KEC plant pressure vessel training manual 1 of 5 권1 PDF

KOREA ENGINEERING CONSULTING, INC PRESSURE VESSEL BASIC CONCEPT
PROGRAM : NISA(NISA SOFTWARE, INC. USA) DESIGN & FE ANALYSIS

VERSION : 15.0 ( Windows 2000 / XP ) PAGE NO. : 1-1
Pressure Vessel Basic Concept

Training Manual(1권)
(Strength/FEA Calculation)
Korea Engineering Consulting, Inc.

Tel) 02-3486-9324/9377, Fax) 02-3486-9325, hkecc@hkecc.co.kr, http://www.hkecc.co.kr
==== Contents ===
[1권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

1.Stress-Strain Curve(Experimental) ............................................................................................ 6
2. Simple Stress(σ) & Strain(ε) Calculation ................................................................................. 8
3. Thin Cylinders & Shells............................................................................................................ 9
4. Thick Cylinders & Shells ........................................................................................................ 16
5. Theories of Elastic Failure ...................................................................................................... 23
6. Torsion Theory........................................................................................................................ 24
7. Basic Lug Calculation ............................................................................................................. 26
8. Basic Skirt Calculation.................................................................................................... 28 ~ 31
8-1. Skirt Stress Calculation.................................................................................................... 31
8-2. Skirt Anchor Bolt Stress Calculation ............................................................................. 32
9. Buckling Equation & Analysis Approach ............................................................................... 32
9-1. Buckling Equation & Analysis Approach........................................................................ 35
10. Circular Flat Plate and Head with Uniform Loading ............................................................ 36
10-1 Roark’s Formulas for Stress & Strain ............................................................................. 38
10-2 ASME Code Sec.VIII, Div.2, Appendix4....................................................................... 40
10-3 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation .................................................................. 44
10-4 Doom Head(Dished/Ellipsoidal/Spherical Heads) under External Calculation.............. 46
10-5 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation(H/E Tubesheet) ........................................ 52
11. Blind Flange with Uniform Loading ..................................................................................... 56
12. Internal Components Support Ring under Packing & Pressure Drop Loading............. 58 ~ 62
12-1 Support Ring under Packing & Pressure Drop Loading ................................................. 59
12-2 Intermediate Head Weldment Calculation...................................................................... 63
12-3 Partition Plate Thickness Calculation ............................................................................. 69
12-4 Nozzle Load Application ................................................................................................ 71
12-5 Stress Indices on Nozzle per ASME, Div.2 Para AD-560.7........................................... 74
12-6 Flange Torque Calculation for Sealing Flanges.............................................................. 91
12-7 Bolt Thread Shear/Bending Stress & Nut Length Calculation ....................................... 94
12-8 Girth Flange Calculation................................................................................................. 96
12-9 Buckling(Wrinkling) of Ellipsoidal Head(Internal Pressure) ....................................... 104
12-9-1 Compressive Pressure Calculation Internal Pressure) ........................................... 104
12-9-2 Head Wrinkling Thickness Calculation(ASME Codecase 2261).......................... 110
12-9-3 Stiffening Ring Calculation under External Pressure(ASME UG29) ................... 114
12-9-4 Internal Support Beam Calculation(Pressure Drop + Static Weight) .................... 117
12-10 Linearization of Stress Results and Classification ...................................................... 121
13. ASME Allowable Stress Criteria Concept ...................................................................... 126
14. Vessel Equipment Analysis Approach ................................................................................ 127
14-1. Stress Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................... 129
14-2. Stress Evaluation Sample 1(based on ASME) ........................................................... 133
14-3. FE Stress/Fatigue Model Sample 2(2D Axisymmetric Solid) ................................... 139
14-4. Stress Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................... 143
14-5. FE Stress/Fatigue Model Sample 3(3D Shell) ............................................................. 144
14-6. Fatigue Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................. 147
14-7. Crack/Fracture Analysis Approach(ASME/PD/API) .................................................. 147
14-8. Nozzle Local Stress Analysis....................................................................................... 153
14-9. Agitator Rotating Equipment Analysis ........................................................................ 154
[[2권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

Appendix ″A″................................................................................................................................ 6
″Additional Vessel/HE Stress Calculation & Information analyzed by NISA″
App 1) 실린더에 외압을 받는 경우 최적두께 계산............................................................ 7
App 2) 고온에서 허용응력이 ASME, Sec.II, Part D에 없는 경우 ..................................... 11
App 3) Internal Support Beam의 Bending Stress & Displacement ........................................... 16
App 4) Spread Beam Calculation due to Rigging Condition ...................................................... 18
App 5) Vibration Analysis & Design of Tall Towers ................................................................. 28
1) Sample 1 : Zorrila’s Function..................................................................................... 33
2) Sample 2 : Zorrila’s Function..................................................................................... 35
3) Sample 3 : ASME STS-2006 Code ............................................................................ 38
App 6) Seismic Spectrum Analysis(UBC/ASCE/IBC Code) ..................................................... 50
App 7) Tubesheet Stress Analysis............................................................................................... 57
App 8) Conical Section Calculation under Nozzle Load ............................................................ 66
App 9) Theoretical procedures of Expansion Bellows Calculation ............................................ 68
App 10) Expansion Bellows Stress & Fatigue Calculation......................................................... 83
App 11) Seismic Responses Spectrum Analysis....................................................................... 100
App 12) Reaction Load on Multi-Saddle Supports ................................................................... 106
App 13) Stress Linerization Analysis........................................................................................ 110
App 14) Imperfection Shape on Equipments ............................................................................ 160
App 15) Spring Constants Calculation(Perforated Plate).......................................................... 172
App 16) Thickness & Deflection Calculation of Impingement................................................. 178
[3권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

Appendix ″B″ ................................................................................................................................ 6
″Additional Vessel/HE Stress Calculation & Information analyzed by NISA″
App 1) Stability Check for Girth Flange/Bolt under Erection Conditions.................................... 7
App 2) Stability Check for Girth Flange/Bolt under Erection Conditions.................................. 17
App 3) Stability Check for Tube/Header Pipe under Thermal Expansion .................................. 22
App 4) Wind Guide Design for Bending Moment due to Wind Load ........................................ 25
App 5) Knee Brace Support Buckling Stability Analysis ........................................................... 32
App 6) Saddle Bending Checking under Sea Motion Load ........................................................ 42
App 7) Tube to Tubesheet Joint Welding Checking & Fatigue .................................................. 54
App 8) High Temp Creep Damage Procedure & Calculation..................................................... 59
App 9) Bending/Buckling Checking of Spread Beam under Erection........................................ 73
App 10) Bending Checking of Circular Plate subjected to Fluid Load....................................... 81
App 11) Tubesheet Calculation(Miller’s Method) .................................................................... 85
App 12) Thickness Calculation under External Pressure ............................................................ 93
App 12-1) Cylinder Thickness Calculation under External Pressure.......................................... 96
App 12-2) Spherical Thickness Calculation under External Pressure....................................... 103
App 12-3) Cylinder Thickness with Stiffener under External Pressure .................................... 107
App 13) Heating Up Force(Air/Saturated Water) in Isolated Space......................................... 120
App 14) App 14) Main Shell Thickness Calculation(ASME Code 2006 & 2007) ................. 138
[4권Book] : FEA(Finite Element Analysis) Theoretical Course

