p h2 ra −rp 2 μ −μ p p μ μ a3 V μ

General r =
1+e⋅cos(ν)
= a(1 − e ∙ cos(E)) a =
μ(1−e2 )
e = √1 + 2εh
μ2
=
2
ra +rp
ε= V2 −r =
2a
p = a(1 − e2 ) rp =
1+e
= a(1 − e) ra =
1−e
= a(1 + e) Vp = √ (e + 1) Va = |√ (e − 1)| T = 2π√
p p μ
n=
r
=√
a3

2
2μ μ μ 1−e e√1−e2 ∙sin ν 1 μ μT 3
M = E − e ∙ sin E i = cos−1 (hhz) γ = tan−1 (1+e∙cos
e∙sin 𝜈
𝜈
) Vesc = √ Vcir = √ M = n(t − t per ) = √ 3 (t − t per ) = E1 − e ∙ sin E1 = e ∙ sinh H − H = 2 tan−1 (√ ∙ tan(ν⁄2)) − ( ) Ė = √ rsynch = √ p2
r r a 1+e 1+e∙cos ν r a 4π

e+cos(υ) a− r −hy 1+e E cos(E)∙ e 2π 2na∙sin(∆i )√1−e2 ∙cos(ω+υ) 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 ∆i

h = r 2 ν̇ = √μp = r⃑ × ⃑V⃑ = rV ⋅ cos(γ) δ = 2sin−1(1e) E = cos −1 ( ) = cos−1 ( ) Ω = cos−1 ( ) ν = 2 tan−1 (√ ∙ tan ( )) = cos−1 ( ) Tsyn = ΔV∆i = 2
⇒ 2na · sin ( )
1+e∙cos(υ) a∙e √h2y+h2x 1−e 2 1−e∙cos(E) n1 −n2 1+e∙cos(υ) 2

h2 1 cos(ν) ê h2 − sin(ν) ê
State Vectors r⃑ = [ ]{ } v
⃑⃑ = [ ] { } r⃑ = r cos ν ê + r sin ν p̂ = a(cos E − e) ê + a√1 − e2 sin E p̂ r = |a|(e ∙ cosh H − 1) Vell < √2 ⋅ Vc Vhyp > √2 ⋅ Vc
μ 1+e∙cos(ν) sin(ν) p
̂ μ e + cos(ν) p ̂
μ μa h μ a3
⃑⃑ = √ [− sin ν ê + (e + cos ν)p̂] = √ sin E ê + cos E p̂ = [(sin ν)r̂ + (1 + e ∙ cos ν)ν̂] ΔVHohmann = √μ |√ − − √ | + |√ − − √ | TPP = √ (E − e ∙ sin(E)) Vp = √V∞2 + 2μ
2 1 1 2 1 1
v
p r r h ra 𝑎𝑇 ra rb 𝑎𝑇 rb μ 𝑟

+0 if cos(w + ν) ≥ 0
cos i sin(w+ν) cos(i)
Relative Positioning ϕ = sin−1 [sin i sin(w + ν)] θ = Ω − HA0 + tan−1 [ ] + C C {+π if cos(w + ν) < 0 and cos(i) sin(w + ν) > 0 Θlaunch = sin−1 ( ) ilaunch = acos −1 (sin(Θlaunch ) ∙ cos(ϕ))
cos(w+ν) cos(ϕ)
−π if cos(w + ν) < 0 and cos(i) sin(w + ν) < 0
cos(α)−Re /r sin(ϕs )−sin(ϕ0 ) cos(α) + if 0 ≤ θs − θobs ≤ π r∙sin(α) Re ∙sin(α)
α = cos −1 [sin(ϕobs ) sin(ϕs ) + cos(ϕobs ) cos(ϕs ) cos(θs − θobs )] Φ = tan−1 ( ) Θ = ±cos −1 ( ){ D= =
sin(α) cos(ϕ0 ) sin(α) − if − π < θs − θobs < 0 cos(Φ) cos(Φ+α)

dr ds dh dθ V∙cos(γ)∙cos(ψ) dϕ V∙cos(γ)∙cos(ψ) dV FT ∙cos(ϵ)−FD 4π2

3D EOMS = V ∙ sin(γ) = V ∙ cos(γ) = v ∙ sin(γ) = = =− − g ∙ sin(γ) + r ∙ cos(ϕ) ∙ [sin(γ) ∙ cos(ϕ) − cos(γ) ∙ sin(ϕ) ∙ sin(ψ)]
dt dt dt dt r∙cos(ϕ) dt r dt m T2p

