
Open valve 74, and to by-pass some of the com be effected to control the exhaust temperature
pressed air from the compressor directly to the by changing the characteristics of the motive
fluid supplied to a plurality of the turbines with
inlet conduit leading to the power turbine. This out changing the relative characteristics of the
30 results in a reduction in the temperature of the
motive fluid as supplied to different turbines. 30
motive fluid delivered to the power turbine, and From a consideration of the various arrange
also reduces the quantity of air supplied to the ments for auxiliary regulation which have just
combustion chamber 26. Consequently, the tem been described, it will further be evident that
perature of the motive fluid leaving the combus numerous other specific combinations may be
35 tion chamber and supplied to the branch conduit employed with equal facility without departing
2b is increased. The reduction in the tem from the invention and that different ones of the
perature of the motive fluid delivered to the power specific kinds of actuating impulses may be em
turbine from conduit 320 and the increase of the ployed with various specific kinds of auxiliary
temperature of the fluid delivered through con regulation.
40 duit 32b provide variation in the relative amounts While for the sake of simplicity in illustrating
of usable energy in the motive fluid supplied to various means for carrying the invention into 40
the two turbines, so that for a given total amount effect, it has been shown in all of the preceding
of energy supplied to the combustion chamber by modifications as applied to a simple low pres
the fuel admitted thereto, the compressor tur sure System comprising two turbines in parallel,
45 bine gets the greater amount and the compres the invention is not limited in its use to systems
SOr is speeded up to effect an increase in the of this character but is equally applicable to sys
pressure of the motive fluid as compared with tems of more complex nature adapted to operate
the pressure that would be obtained without the at higher pressures and using a larger number
auxiliary regulation. of turbines arranged in different manners with
50 In the arrangement shown in Fig. 2g, the ex respect to flow of motive fluid.
haust temperature is controlled without chang 50
ing the relative amounts of energy input to the In Fig. 3 there is illustrated a system having
different turbines by the auxiliary or secondary three turbines arranged in series parallel with
governing means. This is accomplished by in respect to flow of motive fluid, these turbines con
sisting of the low pressure power turbine O driv
jecting water into the primary combustion cham ing the generator 4, a low pressure compressor
ber to effect a reduction in the temperature of 55
turbine f6 driving a low pressure compressor 20,
the motive fluid as admitted to the turbines under and a high pressure turbine 90 driving a high
conditions requiring auxiliary regulation. Water pressure compressor 92. The two compressor
is supplied to the combustion chamber 26 through Sections are connected in series by means of con
the supply pipe 84 under the control of valve 86. duit 94, which may advantageously have located 60
Valve 86 is controlled by means of thermostat 44 therein a water injection chamber 96, to which
placed in the turbine exhaust branch conduit water is injected through the supply pipe 98
34b, and the thermostat bellows 46, the arrange under the control of a suitably regulated valve
65
ment being such that upon rise in exhaust tem 00. A regenerator 36 is advantageously located
perature valve 86 is opened. The resultant in in the high pressure compressed air conduit 24
65
jection of water causes the inlet temperature of connecting the compressor discharge with the
the motive fluid to be lowered due to the heat primary combustion chamber 26, and the exhaust
required to vaporize the injected water, and con gases from turbines O and 6 are conducted to
sequently the exhaust temperature is also re the regenerator through the exhaust conduit 34.
70 duced. Fuel is Supplied to the primary combustion cham
The arrangement shown in Fig. 2h illustrates ber through supply pipe 28 under the control 70
the same general type of auxiliary regulation as of the main fuel control valve 30, which by means
that shown in Fig.2g, but in the present arrange of a linkage 40 is connected to the primary or
ment the water injection is effected in an injec main governor 38 driven from shaft 2 of tur
75 tion chamber 88 located in the compressed air bine O, 75
 6 2,095,991
From the combustion chamber 26 the motive erator 36. The main fuel governing control is
fluid is conducted through conduit 102 to the similar to that previously described, the main fuel
inlet of the high pressure turbine 90, which ex valve 30 being under the control of governor 38
hausts through conduit 04 to the Secondary or driven from the shaft of the useful power turbine.