Appendix ″C″ ................................................................................................................................ 4
″Finite Element Theoretical & Analysis by NISA″
z Theoretical Course ″A″
1. 유한요소법(Finite Element Method)의 개념 ..................................................... 1-1
2. 유한요소법의 단계별 적용 .......................................................................... 2-1
3. 요소의 형상 함수..................................................................................... 3-1
4. 요소 형상 및 특징 ................................................................................... 4-1
5. 요소의 생성기법 및 결과 분석 방법 ............................................................. 5-1
z Theoretical Course ″B″

1-1. 선형용수철 요소(Linear Spring Element) ..................................................... 1-1
1-2. 축 방향 보 요소(Axial Bar Element) .......................................................... 2-1
1-3. 굽힘 보 요소(Bending Beam Element) ....................................................... 3-1
1-4. 평면 구조 요소(Plane Frame Element) ....................................................... 4-1
1-5. 평면 격자 요소(Plane Lattice Element) ...................................................... 5-1
1-6. 평면 요소(Plane Element)....................................................................... 6-1
z Theoretical Course ″C″

[예제1] 스프링 계로 이루어진 구조의 유한요소해석 ........................................... C-1
[예제2] 트러스(Truss) 구조물의 유한요소해석 ................................................... C-2
[예제3] 빕(Beam) 구조물의 유한요소해석 ........................................................ C-3
[5권Book] : Crack Propagation & Facture Mechanics

Appendix ″D″................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Crack Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Theoretical Descriptions ..................................................................................................... 7
1) Paris Law .......................................................................................................................... 7
2) Forman Law ...................................................................................................................... 8
3) Elber Law.......................................................................................................................... 9
4) Walker Law..................................................................................................................... 10
2. Fracture Mechanics ................................................................................................................. 37
2.1 Theoretical Descriptions ................................................................................................... 37
2.2 Stress Intensity Calculation..........................................................................................80 ~ 228
1. Stress-Strain Curve(Experimental)
1) Tensile-test specimen
(a) Original and final shape of a standard tensile-test specimen.

(b) Outline of a tensile-test sequence showing stages in the elongation of the specimen.
Elastic Rage for Vessel Design

2) Types of Strain
① Engineering Strain ε = ln ( L / L0 )
② True Strain e = ( L − L0 ) / L0
Types of strain. (a) Tensile, (b) compressive, and (c) shear.

All deformation processes in manufacturing involve strains of these types. Tensile strains
are involved in stretching sheet metal to make car bodies, compressive strains in forging
metals to make turbine disks, and shear strains in making holes by punching.
Schematic illustration of loading

and unloading of a tensile-test
specimen. Note that during
unloading, the curve follows a
path parallel to the original
elastic slope.
Elastic Rage for Vessel Design

2. Simple Stress(σ) & Strain(ε) Calculation
(1) Direct Normal Stress(σ)
Stress (σ ) = P
A
P P
Compression Tension
(2) Direct Strain(ε)
Change in Length δL
Strain(ε ) = = ,,
OriginalLength L
P P
δL L
(3) Elastic Materials-Hook’s Law
Stress (σ ) ∝ Strain (ε ), , ,
stress
= cons.
strain
(4) Modulus of Elastic-Young’s Modulus(E)
stress σ P δL PL
E= = = ÷ =
strain ε A L Aδ L
PL
δ =
AE
(5) Poisson’s Ratio(ν) : engineering material → 0.25 ~ 0.33
δb δd
ε lat = − =− ,
b d
Poisson ' sRatio (ν ) =

lateral strain
=
− δd
d ,
( )
longitudin al strain δL
L
total strain
σx σy
εx =
1
−ν(σ x − νσ y )
=
E E E
σ σ
ε y = y − ν x = (σ y − νσ x )
1
E E E
L
b
P P
d
(6) Temperature Stress(σt)
ΔL = L × α × t , , , L = Length,α = linear of exp ansion, t = emperasture
New Length( L' )

L' = L + L × α × t = L(1 + αt ),
L ×α × t σ
ε= = α × t, , = t ,
L E
σ t = E ×α × t
3. Thin Cylinders & Shells
The stresses set up in the walls fo a thin cylinder owing to an internal pressure P;
Internal Pressure → P
Internal Diameter → d
Wall Thickness → t
Joint Efficiency → E
[Thin cylinder] Numerical Equation ASME, Div.1,UG27

circumferential or hoop stress pd pr pr
= σH = ,t = t=
2t σH σ H E − 0.6 p
pd pr pr
Longitudinal or axial stress = σH = ,t = t=
4t 2σ H 2σ H E + 0.4 p
1
Longitudinal strain = εL = [σ L − νσ H ]
E
1
Hoop strain = εH = [σ H − νσ L ]
E
[Thin spheres]
pd
circumferential or hoop stress = σH =
4t
pr
t=
σ H E − 0 .6 p
압력에 대한 보정
일반 역학방정식
(1) Hoop or Circumferential Stresses
σL
σH
L
t
d
σH σH
① Total force on half-cylinder owing to internal pressure = Fin

Fin = P × Projected Area = P × d × L
② Total resisting force owing to hoop stress(σH) set up in the cylinder walls=Fwa
Fwa = 2 × σH × L × t
③ Same Force Function
Fin = P × Projected Area = P × d × L = Fwa = 2 × σH × L × t
2 × σH × L × t = P × d × L
σH = pd/2t → ASME Sec.VIII, Div.1/2 Design
pr
t= ASME
σH pr
t=
σ H E − 0 .6 p
(2) Longitudinal Stresses
σL
p
d
p
σL
① Total force on end of the cylinder owing to internal pressure = Fin

Fin = P × Area = P × (πd2/4)
② Area of metal resisting this force=Fwa
Fwa = π × d × t
③ Stress on Cylinder Wass(σL)
σL = Force/Area = [P × (πd2/4)]/(πd t)
σL = pd/4t → ASME Sec.VIII, Div.1/2 Design
pr
t=
2σ L ASME
pr
t=
2σ L E + 0.4 p
(3) Thin spherical shell under internal pressure
d σH
① Total force on half-sphear owing to internal pressure = Fin

