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OBJECTIVE

-To observe the effect of redundant member in a structure and understand the method of
analysing type of this structure.

LEARNING OUTCOME

-Aplication of engineering knowledge in practical aplication.


-To enchance technical competency in structure engineering through laboratory aplication.

THEORY

In statics and structural mechanics, a structure is statically indeterminate when the


static equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions
on that structure. A flexibility method will be applied whis is use the idea know as strain
energy. The mathematical approach to the flexibility method will be found in the most
appropriate text books.

8
5 7
2
6

4 3

Figure 1 : Idealised Statically Indetermined cantilever Truss

The idea of energy store in the fram will be same for a given load wheather or not the
redundant member wheather or not. The external energy must be equal to the internal energy.
In practise, the loads in the frame are calculated in its “released” from and then calculated
with a unit load in place of the redundant member. The value fo both are combined to
calculate the force in the redundant member and remaining members.
The equation of redundant member load in given by:
fnl
P= nl 2

The equation for remaining member force are then given by:

Member force = Pn + f
Where,
P = Redundant member load (N)
L = length of members (as ratio of the shortest)
n = load in each member due to unit load in place of redundant

member (N)

F = Force in each member when the frame is “release” (N)

Figure 2 shows the force in the frame due to the load of 250 N. You should be able to
calculate these values from Experiment: Force in a statically determinate truss

-250N

0 354N 250N 354N

-500N 250N

F=250N

Figure 2: Force in the “Released” Truss


Figure 3 shows the loads in the member due to the unit load being applied to the
frame.The redundant member is effectively part of the structure as the idealised in Figure 2

1
0
1

Figure 3: Forces in the Truss due to the load on the Redundant members
PROCEDURE
1. The thumbwheel is winded on the ‘redundant’ member up to the boss and hand –
tighten it. To tighten the thumbwheel, do not use any tool to do it.

2. A pre-load of 100N is applied downward, the load cell is re-zero and the digital
indicator is carefully zero.

3. A load of 250N is carefully applied and the frame is checked wheather is stable and
secure.
4. The load is returned to zero (leaving the 100N preload). The digital indicator is
rechecked and re-zero. Never apply loads greater than those specified on the
equipment.
5. Loads is applied in the increment shown in table 1, the strain readings and the digital
indicator readings is recorded.

6. The initial strain reading is subtracted and complete table 2.


7. The equipment member force at 250 N is calculated and enter table 3 is filled.
8. A graph of Load vs. Deflection from Table 1 is plotted on the same axis as Load vs.
deflection when the redundant ‘removed’.
9. The calculation for redundant truss is made much simpler and easier if the tabular
method is used to sum up all of the “Fnl” and “n2l” terms.
10. Table 4 is referred and the values is entered and the other terms as required is
carefully calculated.
11. Result in to Table 3 is filled.

RESULT
Member strains (με)

Load 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Digital
(N) Indicator
reading (mm)
0 176 267 -16 -17 91 0 60 49 -0.029
50 188 263 -24 -28 95 -5 72 55 -0.050
100 200 260 -31 -40 98 -11 83 60 -0.069
150 213 257 -39 -53 102 -18 95 66 -0.092
200 225 254 -47 -63 106 -24 105 71 -0.108
250 238 251 -56 -76 110 -31 117 77 -0.132
Table 1: Strain Reading and Frame Deflection

Member strains (με)

Load 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(N)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 12 -4 -8 -11 4 -5 12 6
100 24 -7 -15 -23 7 -11 23 11
150 37 -10 -23 -36 11 -18 35 17
200 49 -13 -31 -46 15 -24 45 22
250 62 -16 -40 -59 19 -31 57 28
Table 2 : True Strain Reading

Member Experimental Force (N) Theoretical Force (N)

1 368.09 375.1
2 -94.99 -124.9
3 -237.48 -250
4 -350.28 -374.9
5 112.80 125.1
6 -184.05 -176.9
7 338.41 354
8 166.24 177.1
Table 3: Measured and Theoretical in the Redundant Cantilever Truss