reheating combustion chamber 06, to which fuel The electrical form of auxiliary control, similar
is supplied from pipe 08 under the control of to that shown in Fig. 3, has been shown by Way
valve (), which may advantageously be con of illustration, but it will be understood that
trolled also from the main governor 38, as by other kinds of control impulses indicative of load
means of the link 2. From the reheating Com on the system, may be employed. Walves 8
0 bustion chamber the motive fluid is conducted 22 and 26 are interconnected as Shown in the 10
through the low pressure inlet conduit 32 and figure so that as the load on the system drops to
branches 32a and 32b to the turbines O and f6 a predetermined value, valve 8 moves toward
respectively. The secondary or auxiliary regul closed position and valves 22 and 26 open.
lation in this embodiment is effected by means In the operation of this system at full load or
5 of throttle valve 42 located in the inlet branch high partial load, the motive fluid formed in the 15
32a, and in order to further illustrate the variety
combustion chamber 26 is expanded serially first
of impulses that may be employed to actuate the through the useful power turbine and then
secondary regulating means, there has been through the compressor turbine. As the load
shown in this instance a regulation effected by drops the heat drop in the low pressure turbine
20 an electrical impulse indicative of the load on decreases at a more rapid rate than the decrease 20
the system. To this end, a solenoid 4 has in the load on the system, and when the load
been shown connected to the output leads from has reached a sufficiently low value a condition
the generator 4 and arranged so that when the arises, as heretofore explained, which causes the
system is operating at full load or relatively high
exhaust temperature of the low pressure turbine
25 loads, the strength of the current causes the to rise to an undesirable degree, and further re 25
solenoid to hold valve 42 open against the action sults in insufficient power being developed by the
of spring 6, and when the load falls below a low pressure turbine. When this condition arises
predetermined value the Spring causes the valve the closing of valve 8 under the influence of
to throttle the flow of motive fluid to the turbine the auxiliary governor and the opening of valves
30 O. Obviously any other equivalent electrical 22 and 26 alters the distribution of the mo 30
impulse means may be used, or any one of the tive fluid. The low pressure turbine, after the
various impulses shown in conjunction with shifting of the valves, receives motive fluid at
Fig. 2 and its related figures may be used i higher pressure than that at which it received
lieu of the electrical impulse. it prior to the shifting of the valves because the
35 By comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 3 it will immedi Source of motive fluid admitted to the first Stage
ately be apparent that with respect to the Sec of the low pressure turbine is now the conduit
ondary regulation the action of the two Systems f02 leading directly from the combustion cham
is the same, since the system shown in Fig. 3 ber rather than the exhaust conduit 32 from the
is essentially the same as that shown in Fig. 2, high pressure turbine. The opening of the valve
40 with the addition of a high preSSure turbine con 22 permits the motive fluid exhausted from the 40
nected in series ahead of the two low pressure high pressure turbine, which previously was ad
turbines and with the high pressure turbine mitted to the first stage of the low pressure tur
driving a high pressure compressor connected in bine, to be admitted to a subsequent stage of the
series with the compressor driven by one of the low pressure turbine. Due to the fact that the
45 low pressure turbines. It will further be evident first stage of the low pressure turbine is now
that the general mode of operation of the system operating at higher initial pressure, the interme
in response to variations in load on the System diate stage of the low pressure turbine to which
will be as described in connection with Fig. 2. the exhaust from the high pressure turbine is now
In Fig. 4, the invention is shown applied to a admitted may operate at approximately the same
50 system in which only two turbines are employed, pressure at that which existed in the first stage 50
but with the turbines connected in Series rather of the low pressure turbine just prior to the shift
than in parallel. In this system, the low pressure ing of the valves. Obviously, by increasing the
air compressor 20 is driven by the low pressure pressure at which motive fluid is admitted to
compressor turbine 6, which exhausts through the low pressure turbine, a higher heat drop will
55 conduit 34 to regenerator 36 located in the com Occur in this turbine and more power will be de 55
pressed air conduit 24 connecting the compressor. veloped by it. Also, due to the by-passing of a
20 with the Combustion chamber 26. part of the high pressure fluid around the high
The generator 4 is driven by the high pressure pressure turbine, the amount of fluid flowing
power output turbine 90, which receives motive through this turbine Will be decreased.
fluid from the combustion chamber 26 through In considering the action of this particular 60
the conduit 02, and which exhausts motive fluid control, it may be said that the auxiliary or sec
to the low pressure inlet conduit 32 leading to ondary governing means tends to shift the con
the low pressure compressor turbine 6, when the nection of the turbines from a condition where
auxiliary or Secondary governing means is not straight Series flow occurs to a condition where
65 in action. A valve f8 is located in the inlet the turbines are connected partly in series and 65
conduit 32 and a branch conduit 20 connects partly in parallel.
