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ISSN: 2455-5703
Abstract
This paper is based on refinding / assessment of the mathematical evolution during ancient civilization of Harappa and Mohenjo-
daro during 3500-2500B.C. period. Due to lack of written documentation, any such effort has to have dependence on the relics
and remains of any civilization, from the excavated areas. Sources of excavated remains viz civil structures, sanitary system,
metalled coins and utensils, the inscription on walls, tablets and alike relics were abundance proof of the concept of mathematics
existed at that point of time. Through a scientific analytical observation a trial may be made which would reveal that idea of
symmetric geometrical figures as well as numeric operation existed in that civilization in their own way / concept. This paper is
an endeavour to assess how mathematical knowledge in Indus Valley Civilization can be considered as initialization of
Mathematical evolution.
Keywords- Indus, Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, Dholavira, Indus Inch, Harappan Weights, Harappan Bricks
I. INTRODUCTION
The relics of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro as found from the remains of excavations may be presumed to be during 3500 – 2000
BCE, termed as Indus Valley Civilization, spread over more then million square kilometer whose geographical area encompasses
Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus culture was characterized by extensive urbanization with large planned cities, as seen
from the ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. There were evidences of mainly craft specialization with varied geometrical
figures which existed and long-distance trade with Mesopotamia and Central Asia.
The findings of research of any civilization can only be ascertained from various available remains and their conjoint
analysis and examinations. Those are the civil structural relics; use of metal in coins and utensils, the town planning inclusion of
sanitary planning and the road ways, etc and most importantly the conception of time measurement as well as other measurement
of materials with yard sticks.
It‟s quite natural as well as rational thinking that if such relics are viewed through quantity and qualitative angle of
measurement, every aspect of physical measures (i.e. linear, two dimensional, three dimensional) and technological known-how
involved therein reflect the existing mathematical concept in that period. Planning of civil structure, use of metallic and
nonmetallic elements and various alike metallurgical remains if viewed systematically in an integrated manner will help us in
assessing the real picture of that civilization, where in the existence of mathematically based engineering is reflected.
This research work mainly oriented towards refinding and revealing a connective process of mathematical evolution
during Indus Valley Civilization. We can‟t ignore the prehistoric contributions, which act as a shadow knowledge in establishing
its contributory preliminary mathematical evolution during any Civilization.
Eventually, such accounts of prehistoric contribution definitely help the later mathematicians in their research work on
history of the subject. So the different excavated sites of Indus Valley Civilization of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are of immense
value as a starter of history of the subject. This civilization uncovered a very important fact that “practical mathematics” was
existing at that point of time and our ignorance about the same is due to non-availability of any proper written document and
knowledge on those accounts.
C. Harappan Bricks
A notable feature of the Harappan culture was its extensive use of “specific geometrical shaped” kiln-fired bricks and the
advanced standard of its making technology. In Harappa we found 15 different sizes of rectangular piped shaped Harappan
bricks (figure 3), with standard ratio of the three dimensions (length, breadth and thickness) of each brick was close to 4:2:1.
Hence knowledge of mathematical proportion did exist. Now, in the modern age this is taken into account as the optimal ratio for
efficient bonding required for a powerful brick technological erection. It is presumed that these measurements were used in the
buildings and other urban structures by the Indus people with great exactness. But Pythagorean triple theorem did not use in the
dimensions of the bricks in Indus Valley. Divakaran said that “rather than using the Pythagorean principle to generate right
angles, they might have used the property that the line through the intersection points of two circles is perpendicular to the line
joining their centres”. [4]
dimension and techniques of approximating their measurement of areas. The Indus civilization paid special attention to the circle
circular curvature and its variants in various geometrical designs that they made on many artifacts models having added
esthetical look (figure-4). So we can safely say that the uses of geometrical structures in shapes of cones, cylinders, barrels,
hexahedra structure, etc were in commanding use in that civilization. Carvings of them had concentric and intersecting circles
and triangles. [4]
BC. Harappans used decimal numeral system without zero with place value system. There are accounts to present numbers from
1 to 13. The numbers from 1 to 13 have been represented by the vertical strokes (as seen in figure- 6 and table- 1). [3]
II. CONCLUSION
We can conclude from this brief account of assimilated thought process that initial Mathematical knowledge / base existed
during Indus Valley Civilization in the period which reflects the existed standard of Mathematical concepts and its richness. It
will not be out of reasoning to presume that it may have acted as an impetus in furtherance of the evolution.
The story begins with the excavations of Indus Valley civilization. Although, this was a dark period since their script
remains undecoded, and no manuscripts survived to that extent. However, archaeology suggests an urban culture with well-
developed and organized cities that had regular pre plans. Moreover, there is also evidence of uniform measurements of length
and weight as used across different compositions. This uniformity existed despite an apparent absence of a central authority. The
picture of this civilization that evolves is that of a peaceful, prosperous society with agriculture, manufacturing and commerce.
One of the mathematically interesting features of this civilization is a sequence of cubic stone weights forming a regular
series of weights, which are in multiples by two for small weights, evolving into complicated binary and decimal multiples for
higher weights.
Another aspect of mathematical interest is the architecture that consisted of well-designed rectangular structures for
plots and roads. They must have known adequate of geometry.
We therefore conclude that if survey analysis of the relics available from historic excavations alike Indus Valley
civilization can be undertaken, it would add valuable material in framing Mathematical evolution since ancient period.
REFERENCES
[1] B Dutta and A Singh (1938), history of Hindu Mathematics, Volume I & II, Calcutta: Asian Publishing House.
[2] Singh, Rekha (2019), Early Description of Numerical and Measuring System in Indus Valley Civilization. Internate. J.Appl. Soc. Sci. 6(6): 1586-1589.
[3] Puja Kumari Srivastava, K. B. Singh (2018): Originity of the number symbole in the Indus Valley Civilization. IJREAMV0410945002.
[4] https://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch3.html
[5] www.ancientscripts.com/indus.html
[6] https://www.mff.cuni.cz/veda/konference/wds/proc/pdf06/WDS06_101_m8_Sykorova.pdf
[7] https://mathcs.clarku.edu/~djoyce/ma105/india.pdf
[8] http://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum/ma330/files/chennai_talks/Emch_Sridharan_Srinivas%20-%20Contributions
%20ot%20the%20History%20of%20Indian%20Mathematics%20(2005).pdf
[9] https://www.crystalinks.com/indiamathematics.html
[10] https://bhavana.org.in/the-mathematics-of-india/