Member Length F n Fnl n2l Pn Pn + f

1 1 250 -0.707 -176.75 0.5 125.1 375.1


2 1 -250 -0.707 176.75 0.5 125.1 -124.9
3 1 -250 0 0 0 0 -250
4 1 -500 -0.707 353.5 0.5 125.1 -374.9
5 1 0 -0.707 0 0.5 125.1 125.1
6 1.414 0 1 0 1.414 -176.9 -176.9
7 1.414 354 0 0 0 0 354
8 1.414 354 1 500.56 1.414 -176.9 177.1
854.06 4.828
Total

P = -Total Fnl
Total n2l
= -854.06
4.828
= -176.9 N
Table 4: table for calculating the Forces in the Redundant Truss

CALCULATION

Calculation of real force, F


B C

24cm

D
A E
24cm 24cm
250N

m=8 m = 2j – 3
j=5 8 > 2(5) – 3
r=3 8 > 10 – 3
8>7

So, the structure is statically internal indeterminate.

Calculation for theoretical force (N)


RAY
RAX A 1 E

8
5 2 7 1m

RBX B 4 C 3 D
250N

1m 1m

∑MA =0
250 ( 2 ) - RBX = 0
500 - RBX = 0
- RBX = -500
RBX = 500N

Joint method calculation

FBA

500
FBC
4
Member 4 Member 5

∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0
500 + FBC = 0 FBA = 0
FBC = -500N FBA = 0

FDE

FDC D
3
250

Member 3 Member 7

∑Fx = 0 ∑Fy = 0
-FDE (1/1.414) – FDC = 0 -250 + FDE(1/1.414) = 0
- FDC - 354 (1/1.414) = 0 FDE = 354N
FDC = -250N

FCA
FCA FCE

88 22

FCB FCD

4 C 3
Member 2

∑Fy = 0
250 + FCE = 0
FCE = -250N

FCA
FCA Sin 45

FCA Cos 45

C
FCB 4

Member 8

∑Fy = 0
- 250 + FCA (sin 45°) = 0
FCA = 250N
Sin 45°
= 354 N

500N A FAE
FAC Cos 45

FAC Sin 45

FAB
FAC
Member 1
∑Fx = 0
500 –FAC (Cos 45°) - FAE = 0
500 - 354 (Cos 45°) = FAE
FAE = 250N

Calculation for n
B C

D
A E
Point A
FAB
1

A FAE

Σfy = 0 Σfx = 0
FAB + (1 / 33.941) x 24 = 0 FAE + (1 / 33.941) x 24 –= 0
FAB = - 0.707N FAE = - 0.707N

Point B

FBC

FBE
FAB

Σfy =0
FAB – FBE (24 / 33.941) = 0 Σfx =0
0.707 - FBE (0.707) = 0
FBC + FBE (24 / 33.941) = 0
FBE = 1
FBC + FBE (0.707) = 0
FBC = - 0.707

Point C
FBC

1
FCD

FEC

Σfx= 0
FBC + (1 / 33.941) x 24 + FCD (24 / Σfy = 0
33.941) = 0 -(1 / 33.941) x 24 – FCE – FCD = 0
0.707 + (- 0.707) + FCD (0.707) = 0 - 0.707 - FCE – 0 = 0
FCD = 0 FCE = - 0.707

Point D = Zero Bar

Point E

FEC

FBE

FAE FDE

Σfy = 0
(1 / 33.941) x 24 – FCE = 0
0.707 – 0.707 = 0
0 = 0 (CHECKING)

Σfx = 0
FAE + FED – (1 / 33.941) x 24 = 0
0.707 + FED - 0.707 = 0
FED = 0
Calculation of Internal Forces AC