conduit 32 on the inlet side of valve 8 with In Fig. 4a, two turbines connected in Series are
an intermediate pressure stage of turbine 6. A shown, the general arrangement being similar to
valve 22 is located in conduit 20. A by-pass that described in conjunction with Fig. 4. In this
70 conduit 24 connects the high pressure inlet con
embodiment, however, the auxiliary or secondary 70
duit fo2 with the low pressure inlet conduit 32 regulation is not effected by altering the distribu
On the outlet side of valve 8, and a valve f26 tion of the motive fluid with respect to the two
is located in conduit 24. The low pressure tur turbines, but by altering the character of the
75
bine discharges through the exhaust conduit 34, fluid. The general cycle of operation of this sys
which advantageously is connected to the regen tem. With the main fuel control regulation, will 75
 2,095,991 7
be obvious from the description of the preceding
figures. As the load on the system drops from crease
pressure
in the exhaust temperature of the low
turbine and a disproportionately large
the normal full load value, the pressure of the decrease in the available heat drop for this tur
motive fluid admitted to the high pressure turbine bine. Consequently,
decreases, and the pressure and temperature this condition, valvesinf 18,order to compensate for
40 and 44 are con- 5
of the motive fluid exhausted from this turbine nected to the thermostat actuating means so that
to the low pressure inlet conduit 2 are also de as the temperature of the exhaust from the high
creased, since with the turbines connected in se pressure turbine 90 falls with decrease in load on
ries the back pressure against which the high the system, valve 8 is moved toward its closed
0 pressure turbine exhausts will decrease with de position, and valves 40 and 44 are opened so as 10
crease in load. On the other hand, the exhaust to admit motive fluid at intermediate pressure to
temperature of the low pressure turbine will in the inlet of the low pressure turbine 6 and per
crease with decrease in load, for reasons which nit notive fluid to be exhausted from the inter
have already been explained. In Order to pre mediate pressure turbine to the exhaust conduit
5 vent undue rise of the exhaust temperature of
the low pressure turbine, the initial temperature 4. It will be evident that the secondary control 5
of the motive fluid is decreased by means of Wa in this instance is very similar to the secondary
ter injection controlled by the secondary or aux control employed in the system shown in Fig. 4,
iliary governor. In the embodiment shown, this substantially the only differences being that in
20 is effected by means of thermostat 44 located in the present instance the intermediate pressure
the low pressure inlet conduit 32, and operating turbine exhausts to final exhaust pressure rather 20
bellows 46, which in turn opens the water injec than to an intermediate stage of turbine B when
tion valve 86. Thus, when a load value is reached
the secondary regulation takes place, and that
which requires secondary regulation, the charac the temperature responsive impulse of the type
25 ter of the motive fluid is altered by decreasing its shown in Fig. 4a, is employed, rather than the
temperature as delivered to the high pressure
electrical impulse shown in Fig. 4. 25
turbine while increasing the volume of motive
The system illustrated in Fig. 5 is further in
fluid produced by a given amount of fuel. The
dicative of the wide variety of specific arrange
increase in the volume produced by a given ments that may be employed to effect the purpose
30 of the present invention.
amount of fuel is due to the Stean generated by In the system shown in Fig. 5a, the turbine 30
the injection of water. With lower initial tem and compressor arrangement is sinnilar to that
peratures, the exhaust temperature will obvious shown in Fig. 5, there being three turbines ar
ly be reduced. ranged in series with the intermediate pressure
Fig. 5 illustrates one Way of applying the in turbine, constituting the useful power turbine,
vention to a high pressure System comprising driving the generator, and the high and low
three turbines arranged in series consisting of a pressure turbines respectively operating the high
useful power turbine and two compressor tur and low pressure compressors in this system.