dγ FT ∙ sin(ϵ) − FL g V 4π 4π2 r Vh
= ∙ cos(σ) − ∙ cos(γ) + ∙ cos(γ) + ∙ cos(ϕ) ∙ cos(ψ) + ∙ cos(ϕ) ∙ [cos(γ) ∙ cos(ϕ) + sin(γ) ∙ sin(ϕ) ∙ sin(ψ)] γ = tan−1 ( )
dt mV V r Tp VTp2 Vs
dψ FT ∙ sin(ϵ) − FL sin(σ) V 4π 4π2 r dm FT
= ∙ − ∙ cos(γ) ∙ cos(ψ) ∙ tan(ϕ) + [tan(γ) ∙ cos(ϕ) ∙ sin(ψ) − sin(ϕ)] − 2 [sin(ϕ) ∙ cos(ϕ) ∙ sin(ψ)] =−
dt mV cos(γ) r Tp Tp ∙ V ∙ cos(γ) dt Isp go
1
FT ≡ T ∙ cos(ϵ) + FD = T ∙ cos(ϵ) − 2ρV 2 ACD ∙ P(CT )
Transformations
ê cν −sν 0 r̂ x̂ cν ∙ cΩ − sν ∙ ci ∙ sΩ −sν ∙ cΩ − cν ∙ ci ∙ sΩ si ∙ sΩ r̂ x̂ cω ∙ cΩ − sω ∙ ci ∙ sΩ −sω ∙ cΩ − cω ∙ ci ∙ sΩ si ∙ sΩ ê
[p̂] = [sν cν 0] [ ν̂ ] [ŷ] = [cν ∙ sΩ + sν ∙ cΩ ∙ ci −sν ∙ sΩ + cν ∙ cΩ ∙ ci −si ∙ cΩ] [ ν̂ ] [ŷ] = [cω ∙ sΩ + sω ∙ cΩ ∙ ci −sω ∙ sΩ + cω ∙ cΩ ∙ ci −si ∙ cΩ] [p̂]
ĥ 0 0 1 ĥ ẑ sν ∙ si cν ∙ si ci ĥ ẑ sω ∙ si cω ∙ si ci ĥ

Classical Elements 3D Aeropropulsive Maneuvers

Max Fagin, 2019
Proximity Ops (Clohessy-Wiltshire)
δx(t) = (4 − 3cos nt)δx0 + sinnntδu0 + n2(1 − cos nt)δv0 δy(t) = 6(sin nt − nt)δx0 + δy0 + n2 (cos nt − 1)δu0 + n1(4 sin nt − 3nt)δv0 δz(t) = cos nt δz0 + n1 (sin nt)δw0
δu(t) = 3nsin nt δx0 + cos nt δu0 + 2sin nt δv0 δv(t) = 6n(cos nt − 1)δx0 − 2sin nt δu0 + (4 cos nt − 3)δv0 δw(t) = −n sin nt δz0 + cos nt δw0
δx(t) δu(t) δx0 δu0
⃑⃑0
δr⃑(t) = [δy(t)] = 𝐎rr (t)δr⃑0 + 𝐎rv (t)δV ⃑⃑(t) = [ δv(t) ] = 𝐎vr (t)δr⃑0 + 𝐎vv (t)δV
δV ⃑⃑0 δr⃑0 = [δy0 ] δV
⃑⃑0 = [ δv0 ] δV
⃑⃑ = V
⃑⃑ − V
⃑⃑0 − Ω
⃑⃑⃑ × δr⃑0
δz(t) δw(t) δz0 δw0
𝛿𝑢0+ 𝛿𝑢0− 𝛿𝑢1−
⃑⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑ − ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑+ }
∆V0 = δV0 − δV0 = [ 𝛿𝑣0 ] − [ 𝛿𝑣0 ] = −[𝐎rv (t TOF )] [𝐎rr (t TOF )]δr⃑0 − [Q]eph→xyz {δV} ∆V1 = δV1 = [ 𝛿𝑣1− ] = [𝐎vr (t TOF )]δr⃑0 + [𝐎vv (t TOF )]{δV
+ − + −𝟏 −
+ − −
𝛿𝑤0 𝛿𝑤0 𝛿𝑤1
1 2
4−3 cos nt 0 0 n
sin nt n
(1−cos nt) 0 3n∙sin nt 0 0 cos nt 2sin nt 0
2 1
𝐎rr (t) = [6(sin nt−nt) 1 0 ] 𝐎rv (t) = [n(cos nt−1) n
(4 sin nt−3nt) 0 ] 𝐎vr (t) = [6n(cos nt−1) 0 0 ] 𝐎vv (t) = [−2sin nt 4cos nt−3 0 ]
0 0 cos nt 0 0 1
n
sin nt 0 0 −n sin nt 0 0 cos(nt)