Fin = P × Projected Area = P × (πd2/4)
② Total resisting force owing to hoop stress(σH) =Fwa
Fwa = σH × π × d × t
③ Same Force Function
Fin = P × Projected Area = P × (πd2/4) = Fwa = σH × π × d × t
P × (πd2/4) = σH × π × d × t
σH = pd/4t → ASME Sec.VIII, Div.1/2 Design
pr
t=
2σ H ASME
pr
t=
2σ H E − 0.2 p
(4) Cylinder vessel with hemispherical ends
tc
p
ts p p
d
① Cylinder portion
Hoop or Circumferential = σHC = pd/2tc
Longitudinal Stress = σLC = pd/4tc
Hoop or Circumferential strain = (1/E) ×(σHC -νσLC) = (pd/4tcE)×(2-ν)
② Hemispherical ends
Hoop or Circumferential = σHS = pd/4ts
Hoop or Circumferential strain = (1/E) ×(σHS -νσHS) = (pd/4tsE)×(1-ν)
pd
[2 − ν ] = pd [1 − ν ],
4t c E 4t s E
t s (1 − ν )
= , , ,ν = 0.3
t c (2 − ν )
t s 0.7
=
t c 1 .4
i.e. the thickness of the cylinder walls must be approximately 2.4 times
that of the hemispherical ends for no distortion of the junction to occur. In
these circumstances, because of the reduced wall thickness of the ends, the
maximum stress will occur in the ends. For equal maximum stresses in the
two portions the thickness of the cylinder walls must be twice that in the ends
but some distortion at the junction will then occur.
4. Thick Cylinders & Shells
The hoop and radial stresses at any point in the wall cross-section of a thick cylinder
at the radius ″r″ are given by the Lame’ equation;
Internal Pressure → P1
External Pressure → P2
Internal Radius → R1
External Radius → R2
[Thin cylinder]
2 2
P1 R1 − P2 R2
Lame’ constant A = σL = = Lame' Cons. = A
(
R22 − R12 )
B
Hoop stress = σH = A+
r2
B
Radial stress = σH = A−
r2
σL σr σL
Longitudinal strain = −ν −ν
E E E
σH σr σH
Hoop strain=diametral strain = −ν −ν
E E E
(1) Difference in treatment between thin and thick cylinder--- basic assumptions
① Thin Cylinder
-. The hoop stress is constant across the thickness of the cylinder wall
d
σH σH
pd PR
σH = =
2t t
② Thick Cylinder
-. The variation of hoop and radial stresses are given across the thickness of
the cylinder wall as Lame’ Equations;
σH =Tensile
t
p
r Stress distribution
σr =Compressive
σr = p
σH = A+ B ,σ r = A − B
r2 r2
(2) Development of the Lame’ theory
For radial equilibrium of the elements
(σ r + dσ r )(r + dr )dθ × 1 − σ r × rdθ × 1 = 2σ H × dr × 1 × sin dθ

2
σr+dσr
dr
σr L
σH σH
σr+dσr
dr σH
σr
r
dθ
For small angles

dθ dθ
sin ≅ radian
2 2
Therefore, neglecting sec onde − order small quantities,
rdσ r = σ r dr = σ H dr
dσ r
σr +r =σH
dr
dσ
σ H −σ r = r r
dr
Assu min g , longitudinal strain ε L is cons tan t across the wall of the cylinder ,
1
εL = [σ L − νσ r − νσ H ] = 1 [σ L − ν (σ r + σ H )] = cons tan t
E E
σ r + σ H = cons tan t = 2 A
dσ r
2A − σ r −σ r = r
dr
dσ r
2σ r r + r 2 − 2 Ar = 0
dr
d
dr
( )
σ r r 2 − Ar 2 = 0, , , , , , , , σ r r 2 − Ar 2 = cons tan t = − B
Therefore
B
σr = A−
r2
B
∴σ H = A +
r2
(3) Thick cylinder-internal pressure only
The Lame' cons tan ts A & B to be det er min ed are;

at r = R1 , , , σ r = − p, , , and at r = R, , , σ r = 0,
The internal pressure is considered as a negative radial stress since it will
procedure a radial compression(i.e thinning) of the cylinder walls and the normal
stress convention takes compression as negative
B
− P = A−
R12
B PR12 PR12 R22
0 = A− , , , , , , , , , , , , , , = , , , =
R22
A
(R22 − R12 ) and B
(R22 − R12 )
B
Radial stress σ r = A −
r2
PR 2 ⎡ R 2 ⎤ PR12 ⎡ r 2 − R22 ⎤
= 2 1 2 ⎢1 − 22 ⎥ =
(R2 − R1 ) ⎣ r ⎦ (R22 − R12 ) ⎢⎣ r 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ R2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎜ r ⎟ − 1⎥
= − p⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥, , , , , k is the diameter ratio D2 = R2
⎢ k −1 ⎥ D1 R1
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ R2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥
PR 2
⎡ R ⎤
2
PR 2
⎡ r + R2 ⎤
2 2
⎝ r⎠
Hoop stress σ H = 2 1 2 ⎢1 + 22 ⎥ = 2 1 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
(R2 − R1 ) ⎣ r ⎦ (R2 − R1 ) ⎣ r ⎦ ⎢ k 2 − 1 ⎥
2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
R2
r
R1 p
(4) Longitudinal stress
For horizontal equilibrium,
(
P1 × π × R12 − P2 × π × R22 = σ L × π R22 − R12 )
P1 R12 − P2 R22
Longitudin al stress σ L =
R22 − R12
P2
σL
R2
R1
P1
σL
(5) Maximum shear stress
The stresses on an element at any point in the cylinder wall are principal stresses. The
maximum stress at any point will be given by following equations;
σ1 −σ 2
τ max =
2
i.e half the difference between the greatest and least principal stresses,
therefore, the the case of the thickcylinder, normally,
σ −σ r
τ max = H , , , , , σ H = normally tensile, , , σ r = compressive
2
1 ⎡⎛ B⎞ ⎛ B ⎞⎤ B
τ max = ⎢⎜ A + 2 ⎟ − ⎜ A − 2 ⎟⎥ = 2 , , ,
2 ⎣⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠⎦ r
The greatest value of τ max thus normally occurs at the inside radius where r = R1
(6) Comparison with thin cylinder theory
In order to determine the limits of D/t ratio within which it is safety to use the simple
thin cylinder theory, it is necessary to compare the values of stress given by both thin
and thick cylinder theory for given pressure and D/t values. Since the maximum hoop
stress is from thin cylinder theory;
Thin cylinder
D σH K
σH = p ,,, = , , , , where k = D
t
2t p 2
Thick cylinder
σH
PR12 ⎡ R22 ⎤ (R12 + R22 )
= 2 ⎢1 + 2 ⎥, , , , σ H max = p 2 at r = R1
(
R2 − R12 )
⎣ r ⎦ (R2 − R12 )
R2 = R1 + t , , , D = 2 R1
⎡1 2 ⎤
⎢ 2 D + t (D + t ) ⎥ ⎡ D2 ⎤ σ k2
σ H max =⎢ = ⎢ + ⎥ = +1
( )
H max
⎥ p 1 p , ,
⎢ t ( D + t ) ⎥ ⎢ 2t 2 D
+ 1 ⎥ p 2 (k + 1)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ t ⎦
Thus for various ratios the

stress values from the two
theories may be plotted and
compared as shown in figure.
Also indicated in fig is the

percentage error involved in
using the thin cylinder theory.
It will be seen that the error
will be held within 5% if D/t
ratios in excess of 15 are used.
However, if D is taken as the mean diameter for calculation of the thin cylinder
values instead of the inside diameter as used here, the percentage error reduces from
5% to approximately 0.25% at D/t=15.
5. Theories of Elastic Failure
When dealing with the design of structures or components the physical properties of
the constituent materials are usually found from the results of laboratory experiments
which have only subjected the materials to the simplest stress conditions
Value in tension Value in complex