bines. In this System, the low pressure air corn Primary regulation of the total output is effected
pressor 20 is driven by a low pressure turbine in the manner hereinbefore described by means
40 6, exhausting to conduit 4, which advantage of the main governor 38, operated from the inter
ously leads to the regenerator 6. The generator mediate pressure turbine and controlling the
4 is driven by an intermediate pressure turbine main fuel valve 30. The secondary regulation is
28, from which the main governing control is effected by by-passing compressed air of inter
taken by means of governor 38 operating the main mediate pressure from the conduit 94 to the con
fuel valve 30. The high pressure turbine 90 drives duit 36 conducting the exhaust from turbine 90
a high pressure compressor 92, the inlet of which 45
is connected to the low pressure compressor 94, to the inlet of the intermediate pressure turbine
in which there may advantageously be located a
28. The by-passing is effected by means of con
duit 48, in which is located the control valve
water injection chamber 96 similar to that shown 50. In this embodiment the electrical load re
in Fig. 3. Additional water may advantageously Sponsive means comprising the solenoid ( 4 is
be injected after final compression in the Water 50
employed. Other kinds of control impulses may
injection chamber 30, Supplied with Water from obviously be used. As shown in the figure, the
a pipe 32 under the control of a suitably regul Solenoid means is so arranged that upon decrease
lated valve 34. Motive fluid exhausted from the in load on the system to a predetermined value,
55 high pressure turbine is conducted to the inter valve 50 is opened to by-pass air at intermedi
mediate pressure turbine through conduit , and ate pressure to the partially expanded motive 55
the intermediate pressure turbine exhausts mo fluid which is to be further expanded in turbines
tive fluid under normal full load operating con 28 and 6, thus increasing the volume and de
ditions to the low pressure turbine through the creasing the temperature of the motive fluid sup
80 conduit 2.
The auxiliary or secondary governing arrange plied to these turbines. The system shown in
ment comprises a valve 8 located in conduit 2, this figure is similar in many respects to the
a by-pass conduit 38 connecting conduit 2 on System shown in Fig. 2.f, wherein, in a low pres
the inlet side of valve 8 with the exhaust con Sure system compressed air is by-passed in order
65 duit 34, a valve 40 in conduit 38, a by-pass con to alter the character of the motive fluid sup
duit 42 connecting the intermediate pressure plied to different turbines in the system. 65
conduit 36 with the low pressure inlet conduit In the system illustrated in Fig. 5a, it will be
2 on the outlet side of valve 8, a valve 44 in understood that the design of the low pressure
conduit 42, a thermostat 44 located in the con Compressor 2 must be made such that it delivers
70 duit 36, a bellows 46 actuated by thermostat 4, air at part load at a pressure at least as high
and Suitable linkage indicated generally at 46 as the exhaust pressure from the high pressure 70
whereby thermostat element 44 controls said turbine 90 at such partial load. It will further
Valves. be evident that the by-passed air does not neces
As in the previously described embodiments, a Sarily have to be taken from this particular pres
75 decrease in load on the system results in an in Sure stage.
75
 S 2,095,991
In Fig. 6 is shown an application of the inven bine 6a of the double rotation type Operating
tion to a system comprising turbines in Series, compressor sections 20a and 20tb. The useful
in which a low pressure useful power turbine fo power turbine 90a, illustrated in this embodiment,
drives the generator 4, and in which the air is also of the double rotation radial flow type
compressor 20 is driven by a high pressure tur driving generator parts 4a and 4b, from which
bine 90. As in the embodiment previously de the useful power is taken. The compressor sec
scribed, the main fuel control valve 30 is gov tion 20b delivers intermediate pressure air
erned by the main governor 38 driven from the through conduit 94 to a high pressure compressor
useful power turbine. The low pressure inlet 92, which in this instance is driven from one of
O conduit 32 is in this instance Connected to the the shafts of turbine 90a, and the finally com O
pressed air is delivered through the high pres
turbine O by means of a number of branches 32c,
32d, 32e and 32f, controlled respectively by sure conduit 24 to the combustion chamber 26,
valves 52c, 52d., f 52e and 52f. These branches from which it flows through conduits O2 to tur
provide for partial admission of motive fluid to bine 90a. Motive fluid exhausted from turbine
15 the turbine 0 and the number thereof may be 90a, passes to a reheating combustion chamber 106 5
varied, four having been shown merely by way and from the latter through the inlet conduits
of illustration. 32 to the low pressure turbine 6a.