P value, internal forces AC = P = - Σ F’nl / AE


Σ n2 l / AE

= - 854.06
4.828

= - 176.9 N (compression)
Example of calculation for member 1 (Pn + f)
Given;
Length, L = 1cm
Force, F = 250N
Load in each member due to unit load in place of redundant
member,
n = - 0.707N
Area, A = πd²/4 = π(6)²/4 = 28.274 mm² = 0.283cm²
Fnl = (250)(- 0.707)(1) = -176.75 N.cm
n2l = (0.707) 2(1) = 0.5 cm
Pn = (-176.9)(-0.707) = 125.1
Pn + f = 125 + 250
= 375 N = Theoretical Force (N)
Calculation of Experimental Force (N)

ε 250N (True strain reading for load 250N)

Strain for load 250N

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
250N 62 -16 -40 -59 19 -31 57 28

Given;
Area, A = πd²/4 = π (6²)/4 = 28.27mm²
Modulus young, Esteel = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2
AE = 28.27 x 2.10 x 105 = 5.937

Member 1, Member 4,
F = AEε F = AEε
= (5.937 x 106) (62 x 10-6) = (5.937 x 106) (-59 x 10-6)
=368.09 N =-350.28 N

Member 2, Member 5,
F = AEε F = AEε
= (5.937 x 106) (-16 x 10-6) = (5.937 x 106) (19 x 10-6)
= -94.99 N = 112.80 N

Member 3, Member 6,
F = AEε F = AEε
= (5.937 x 106) (-40 x 10-6) = (5.937 x 106) (-31 x 10-6)
= -237.48 N = -184.05 N
Member 7, Member 8,
F = AEε F = AEε
= (5.937 x 106) (57 x 10-6) = (5.937 x 106) (28 x 10-6)
= 338.41 N = 166.236 N

Graph Loads (N) against Deflection (mm)


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1.From table 3, compare your answer to the experimental values. Comment on the
accuracy of your result
From our table, we find out that the experimental and theorytical value of force is not
accurate. This is because the accuracy of the result is not exact but for the compression
and tension member, we can say that the tension and compression is the same with the
force is different. Based on our experiment, the value of experiment and the theorytical is
different but we manage to get 7 member that have almost same value of theorytical and
experiment.
For the error, this is maybe because of the error whle setting the apparatus experiment
laboratory. Since the equipment is always use by other student and it expose to air
conditioner, the factor of wind and human mistakes is also one of the effects. So, we
assume that the apparatus are not calibrated.

2.Compare all of the member forces and the deflection to those from statically
determinate frame. Comment on them in terms of economy and safety of the structure.

For the determinate truss it has extra member while for indeterminate truss it
is also have extra member. From that, we can say that the determinate truss is a safety
structure while for the indeterminate truss, it is more safer. In the economy, the
indeterminate truss will cost more expensive than determinate truss because the
indeterminate truss has more member than the determinate truss.

3.What problem could you for seen if you were to use a redundunt frame in a “real
life’ aplicatioin.

Redundant member is use to make beauty for the truss. When they are redundant in truss
it will rising the cost because there are redundant member in that truss.
CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we coclude that the statically indeterminate structure can
be classified if the equilibrium equations we not adequate to calculate the external
reactions of all the internal forces.. However there are pro and contra in this statically
indeterminate analysis.

The advantages of statically indeterminate are:

1. The maximum stresses and deflections are smaller than statically determinate
counterpart.

2. Can support loads with support loading on thinner members with increased stability.

3. Have a tendency to redistribute its load to redundant supports in the case of faulty
design or overloading occurs.

The disadvantages of this truss are:

1. Redundant structures can induce problems such as differential displacement

2. High cost of statically indeterminate structure compare to determinate structure.


REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statically_indeterminate

2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-98746-0_9

3.https://study.com/academy/lesson/statically-determinate-indeterminate-structures-
trusses-beams.html

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yzL72i9hPk

5. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/105105109/pdf/m2l10.pdf

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