Theory Criterion for failure
test at failure stress systems
Maximum σy
principal σ y = σ1
σ1 ASME Div.1
stress
(Rankine)
Maximum
1 1
shear stress
(Guest-
σy (σ 1 − σ 3 ) (σ 1 − σ 3 ) = σ y ASME Div.2
2 2
Tresca)
Maximum
principal σy σ1 σ2 σ3
strain −ν −ν σ 1 − νσ 2 − νσ 3 = νσ y
(Saint- E E E E
Venant)
Total strain
energy per σ y2 1
[ ]
σ 12 + σ 22 + σ 32 − 2ν (σ 1σ 2 + σ 2σ 3 + σ 3σ 1 ) [σ 2
]
+ σ 22 + σ 32 − 2ν (σ 1σ 2 + σ 2σ 3 + σ 3σ 1 ) = σ y2
1
unit volume 2E
2E
(Haigh)
6. Torsion Theory
(1) Power transmitted by shafts
If a shaft carries a torque T Newton meters and rotates at ω rad/s it will do work at
the rate of Tω N m / s, , , (or joule / s ) .
Now the rate which a system work is defined as its power, the basic unit of power
being the Watt(1 Watt=1Nm/s)
Thus, the power transmitted by the shaft: = Tω Watts(KW or MW).
(2) Shear stress at radius R
For a solid or hollow shaft of uniform circular cross-section throughout its length,
the theory of pure torsion states that
T τ Gθ
= =
J R L
T : applied external torque
L : over length
τ : shear stress
G : shear mod ulus of rigidity ( shear mod ulus ),θ : angle of twist
J : polar sec ond moment of area of shaft cross − sec tion
πD 4 π (D 4 − d 4 )
= for a solid shaf and for a hollow shaft
32 32
① Simple Example
-. Solid shaft diameter → 100.0mm
-. Transmits → 75kW
-. Revolution → 150.0 rev/min
Power = Tω
power 75 × 1000
∴T = = = 4.77 kNm
ω 150 × 2π
60
from torsion theory
T τ π
= and J = × 100 4 × 10 −12 = 9.82 × 10 −6 m 4
J R 32
TRmax 4.77 × 10 3 × 50 × 10 −3
τ max = = = 24.3 MN 2
J 9.82 × 10 −6 m
Also from torsion theory
TL 4.77 × 10 3 × 1
θ= = −6
= 6.07 × 10 −3 rad / m
GJ 80 × 10 × 9.82 × 10
9
360
= 6.07 × 10 −3 × = 0.348 deg rees / m
2π
7. Basic Lug Calculation
W2 W
1) Tension stress(Ts ) under W2 , , , TS 1 = , , , , , TS 2 = 2
(2 R − D )t A×t
W2 or W
2) Shear strees( Ss ) under W2 or W , , , S s =
(
R−D t
2
)
M1 B × W1
3) Bending Stress ( Bs1) under W1 , , , Bs1 = =
Z1 T × A 2
6
( )
M1 B × W3
4) Bending Stress( Bs1) under W3 , , , Bs 3 =
Z1
=
A× T
2
6
( )
W2 B × W1
5) Combined stress (Cs ), , , C s = Ts 2 + Bs1 = +
A × t T × A2 ( )
6
W2
W2
θ
W
2)
R
1) W3
W1
D
3) 4)
A T
8. Basic Skirt Calculation
Mwx = Bending moment due to wind at X distance from the top

r0 = Outside radius of shell
I = Rectangular moment of inertia perpendicular to and through the
longitudinal axis
fws = Stress at extreme fiver due to wind load
-.Compressive stress on down-wind side
-.Tensile stress on upward side
For any value of t / r that would be encounted in vessel design,

this simplified as follows;
x2 + y2 = r 2
I y = ∫ x 2 dA
Integration is performed in the first quadrant , then
r
I y = 4 ∫ x 2 dA
0
The area of thin shell is 2πrt, , , and dA' = tds
ds = 1 + ⎛⎜ dy ⎞⎟ dx =
r
dx
⎝ dx ⎠ r − x2
2
therefore,
tr
dA = dx
r −x
2 2
substituting x = r sin θ
π /2
π /2 ⎡θ 1 ⎤ ⎡π ⎤
I y = 4tr ∫ sin θdθ = 4tr ⎢ − sin θ cosθ ⎥
3 2 3
= 4tr 3 ⎢ ⎥ = πr 3 t
0
⎣2 2 ⎦0 ⎣4⎦
allowance for corrosion and mean radius rm
(r0 + ri )
I = πrm (t s − c ), , , , ,r m =
3
2
rm ≈ r0
M wx
f wx =
πr (t s − c )
0
2
① Windward Side
M wx W
t=+ −
π × R × S × E D ×π × S × E
2
② Leeward Side
M wx W
t=− −
π × R × S × E D ×π × S × E
2
D = Outside diameter of skirt(mm)

E = Efficiency of skirt to head joint(0.6 butt
weld), skirt base(1.0)
Mt = Moment at the skirt to head joint(N-mm)
Mwx = Moment at the skirt base(N-mm)
R = Outside radius of skirt(mm)
S = Skirt to head area;
Stress value of the skirt or head material whichever is smaller(MPa)
Skirt base area;
Stress value of the skirt
T = Required thickness of skirt(mm)
W Weight of tower
Internal Pressure Loading Conditions

Windward side Leeward side
+ Stress due to wind or Seismic − Stress due to wind or Seismic
+ Internal pressure + Internal pressure
− Stress due to weight − Stress due to weight
External Pressure Loading Conditions
Windward side Leeward side
+ Stress due to wind or Seismic − Stress due to wind or Seismic
− External pressure − External pressure
− Stress due to weight − Stress due to weight
Mwx
Leeward Side→Compre Windward Side→Tension

8.1 Skirt Stress Calculation
M wx c W
S =− − , , , , A = 2πRt , I = πR 3t , Z = πR 2 t
I A
M W
= − wx −
Z A
M wx W
S =− −
π × R × t × E D ×π × t × E
2
8.2 Skirt Anchor Bolt Stress Calculation
ZL =
(πd 4 ), Linear section modulus of the bolt circle, mm
2 2
Mwx = Overturning Moment(kg-mm)

W = Weight of the vessel(kg)
d = Bolt circle diameter(mm)
C = (πd ) , Circumferential of the bolt circle(mm)
BA = Required area of one bolt(mm2)
SB = Stress in anchor bolt(kg/mm2)
N = No. of bolts
R = Radius of bolt circle(mm)
P = Load per bolt(kg/1EA)
① Maximum Tension(kg/lin,,mm) on the bolt circumferential