A thermostat 44, operating the bellows 46, As in previously described embodiments, the
actuates the several valves so as to close then main governor 38 is driven from the useful power
20 in sequence. . In order to illustrate the arrange turbine and controls the main fuel valve to which 20
ment a cam bar 56 has been shown movable fuel is Supplied through fuel pipe 28 under pres
under the influence of the bellows 46, and as Sure from the pump 58 operated from one of the
clearly appears from the drawings, contraction of useful power turbine shafts and receiving fuel
the bellows in response to decrease in tempera from the reservoir 60. A spring loaded by-pass
25 ture of the thermostat element 44 will cause the valve 62 is advantageously employed to main 25
valves to close progressively under the influence tain a constant pressure on the inlet side of the
of the respective valve springs. When the Sys valve 30. On the discharge side of valve 30 the
tem is operating at normal full load, all of the fuel Supply line is provided with two branches
admission valves are maintained open by the
30 thermostat controlled means, which under this
28a and 28b, the former supplying fuel to the
primary combustion chamber 26 and the latter 30
condition is subject to a temperature indicated Supplying fuel to the reheating combustion cham
at its in the diagram of Fig. 7. As the load. On ber 6. In the fuel supply line 28b a secondary
the system decreases the exhaust temperature fuel control valve 30a is located, which waive is
from the turbine 90 decreases about as indicated under the control of the thermostat 44 located
35 by the curve ts-ta and a condition is eventually in the exhaust conduit 34, and the thermostat 35
arrived at at which the heat drop available for actuated bellows 46. In this system, when op
the low pressure turbine is insufficient. The de erating at full load and high partial loads, the
creasing temperature to which the thermostat main governor effects flow of fuel to the primary
element is subjected causes the latter to actuate and reheating combustion chambers, valve 30a
40 the regulating means so that one or more of the being opened to a suitably adjusted amount so 40
partial admission valves are closed. Closure of as to effect the proper distribution of fuel to the
one or more of these valves restricts the conduit two chambers. Ordinarily, under full load op
through which fluid can be exhausted from the erating conditions, the partially expanded motive
high pressure turbine, and results in building up fluid from the turbine 90a, is reheated by the
45 a higher back pressure against this turbine than addition of sufficient fuel to bring the inlet tem 45
would otherwise be the case. The increase of the perature of the Emotive fluid as admitted to the
back pressure on the high pressure turbine de low pressure turbine to a value approximating
creases the pressure range through which the mo the initial temperature of the motive fluid. As
tive fluid can expand in this turbine. Conse previously explained, a decrease in the load on
50 quently, the heat drop through the turbine is the system to a relatively low value causes such 50
decreased and the exhaust temperature increases. disproportionate decrease in the amount of heat
At the same time, the amount of pressure drop available for the low pressure turbine that an
and heat drop through the low pressure turbine increase in the energy available to this turbine
is increased due to the increase of the admission is desirable, and in the embodiment shown, when
55 pressure to this turbine. The increase in the back the load decreases to such a value as to require 55
pressure of the high pressure turbine, resulting in Secondary regulation, the rise in exhaust tem
Smaller heat drop through this turbine, decreases perature from the low pressure turbine actuates
the volume and pressure of the compressed air valve 30a to admit more fuel to the reheating
and effects a consequent rise in temperature of the combustion chamber, and distribution of fuel
60 motive fluid for a given amount of fuel admission. is thus altered as between the two combustion
These factors cooperate to produce a stabilized chambers so that relatively more energy is de
Condition of operation at low partial load-wherein . livered to the compressor turbine. This in turn
the exhaust from the high pressure turbine is causes the compressor work to increase and sta
throttled to an extent such that the low pressure bilized operation is secured at low part loads with
65 turbine receives motive fluid at a pressure and the low pressure turbine being supplied with mo 65
temperature providing sufficient heat drop tive fluid providing for a greater available heat
through this turbine to carry the partial load drop in the low pressure turbine than would be
with the amount of motive fluid produced by the the case without the secondary regulation.
operation of the compressor at such load. It will be evident to those skilled in the art
70 The secondary regulation may also be effected that the various kinds of actuating impulses de 70
by modifying the effect of the regulation produced scribed in connection with the preceding embodi
by the main regulating means. In order to ill ments may be employed for operating the aux
lustrate this particular kind of regulation, a iliary fuel waive to effect the desired alteration
System is shown in Fig. 8, in which two turbines in the distribution of fuel. Compound control
75 are arranged in series with the compressor tur may be employed so that the control is respon 5
 2,095,991 9
sive to more than one character of impulse. To in mode of operation as may fall within the scope
illustrate this, Fig. 9 shows a simple low pressure of the appended claims when they are construed
system of the type shown in Fig. 2, wherein the as broadly as is consistent with the state of the
low pressure useful power turbine to drives the prior art.