2 2
3J2 nRp 3J2 nRp 3J2 nR2e
Perturbations Ω̇ = − [2a2 (1−e 2 )2 ] cos i ω̇ = − [4a2 (1−e2 )2 ]
(4 − 5 sin2 i) Ṁ = n − [ 3 ] (2 − 3 sin2 i)
4a2 (1−e2 )2

2 Fr̂ Fv̂ √1 − e2 Fr̂ Fv̂ e + cos ν F ̂ r ∙ cos(ν + ω) F̂ r ∙ sin(ν + ω)

ȧ = [ ∙ e ∙ sin ν + ∙ (1 + e ∙ cos ν)] ė = [ ∙ sin ν + ∙ ( + cos ν)] 𝑖̈ = h Ω̇ = h
n√1 − e2 m m na m m 1 + e ∙ cos ν m na2 √1 − e2 m na2 √1 − e2 ∙ sin(i)
√1 − e2 Fr̂ Fv̂ 2 + e ∙ cos ν F̂ e ∙ sin(ν + ω) cot(i) 1 − e2 Fr̂ 2 cos(ν) Fv̂ 2 + e ∙ cos ν sin(ν)
ω̇ = [− ∙ cos ν + ∙ sin(ν) − h ] Ṁ = n − [ ∙( − )+ ∙( ) ]
nae m m 1 + e ∙ cos ν m (1 + e ∙ cos(ν)) na m 1 + e ∙ cos(ν) e m 1 + e ∙ cos ν e
Utilities
m+9
7[year+floor( )] 274∙month A B C γkT p
JD = 367 ∙ year − floor { 12
} + floor ( ) + day + 1721013.5 MJD = JD − 2400000.5 c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos(C) = = ρ = ρ0 ∙ exp(−Hz ) c = √ = √γ
4 9 sin a sin b sin c m ρ

24 23 30
m1 m1 M⊕ = 5.9721986 ∙ 10 kg M♂ = 6.41693 ∙ 10 kg M⨀ = 1.988435 ∙ 10 kg
ΔV = Vex ∙ ln ( ) = Isp g o ∙ ln ( ) = Isp g o ∙ ln(1 − PMF) R ⊕ = 6378 km R ♂ = 3386 km R ⨀ = 695500 km
Isp go m2 m2
t burn = (m1 − m2 ) −1 L⨀ = 3.846 ∙ 1026 W
FT ΔV ΔV m1 −m2 r⊕ = 1 AU = 1.4959787 ∙ 108 km r♂ = 1.52 AU = 2.279366 ∙ 108 km
m1 = m2 ∙ exp ( ) m2 = m1 ∙ exp ( ) PMF = km3
Isp go Isp go m1 J2⊕ = 1.08263 ∙ 10−3 J2♂ = 1.96045 ∙ 10−3 G = 6.67408 ∙ 10−20 kg∙s2

a = Semi-major axis h = Angular momentum s = Downrange μ = Planet Reduced Mass

CD = Drag Coefficient H = Atmospheric Scale Height Re = Equatorial radius ν = True Anomaly
CT = Thrust Coefficient n = Mean Motion t = Time ρ = Atmospheric Density
D = Range i = inclination TPP = Time past periapsis σ = Bank Angle
e = Eccentricity Isp = Specific Impulse T = Period (in subscript, thrust) ϕ = Latitude
ε = Specific orbital energy J2 = Oblateness Jeffery’s Constant V = Velocity Ф = Elevation
E = Eccentric Anomaly JD = Julian Date z = Height above datum Ψ = Heading Angle (East=0˚)
Fr = Radial Perturbing Force M = Mean Anomaly α = Footprint Half Angle / AoA ω = Argument of periapsis
Fv = Prograde Perturbing Force MJD = Mean Julian Date γ = Flight Path Angle Ω = RAAN / Frame Angular Velocity
Fh = Out of Plane Perturbing Force m = Mass δ = Hyperbolic Deflection Angle ʘ = Sun
FT = Thrust Force p = Semi-latus rectum ε = Thrust Angle ♂ = Mars
⊕ = Earth
g = Acceleration due to Gravity P = Thrust Preservation Factor θ = Longitude
G = Universal Gravitational Constant r = Orbital radius Θ = Azimuth ☽ = Moon

Max Fagin, 2019