M wx W 4M W
T= − = − ,,,
ZL C πd 2 πd
BA × S B × N = T × C
⎛ ⎞
⎛ M wx ⎜ M wx W ⎟
W⎞ ⎜ − × πd
⎜⎜ ⎟
− ⎟ × C ⎜ πd 2
πd ⎟⎟
T ×C ⎝ ZL C⎠ 2M W
P= = =⎝ 4 ⎠ = −
N N N NR N
9. Buckling Equation & Analysis Approach
Mwx = Bending moment due to wind at X distance from the top

r0 = Outside radius of shell
I = Rectangular moment of inertia perpendicular to and through the
longitudinal axis
fws = Stress at extreme fiver due to wind load
-.Compressive stress on down-wind side
-.Tensile stress on upward side
① Strain Energy due to the extension of the Sphere(U1)

2
⎛ t ⎞ β ⎛ cos φ ⎞
U1 = Er 3 ⎜ ⎟π ∫ ⎜ − 1⎟ sin φ dφ
⎝r⎠ 0
⎝ cosθ ⎠
② Strain Energy due to bending(U2)

3
⎛t⎞ π β ⎡⎛ cosθ dθ 2
⎞ ⎛ sin θ ⎞ ⎤
2
U 2 = Er ⎜ ⎟ ∫ sin φ ⎢⎢⎜⎝ cosθ − 1⎟⎠ + ⎜⎜⎝ sin φ − 1⎟⎟⎠ ⎥⎥ dφ

3
⎝ r ⎠ 12 0 ⎣ ⎦
③ Potential Energy of the external pressure(U3)
3
⎛t⎞ π β ⎡⎛ cosθ dθ 2
⎞ ⎛ sin θ ⎞ ⎤
2
U 3 = Er ⎜ ⎟ ∫ sin φ ⎢⎢⎜⎝ cosθ − 1⎟⎠ + ⎜⎜⎝ sin φ − 1⎟⎟⎠ ⎥⎥ dφ

3
⎝ r ⎠ 12 0 ⎣ ⎦
④ Total Energy of the system(U)

U = U1 + U 2 + U 3
U E t ( ) (θ β
)
( r)
E t
3
β ⎛ ⎛ dφ
⎜⎜ ⎞
2
⎛θ ⎞⎞
− 1⎟ + ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ ⎟φ dφ
∫ ∫
= r 2
− φ φ dφ +
2
πr 3
4 0 12 0 ⎜ ⎝ dθ ⎠ ⎝φ ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
β
+ p ∫ φ 2 (θ − φ ) dφ , , , ,θ = 0 at φ = 0,θ = β at φ = β
0
⎡ ⎛ φ 2 ⎞⎤
θ = φ ⎢1 − C1 ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ β 2 ⎟⎠⎦
β
δ = r ∫ (φ − θ ) dφ
0
4δ
C1 =
rβ 2
⎛ Et ⎞ 6 ⎛⎜ 2 C1 C1 ⎞⎟ Et Pβ 4
3 4 3
U
= ⎜ ⎟ B C − + + β 2 2
C − C1
πr 3 ⎝ 60r ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 14 ⎟⎠ 18r 3
1 1
12
σr 4 ⎛δ
⎡
⎞⎢ δ
t
⎛ ⎞ r ⎛ δ 2
⎞
t
2
⎤ ( )
⎟ 21 − 63⎜ ⎟ 2 + ⎜⎜ 48 2 + 70 ⎟⎟ 4 ⎥, σ =
r pr
= ⎜
Et 105 ⎝ t ⎠⎢ ⎝t ⎠β ⎝ t ⎠ β ⎥⎥ 2t
⎣⎢ ⎦
⑤ Minimum Value of the buckling strength
1+
σr 4 ⎛ δ ⎞ 280 t
3 δ 2
( )
= ⎜ ⎟
Et 5 ⎝ t ⎠ 1 + 24 δ 2
35 t
( )
σr δ
= 0.24, , , at = 9.35
Et t
Experimentally themin imum value

σr
= 0.125 → σ = Eε
Et
0.125 0.125
ε=
( )
r
t
, , , , , , , , , , ASME UG 23, , , , → A =
( )
r
t
9.1 Pressure on Ends only
Pcr = Buckling pressure

E = Modulus of elasticity
t = Thickness
σLCR = Longitudinal Stress
Pcr ⎛t⎞
σ LCR = = 0.6 E ⎜ ⎟ Safety : 10 Times
t ⎝r⎠
σ LCR
ε cr =
E
Pcr 0.6 0.6
A= = ,,,, = , , , , , → ASME UG 28
Et (r t ) FS × (r t )
A large factor of safety is normally used in this expression because a slight our-of-
roundness can significantly reduce the critical strain. ASME useds an
approximate factor of safety of 10.0. Hence, the expression for allowable
compressive stress in the ASME for the elastic range is;
0. 6 0.6 0.0625 E
σ L = E × ε cr = E × = E× , , , , =→ , , ASME UG 28
FS × (r t ) 10 × (r t ) r
t
10. Circular Flat Plate and Head with Uniform Loading
P = Pressure Loading(MPa)
E = Welding Joint Efficiency
D = Diameter of Head(mm)
T = Nominal Thickness(mm)
Pt = Total Pressure Loading(N)=(0.785pd2)
C = C-Factor
0.1 ~ 0.33 factor depending on the construction details(Fig.UG-34)
S = Allowable Stress(MPa)
① Simply Support
-. Maximum Stress at the center
2
Pt 0.785 pd 2 ⎛d⎞
σ max = 0.394 2 = 0.394 2
= 0.309 p⎜ ⎟
T T ⎝T ⎠
② Fixed Edge Support

2
Pt 0.785 pd 2 ⎛d⎞
σ max = 0.239 2
= 0.239 2
= 0.188 p⎜ ⎟
T T ⎝T ⎠
0.1888 ~ 0.309 × p Cp
T =d× ≅d× → ASME UG 34
σ max SE
③ ASME Code UG34(Un-stayed Flat Heads and Covers) without Bolting

Cp
T =d×
SE
10.1 Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain

1. Sample ①
6× M
Sbending Stress =
t2
(1) Simply Supported

p × a 2 × (3 + ν ) p × a 2 × (3 + 0.3)
M = = = 0.20625 × p × a 2 , , at Center Po int
16 16
2
6 × M 6 × 0.20626 × p × a 2 ⎛d⎞
Sbending Stress = 2
= 2
= 0.309 × p × ⎜ ⎟
t t ⎝t⎠
(2) Fixed
p × a 2 × (1 + ν ) p × a 2 × (1 + 0.3)
M = = = 0.08125 × p × a 2 , , at Center Po int
16 16
2
6 × M 6 × 0.08125 × p × a 2 ⎛d⎞
Sbending Stress = 2
= 2
= 0.1218 × p × ⎜ ⎟
t t ⎝t⎠
(3) Sample Calculation( simply sup ported )

− .P : 0.2138 MPa, d : 5178mm, t = 93mm, Allowable stress ( S ) = 138.0MPa
6 × M 6 × 0.20626 × p × a 2
Sbending Stress = =
t2 t2
2 2
⎛d⎞ ⎛ 5178 ⎞
= 0.309 × p × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.309 × 0.2138 × ⎜ ⎟
⎝t⎠ ⎝ 93 ⎠
= 204.79 MPa < 1.5 × S = 1.5 × 138 = 207 MPa
2. Sample ②
p=0.1MPa
I.D=10,100mm
D(plate flexural rigidity)