5 generator 4, and the low pressure compressor What I claim is:
turbine 6 operates compressor 20, the two tur 1. A gas turbine system of the continuous com
bines being connected in parallel by means of the
bustion type including a useful power turbine,
inlet conduit branches 32a and 32b. Air from a compressor turbine independent of the useful
the compressor 20 is conducted to the primary power turbine with respect to speed of operation,
O combustion chamber 26 through conduit 24, and said turbines being arranged so that at least one 10
fuel is supplied under control of the main fuel of them exhausts against Substantially constant
valve 30, which is regulated by governor 38 on the back pressure, a compressor driven by said com
shaft of the useful power turbine O. The main pressor turbine for compressing air to be used
regulation is similar to that previously described as a constituent of motive fluid for driving said
5 in conjunction with Fig. 2. In the present em
bodiment, secondary regulation is effected by turbines, a main fuel supply for supplying fuel to 5
control of fuel Supplied through valve 68 to a be burned with said air to form said motive fluid,
main governing means operative upon change in
secondary combustion chamber 64, located in the external load on the System to vary said main
20
branch conduit 32b. The arrangement thus far fuel supply and Secondary governing means for
described is similar to that shown in Fig. 2d, but limiting the temperature of the motive fluid ex 20
in the present instance secondary control is made hausted from the constant back pressure turbine.
responsive to both temperature and pressure. To 2. A gas turbine system of the continuous
this end, thermostat 44 is located in the exhaust combustion type including a useful power tur
25
conduit 34b of the compressor turbine, and ther bine, a compressor turbine independent of the
mostat bellows 46 is connected by means of link useful power turbine with respect to speed of op 25
age indicated at 62 to the valve actuating rod eration, said turbines being arranged so that at
68a. Further, a pressure cylinder 64 is provided least one of them exhausts against Substantially
having therein a piston 66 acted on by a spring constant back pressure, a compressor driven by
30
68. The end of the cylinder opposite that con Said compressor turbine for compressing air to
taining the spring is connected by means of pipe be used as a constituent of motive fluid for driv 30
TO with the inlet conduit 32b leading to the ing said turbines, a main fuel Supply for supply
compressor turbine, and the opposite end of the ing fuel to be burned with said air to form said
cylinder is connected to the exhaust conduit by motive fluid, main governing means operative
means of pipe T2. Piston 66 is connected to upon change in external load on the system to
the valve actuating rod 68a by means of a link vary said main fuel Supply and secondary gov 35
74 to which the link f62 is also connected, the erning means operable independently of the
arrangement being such that upon movement of main governing means and responsive to a gov
piston 66 under the influence of increased pres erning impulse indicative of substantially re
sure in branch conduit 32b, and with a constant duced load on the system for limiting the tem
40 exhaust temperature, the fuel valve 68 will be perature of the motive fluid exhausted to said 40
regulated to decrease the fuel supply to cham substantially constant back pressure.
ber 64. 3. A gas turbine system of the continuous
In the operation of this system, assuming the combustion type including a useful power tur
load to have dropped to a degree requiring Sec bine, a compressor turbine independent of the
ondary regulation, a rise in exhaust temperature, useful power turbine with respect to speed of op
for a given pressure in the conduit branch 32b, eration, Said turbines being arranged so that at
will cause fuel valve 68 to supply additional fuel least one of them exhausts against substantially
to the compressor turbine and increase the en constant back pressure, a compressor driven by
ergy available to this turbine so as to increase said compressor turbine for compressing air to
50 the rate of air compression and the air pres be used as a constituent of motive fluid for driv 50
sure. The pressure responsive piston 66 acts as ing said turbines, a main fuel supply for supply
a compensating control of the motive fluid be ing fuel to be burned with said air to form said
ing supplied to the compressor turbine. By motive fluid, main governing means operative
means of a compound control of the character upon change in external load on the system to
55 illustrated, it is possible to reduce to a minimum.vary said main fuel Supply and secondary govern
any tendency of the secondary governing system ing means operable independently of the main
to "hunt', and to rapidly obtain a stabilized con governing means for altering the amounts of
dition of partial load operation. power developed by said turbines relative to each
The numerous different embodiments of ap other upon substantial decrease in the external
60 paratus hereinbefore described will make it evi load on the System. 60
dent to those skilled in the art that the principles 4. A gas turbine system of the continuous com
of the invention are applicable to a very wide bustion type including a useful power turbine, a
variety of plant arrangements comprising gas compressor turbine independent of the useful
turbine systems of the character under discus power turbine with respect to speed of operation,