E ×t3 206850 MPa × 80mm 3
D= = = 9698461538
(
12 1 − ν 2 ) ( )
12 1 − 0.3 2 , poisson ratio
p×r4 0.1MPa × 5050 4

δ = = = 104.78mm
64 × D 64 × 9698461538
10.2 ASME Code Sec.VIII, Div.2, Appendix 4

10.3 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation
분산판(distributor, 상하차압 및 자중)과 같이 홀이 형성이 되어 있는 구조의 경우는

Hole없는 Plate보다 강성이 약하고 응력 또한 크게 발생하기 때문에 응력발생을 계
산할 경우 모든 Hole을 감안하여 응력계산을 하지 않고 Hole없다는 가정하여
Bending Moment와 응력을 계산한 후 Hole을 감안한 Ligament Efficiency를 고려하여
발생응력을 재 계산하는 방식으로 계산이 이루어 진다.
1850
1400
700
210 640
38
30°
500
HOLD
450.9
340
1260
600
2400
800
1100
5000
40
N.P
1100
2100
1100
? 830
1
38
200
60
150
12
1 ?
00
600
?8
?9
[Sample Calculation Sheet]
Material of Top Plate SA-387 11

Yield Stress of Material at design Temp (425 degC) Sy [ kg/cm² ] 3,163.82
Diameter of Top Plate d [ cm ] 132.000
Thickness of Top Plate tp [ cm ] 4.200
Diameter of Hole in Plate dh [ cm ] 2.000
P
Pitch of Holes p P [ cm ] 3.300
Ligament Efficiency (P-dh) / P n [ ] 0.394
Thickness Considering Lig. Efficiency (tp.n) t [ cm ] 1.655
Self-weight
Wb [ kg ] 670.000
Weight of Load (Catalyst & Ceramic) Wp [ kg ] 18,300.000
Net Load of Block on base plate (Wb +Wp) Wn [ kg ] 18,970.000
Area of top Plate pi d2/4 A [ cm2 ] 13,684.778
Weight of Load per unit Area Wn / A P1 [ kg/cm² ] 1.386
Differential Pressure P2 [ kg/cm² ] 1.220
Total Pressure (P1 + P2) q [ kg/cm² ] 2.606
Modulus of Elasticity E [ kg/cm² ] 1,799,799.00
Poisson's Ratio v [ - ] 0.30
Plate Constant D = Et3 / 12(1-v2) D [ - ] 12,210,943.98
Radius of Circular Plate d/2 a [ cm ] 66.00
Page-429 of Formulas for Stress & Strain by Roak, 6th Edition) From Case 10b
Maximum Deflection y [ cm ] 0.063
qa4 / 64D
Allowable Deflection d / 100 ya [ cm ] 1.320
Maximum Induced moment M [ kg-cm/cm ] 922.404
qa2(1+v)/16
Maximum stress Induced 6M/t2 r [ kg / cm2 ] 2021.691 < 2107.104
Allowable stress at design temperature(0.9Sy) ra [ kg / cm2 ] 2107.104
10.4 Doom Head(Dished/Ellipsoidal/Spherical Heads) under External Pressure
구형태의 Doom Head에 외압(External Pressure)이 작용하는 경우 압축응력(좌굴분석,

Buckling Stress)으로 분석해야 하면, 특히 Hole이 존재하는 경우는Ligament를
고려해야 한다.
[Sample Calculation ①]
External Pressure Calculation Results :
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, 2004 A-06
Torispherical Head From 20 to 30 Ext. Chart: CS-2 at 65 C
Results for Maximum Allowable Pressure (EMAP):

Tca Sph. Rad Ro/t Factor A B
24.700 7984.70 323.27 0.0003867 38.66
EMAP = B/(Ro/t) = 38.6590 /323.2672 = 0.1196 MPa
Results for Required Thickness (TCA):

Tca Sph. Rad Ro/t Factor A B
22.734 7984.70 351.22 0.0003559 35.58
EMAP = B/(Ro/t) = 35.5818 /351.2242 = 0.1013 MPa
External Pressure Calculations
| | Section | Outside | Corroded | Factor | Factor |

From| To | Length | Diameter | Thickness | A | B |
| | mm | mm | mm | | MPa |
20| 30| No Calc | 7984.70 | 24.7000 | 0.00038668 | 38.6590 |
| | External | External | External | External |

From| To | Actual T. | Required T.|Des. Press. | M.A.W.P. |
| | mm | mm | MPa | MPa |
20| 30| 28.0000 | 26.0339 | 0.10130 | 0.11959 |
Minimum 0.120
| | Actual Len.| Allow. Len.| Ring Inertia | Ring Inertia |

From| To | Bet. Stiff.| Bet. Stiff.| Required | Available |
| | mm | mm | mm**4 | mm**4 |
20| 30| No Calc | No Calc | No Calc | No Calc |
Elements Suitable for External Pressure.

38.06MPa
0.0003867
[Sample Calculation ② FEA Method]
1) Bending Stress Evaluation(Buckling Compressive Stress)
(1) Load Case 1

-. Hole Ligament Efficiency
. Hole Pitch(p) → 33.0mm
. Hole I.D(d) → 20.0mm
. Ligament Efficiency(f) → f = [(p-d)/p] = (33-20)/33 = 0.3939
-. Bending Allowable Stress(Sb) = 40.19 MPa
-. FE Bending Stress : 15.34 MPa
-. Final Stress : 15.34/0.3939 = 39.94 MPa < 40.19 MPa ............................................... OK
10.5 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation(H/E Tubesheet)
앞의 10.3/104.에서 이미 언급한 바와 같이 열교환기(H/E)의 Tubesheet의 경우도

홀이 형성이 되어 있는 구조의 경우는 Hole없는 Plate보다 강성이 약하고 응력 또한
크게 발생하기 때문에 응력발생을 계산할 경우 모든 Hole을 감안하여 응력계산을
하지 않고 Hole없다는 가정하여 Bending Moment와 응력을 계산한 후 Hole을 감안한
Ligament Efficiency를 고려하여 발생응력을 재 계산하는 방식으로 계산이 이루어
진다.
ASME Tubesheet 두께 계산을 위한 Ligament Efficiency적용은 다음과 같이 Bending &
Shear Stress경우 적용에는 다소 차이가 있다.
Bending Stress경우는 Tube Wall두께를 감안한 Hole Ligament를 계산해야하고, Shear
Stress 계산에서는 Tube Wall두께를 감안하지 않는다는 차이가 있다.
SAME EQUATION
ASME DIV.1 ASME DIV.2

μ→SHEAR STRESS
μ*→BENDING STRESS
μ*→BENDING STRESS
μ→SHEAR STRESS
11. Blind Flange with Uniform Loading
Hp T
W P G=d
P = Pressure Loading(MPa)
b = Effective gasket or joint-contact-surface seating width(mm)
y = Gasket seating stress(MPa)
T = Flange thickness(mm)
G = Diameter at location of gasket load reaction(N)
H = Total Pressure force(N), 0.785×G2×P
Hp = Total joibt-contact surface compression load(N),2b×3.14GmP
m = Gasket Factor
Sa = Allowable bolting stress at room temperature(MPa)
Sb = Allowable bolting stress at design temperature(MPa)
① Gasket Seating Load(Wm2)