65 sion, and that the control of systems compris said turbines being arranged so that at least one
ing different turbine arrangements may be ef of them exhausts against Substantially constant
fected in a wide variety of ways through the em back pressure, a compressor driven by said com
ployment of widely differing specific kinds of pressor turbine for compressing air to be used as
control apparatus responsive to different char a constituent of motive fluid for driving said
70 acters of impulses indicative of load on the sys turbines, a main fuel supply for supplying fuel
tem. It is accordingly to be understood that the to be burned with said air to form said motive 70
invention is not restricted in its scope to systems fluid, main governing means operative upon
of the specific kinds hereinbefore described as change in external load on the system to vary said
illustrative embodiments, but is to be understood main fuel supply and Secondary governing means
75 as including all such variations in apparatus and operable upon Substantial decrease in the ex 5
 1O 2,095,991
ternal load on the system to increase the amount compressor turbine, main governing means for
of usable energy supplied to the turbine exhaust regulating said main fuel Supply in accordance
ing against said substantially constant back with variations in the external load on the system
preSSure. . and Secondary governing means responsive to in
5. A gas turbine system of the continuous con crease in the temperature of exhaust gas from the
bustion type including a useful power turbine, a Compressor turbine to increase the secondary fuel
low pressure compressor turbine independent of Supply.
the useful power turbine with respect to Speed of 9. A gas turbine system of the continuous com
operation, a compressor driven by Said compres bustion type including a useful power turbine,
10 sor turbine for compressing air to be utilized as a a compressor turbine independent of the useful O
constituent of motive fluid for driving said tur power turbine with respect to speed of opera
bines, a main fuel supply for supplying fuel to be tion, said turbines being arranged in series with
burned with said air to form motive fluid, a Sec the compressor turbine operated by motive fluid
ondary fuel supply for increasing the tempera exhausted from the useful power turbine and ex
15 ture of the motive fluid supplied to Said compres hausting against substantially constant back pres 5
sor turbine, main governing means for controlling Sure, a compressor driven by Said compressor tur
said main fuel supply in response to variations in bine for compressing air to be utilized as a constit
the external load on said System and Secondary uent of said motive fluid, a main fuel Supply for
governing means responsive to variations in the Supplying fuel to be burned with said air to form
20 temperature of the exhaust from Said compressor said motive fluid, a secondary fuel Supply for 20
turbine for controlling said secondary fuel Supply. Supplying fuel to reheat the motive fluid ex
6. A gas turbine system of the continuous Com hausted from Said useful power turbine before it
bustion type including a useful power turbine, a is admitted to said compressor turbine, main gov
low pressure compressor turbine independent of . erning means for controlling said main fuel Sup
25 the useful power turbine with respect to speed ply in accordance with variations in the exter 25
of operation, a compressor driven by Said con nal load. On the System and secondary governing
pressor turbine for compressing air to be utilized means responsive upon increase in the tempera
as a constituent of motive fluidi for driving said ture of the gas exhausted from said compressor
turbine, a main fuel supply for supplying fuel to turbine to increase said secondary fuel supply.
30 be burned with said air to form motive fluid, a 10. A gas turbine system of the continuous 30
secondary fuel supply for increasing the tem COmbustion type including a useful power tur
perature of the motive fluid supplied to said com bine, a compressor turbine independent of the
pressor turbine, main governing means for con useful power turbine with respect to speed of op
trolling said main fuel Supply in response to va eration, said turbines being connected in parallel
35 riations in the external load on Said Syster and and exhausting against substantially constant 35
secondary governing means responsive to varia back pressure, a compressor driven by the com
tions in the temperature of the exhaust gas from pressor turbine for compressing air to be utilized
said compressor turbine and responsive to varia as a constituent of motive fluid for driving said
tions in the pressure of motive fluid Supplied to turbines, a main fuel supply for supplying fuel
40 said compressor turbine for Controlling Said sec to be burned with said air to form said motive 40
ondary fuel Supply. fluid, main governing means for controlling said
7. A gas turbine System of the continuous con main fuel Supply in accordance with variations in
bustion type including a useful power turbine, a external load on the system, means for throttling
compressor turbine independent of the useful flow of motive fluid to said useful power turbine
45 power turbine with respect to Speed of operation, and Secondary governing means responsive to 45
said turbines being connected in parallel and ex increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas
hausting against Substantially constant back from the system for actuating Said throttling
pressure, a compressor driven by said compressor means. .