Wm 2 = πbG ( Section Area) × y ( Stress )
gasket
② Operating Load(Wm1)
π
Wm1 = H + H p = G 2 P + π m G P(2b )
4
To determine the total required cross-sectional area of bolting, both the gasket seating
and operating conditions must be examined. The minimum required bolting area Am is
the greater of
Wm 2 Wm1
or
Sa Sb
③ Flange Design Bolt Load(W)
1
W= ( Am + Ab )Sa
2
④ Flange Stress(S)
3(3 + μ )P ⎛ G ⎞
2
6 ⎛ Whg ⎞
S= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟, , , , μ = 0.3
32 ⎝ ⎠
T πG ⎝ T ⎠
2
⎛G⎞ ⎛ Whg ⎞
SE = 0.31P⎜ ⎟ + 1.91⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝T ⎠ ⎝ GT ⎠
0.31P 1.91Whg
T =G + , , , , , , , ASME → 0.31 → 0.3, , , ,1.91 → 1.9
SE SEG 3
0.3P 1.9Whg
T =G + , , , , , , , , , , ASME UG − 34(2)
SE SEG 3
12. Component Calculation

12.1 Support Ring under Packing & Pressure Drop Loading
129.986 °
200
ID : 2200
Area Loading Distribution of Double-Beam Support

Area of Loading, Acting Force on the Support Beam : 76.09 %[A+B+C] : C = D

Area of Loading, Acting Force on the Support Ring : 23.91%[D]
Calculation Data(Sample)
1) Shell Inside Diameter(SD) : 2200 mm

2) Support Ring Width(SW) : 50mm
3) Support Grating & Hold-Down Grating Weight(GW) : 550 Kg
4) Inert Ball Weight(CW) : 2395 Kg
5) Packing Weight(PW) : 13341 Kg
6) Pressure Drop(DP) : 0.0037 kg/mm^2
7) Load Due to the Pressure Drop(DPW) = (DP×π/4×SD^2) : 14064.9 Kg
8) Allowable Stress At Design Temperature(sa) : 1.968568 kg/mm^2
9) Corrosion Allowance(CA) : 1.5 mm
10) Support Ring Thickness : 17 mm
11) Support Ring Material : A387-11 CL2
12) Regeneration Design Temperature : 1100 °F(593 °C)
13) Beam Quantity : 2 EA
14) Angle of Acting Load on the Support Ring(θ) : Both Side : 259.972 °
15) Area Loading Ratio of Acting Force on the Support Ring : 23.91 %
1) Total Weight(TW)
TW = GW + CW + PW + DPW = 30350.9 Kg
2) Total Weight, Acting on Support Ring Only(W)
W = TW × 0.2391 = 7256.9 Kg
3) Design Unit Load(DL) : Maximum Unit Line Load of Support Ring

Angle of Acting on the Support Ring(θ) is 259.972 °(Both Side)
W
DL = = 1.453967 Kg / mm
π × SD × (θ / 360)
4) Maximum Moment per Unit Length(M)
M = DL × SW = 72.69835 Kg-mm / mm
5) Required Support Ring Thickness(RT)

(Reference : Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis R. Moss)
Considering Corrosion Allowance : Both Side(3.0 mm)

6× M
RT = + (2 × CA ) = 17.88547 mm
sa
Considering Corrosion Allowance : One Side(1.5 mm)

6× M
RT = + (1 × CA ) = 16.38547 mm
sa
12-2 Intermediate Head Weldment Calculation

1. Design Data
Part = Reactor No.1
Design Condition = Short time loading
Intermediate head Inside Diameter ( corroded ) D = 2531 mm
Design differential pressure P = 0.0141
5 psi applied to area defined by obround opening
in the reinforcing ring. Pi = 0.00352
Catalyst weight on head ( 100% of total catalyst ) Wca = 30812 kg
Centerpipe & support weight Wce = 12000 kg
Fillet weld leg ( corroded ) twf = 34.5 mm
Butt weld width at root twg = 18 mm
Allowable stress of head Fig.UW-13.1 Sa = 3.782
2. Design Load on Head , Wd
Wd = Wca + Wce + 1.5π( P+Pi )D²/4
= 175787.41 kg
3. Allowable Load in Weldment, Wa
1) in fillet weld , W1
ID:2531mm
W1 = π D twf * ( 0.55 Sa )
= 570617.82 kg
2) in butt weld, W2
W2 = π D twg * ( 0.7 Sa )
= 378908.2728 kg
3) Total allowable load, Wt
Wt = W1 + W2
= 949526.09 Kg > Wd = 175787.41 kg

12-3 Partition Plate Calculation

TEMA & Numerical Formula Comparison
qB
t =b
1.5S
t : Minimum Pass Partition Plate Thickness(mm)

B : Table Value(linear Interpolation may be used)
q : Pressure drop across plate(MPa)
S : Code allowable stress in tension at design metal temperature(MPa)
b : Plate thickness(see table)
Three sides fixed Long sides fixed Short sides fixed

One side simply supported Short side simply supported Long side simply supported
a/b B a/b B a/b B
0.25 0.020 0.25 0.4182 0.25 0.4182
0.50 0.081 0.50 0.4626 0.50 0.5208
0.75 0.173 0.75 0.4860 0.75 0.5988
1.0 0.307 1.0 0.4968 1.0 0.6540
1.5 0.539 1.5 0.4971 1.5 0.6912
2.0 0.657 2.0 0.4973 2.0 0.7146
3.0 0.718 ∞ 0.5000 ∞ 0.7500
Numerical Formula
a/b B
0.25 0.031 Side폭에 따라 TEMA기준의 두께 보다 증가
0.50 0.121
0.75 0.242
1.0 0.343
1.5 0.417 Side폭에 따라 TEMA기준의 두께 보다 감소
2.0 0.398
3.0 0.318
12-4 Nozzle Load Application
Nozzle에 작용하는 하중(압력/Nozzle Load)을 적용하여 그 부분에서 발생하는

응력을 계산하기 위해서는 WRC107로 계산을 하고 있다. Cylinder Shell부분에 부
착이 되는 노즐의 경우는 주어진 각각의 방향성 노즐하중을 적용하지만
Ellipsoidal & Spherical경우는 Circum/Longitudinal Direction 특정 방향성이 없기 때
문에 WRC에서는 각각의 방향성의 하중을 Root승을 제시하고 있다.
예)
Standard Nozzle Load
Circum Moment : Mc(N-m), 1000.0 N-m
Longitudinal Moment : ML(N-m), 1000.0 N-m
2 2
New M c = M L = M c + M L = 1000 2 + 1000 2 = 1414.213 N − m
Modified Nozzle Load

Circum Moment : Mc(N-m), 1414.213 N-m
Longitudinal Moment : ML(N-m), 1414.213 N-m
1) Nozzle attached to Shell : No consideration