turbine for compressing air to be utilized as a 11. In the Operation of a gas turbine System
50 constituent of motive fluid for driving said tur of the continuous combustion type having a use 50
bines, a main fuel Supply for Supplying fuel to be ful power turbine, a compressor turbine inde
burned with said air to form said motive fluid, pendent of the useful power turbine with respect
main governing means for controlling the main to speed of operation and exhausting against
fuel supply in accordance with variations in the Substantially constant back pressure and driv
55 external load on the system and secondary gov ing a compressor for compressing air to be used 55
erning means responsive to a regulating impulse as a constituent of motive fluid for driving said
indicative of substantially reduced external load turbines, a main fuel Supply for producing motive
on the system for increasing the amount of fluid from said air and a secondary fuel supply
energy in the motive fluid available for expansion for Supplying additional fuel to motive fluid flow
60 in the compressor turbine relative to the amount ing only to said Compressor turbine, that im 60
of energy available for expansion in the useful provement which consists in decreasing the
power turbine. amount of fuel supplied by said main fuel Sup
8. A gas turbine System of the continuous ply as the load on the system decreases from
combustion type including a useful power tur normal full load and independently increasing
65 bine, a compressor turbine independent of the the amount of fuel Supplied by Said secondary 65
useful power turbine with respect to speed of fuel supply when the load on the System de
operation, said turbines being connected in par creases from normal full load to a predetermined
allel and exhausting against Substantially con value of part load.
stant back pressure, a Compressor driven by said -12. A gas turbine system of the continuous
O compressor turbine for compressing air to be combustion type including a useful power tur O
utilized as a constituent of motive fluid for driv bine, a compressor turbine independent of the
ing said turbines, a main fuel supply for Supply useful power turbine with respect to speed of
ing fuel to be burned with said air to form said operation, said turbines being connected in par
motive fuid, a Secondary fuel Supply for Sup allel and exhausting against Substantially con
75 plying additional fuel to the motive fluid for said stant back pressure, a compressor driven by the 5
 2,095,991 11
Compressor turbine for compressing air to be ative to the pressure drop through said useful
utilized as a constituent of motive fluid for driv
ing said turbines, a main fuel supply for sup power turbine as compared with the relative
pressure drops through the turbines at normal
plying fuel to be burned with said air to form full load on the system.
Said motive fluid, main governing means for 14. A gas turbine system of the continuous 5
controlling said main fuel supply in accordance
with variations and external load on the sys acombustion type including a useful power turbine,
tem, means for throttling flow of motive fluid power turbine turbine
compressor independent of the useful
to said useful power turbine and secondary gov and arranged to exhaust to
with respect speed of operation
against Substantially
O erning means responsive to a regulating impulse constant back pressure, a low pressure compres
indicative of substantially reduced external load 10
On the System for actuating said throttling means, sor driven by said compressor turbine for com
pressing air to be used as a constituent of mo
13. A gas turbine system of the continuous tive fluid for driving said turbines, a main fuel
combustion type including a useful power tur supply for supplying fuel to be burned with said
5 bine, a compressor turbine independent of the
useful power turbine with respect to speed of means form
air to said motive fluid, main governing
operative upon change in external load
operation and arranged to exhaust against Sub on the system to vary said main fuel Supply, a
stantially constant back pressure, a low pressure secondary fuel supply for supplying fuel to be
compressor driven by Said compressor turbine for burned with air Supplied to Said compressor
20 compressing air to be used as a constituent of turbine and secondary governing means op
motive fluid for driving said turbines, a main fuel erable independently of the main governing 20
supply for supplying fuel to be burned with said means upon substantial decrease in the external
air to form said motive fluid, main governing load on the system to increase the amount of
means operative upon change in external load on
25 the system to vary said main fuel supply and fuel supplied by said secondary fuel Supply rela
tive to the amount of fuel supplied by said main
secondary governing means operable independ fuel supply as compared with the relative 25
ently of the main governing means upon Sub
stantial decrease in the external load On the sys amounts
supplies
furnished by said main and secondary
when the system is operating at normal
ten for increasing the pressure drop of the no full load.
30 tive fluid through said compressor turbine rel ALF YSHOM, 30