2) Nozzle attached to Head(Ellipsoidal/Spherical) : consideration
Long=Circum Force
Long=Circum Moment
12-5 Stress Indices on Nozzle per ASME, Div.2 Para AD-560.7
ASME, Sec.VIII, Div.2, AD-560.7항에 언급이 되어 있는 Stress Indices는 내압이 기

기 내부에 작용할 경우 일반 내압에 의하여 두께의 변단(Discontinuity)이 없는
부분의 응력을 계산하여(S=pd/2t) 각각의 기기 및 노즐 형상에 따라 Nozzle to
Discontinuity부분에서 발생하는 응력 및 피로분석을 위한 형상 factor 이다.
General Membrane의 응력에 그 factor를 단순히 증배함으로 그 변단이 되는 지점
의 응력을 산출 및 피로수명을 예측하는 방법이라 할 수 있다.
1) Nozzle Local Stress확인

(1) At the edge of the opening
-. WRC 107 + SIF (for pressure) as per ASME VIII Div. 2
-. Combined stress required + evaluation of combined stress against → 3 × Sa.
-. MEMBRANE STRESS NOT REQUIRED TO BE CALCULATED/EVALUATED
(2) At the edge of the pad
-. WRC 107 (SIF is not applicable)
-. Membrane stress required + evaluation of membrane stress against → 1.5 × Sa
-. Combined stress required + evaluation of combined stress against → 3.0 × Sa.
2) Fatigue Analysis
When a fatigue evaluation is required, it is necessary to determine the peak stresses
around the openings. The current methods are the stress-index method, experimental
tests and measurements, and a theoretical analysis procedure such as a finite-element
analysis. The stress-index method is the easiest method and is allowed by the ASME
Code, III-1, and VIII-2. It was developed after reviewing a large amount of experimental
and analytical data determined in a program conducted by the Pressure Vessel Research
Committee. The stress-index method permits easy calculation of peak stresses at the
nozzle-shell or nozzle-head intersection without resorting to any complex analysis. The
method gives conservative results, and if the exact multipliers for a specific geometry
are known, they should be used. Essentially, the nominal stress in the shell or head is
multiplied by the stress indices and the peak stresses are obtained.
The peak stresses are determined from the following equations where the stress index
I(code base) is multiplied by the nominal stress.
For spherical shells and formed heads;

PDm
σ =I
4Ts
For cylindrical shells;
PDm
σ =I
2Ts
where
R = inside radius of shell or head(in)
r = inside radius of nozzle(in)
Dm = Mean diameter of shell or head = 2R +Ts
P = Internal pressure(psi)
I = Stress index for various locations(code base)
σn = Normal stress in plane being examined(psi)
σt = Tangential stress in plane being examined(psi)
σr = Radial Normal stress in plane being examined(psi)
Ex) A cylindrical shell that is 36-in. ID by 2.5 in. thick contains a perpendicular
nozzle that is 4-in. ID by 0.75 in. thick. The design pressure is 1900 psi at a design
temperature of 450°F. The vessel is subjected to cyclic operation, and a fatigue
analysis is required. The peak stresses and stress-concentration factors are not known
for the specific geometry to be used. What method can be used to evaluate the peak
stresses for a fatigue analysis ?
Solution) At the intersection of the nozzle to the shell, peak stresses are obtained
according to above equations. The normal stress is determined as
PDm 1900(36 + 2.5)

σ = = = 14,630.0 psi
2Ts 2(2.5)
Longitudinal Plane Transverse Plane

Stress(psi)
Inside Outside Inside Outside
Hoop stress +45,350 +17,560 +14,630 +30,720
Longitudinal stress -2,930 +14,630 -2,930 +38,040
Radial stress -1,900 0 -1,900 0
These values are the peak stresses due to internal pressure only and must be combined with
other peak stresses occurring at the same location on the shell for a fatigue evaluation
3) Nozzle Local Stress Criteria

4) ASME, Sec.VIII, Div.2 Criteria

5) PD 5500 Nozzle Local Stress Criteria

Spec Material
Same Factor I=S.C.F


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KOREA ENGINEERING CONSULTING, INC PRESSURE VESSEL BASIC CONCEPT

PROGRAM : NISA(NISA SOFTWARE, INC. USA) DESIGN & FE ANALYSIS

Pressure Vessel Basic Concept

Korea Engineering Consulting, Inc.

==== Contents ===

[1권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[[2권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[3권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[4권Book] : FEA(Finite Element Analysis) Theoretical Course

z Theoretical Course ″B″

z Theoretical Course ″C″

[5권Book] : Crack Propagation & Facture Mechanics

1. Crack Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 7

(a) Original and final shape of a standard tensile-test specimen.

Elastic Rage for Vessel Design

Types of strain. (a) Tensile, (b) compressive, and (c) shear.

Schematic illustration of loading

Elastic Rage for Vessel Design

2. Simple Stress(σ) & Strain(ε) Calculation

(1) Direct Normal Stress(σ)

(2) Direct Strain(ε)

(3) Elastic Materials-Hook’s Law

(4) Modulus of Elastic-Young’s Modulus(E)

(5) Poisson’s Ratio(ν) : engineering material → 0.25 ~ 0.33

Poisson ' sRatio (ν ) =

(6) Temperature Stress(σt)

ΔL = L × α × t , , , L = Length,α = linear of exp ansion, t = emperasture

New Length( L' )

3. Thin Cylinders & Shells

[Thin cylinder] Numerical Equation ASME, Div.1,UG27

(1) Hoop or Circumferential Stresses

① Total force on half-cylinder owing to internal pressure = Fin

(2) Longitudinal Stresses

① Total force on end of the cylinder owing to internal pressure = Fin

(3) Thin spherical shell under internal pressure

① Total force on half-sphear owing to internal pressure = Fin

(4) Cylinder vessel with hemispherical ends

4. Thick Cylinders & Shells

(2) Development of the Lame’ theory

For radial equilibrium of the elements

(σ r + dσ r )(r + dr )dθ × 1 − σ r × rdθ × 1 = 2σ H × dr × 1 × sin dθ

For small angles

(3) Thick cylinder-internal pressure only

The Lame' cons tan ts A & B to be det er min ed are;

(4) Longitudinal stress

For horizontal equilibrium,

(5) Maximum shear stress

(6) Comparison with thin cylinder theory

Thus for various ratios the

Also indicated in fig is the

5. Theories of Elastic Failure

Value in tension Value in complex

(1) Power transmitted by shafts

(2) Shear stress at radius R

from torsion theory

Also from torsion theory

7. Basic Lug Calculation

8. Basic Skirt Calculation

Mwx = Bending moment due to wind at X distance from the top

For any value of t / r that would be encounted in vessel design,

The area of thin shell is 2πrt, , , and dA' = tds

D = Outside diameter of skirt(mm)

Internal Pressure Loading Conditions

Area of Loading, Acting Force on the Support Beam : 76.09 %[A+B+C] : C = D

Considering Corrosion Allowance : Both Side(3.0 mm)

Considering Corrosion Allowance : One Side(1.5 mm)