ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

CONVERSIONS
1. Acetaldehyde to propan 2 ol
2. Ethanol to acetone
3. Acetaldehyde to isopropyl alcohol
4. Ethanol to ethanal
5. Ethanol to propan 2 ol
6. Ethanol to acetic acid
7. Ethanal to isopropyl alcohol
8. Ethanol to calcium acetate
9. Benzene to phenol
10. Phenol to picric acid
11. Phenol to benzoic acid
12. Phenol to salicylic acid
13. Phenol to toluene
14. Chlorobenzene to phenol
15. Diethyl ether to ethanol
16. Diethyl ether to cholroethane
17. Methoxyethane ( ethyl methyl ether ) to methanol / ethanol
18. Diethyl ether to ethylene

DIFFERENCE
1. 1-propanol & 2-methyl-2-propanol
2. Ethanol & 2-propanol
3. Ethanol & phenol
4. Diemethyl ether & ethyl alcohol
5. Phenol and benzoic acid
6. 1-propanol & 2-propanol
7. Acetone & phenol

NAME REACTIONS
1. Kolbe’s reaction
2. Friedel crafts alkylation
3. Friedel crafts acetylation
4. Dows process
5. Riemann tiemann reaction
6. Coupling of phenol
7. Williamson’s synthesis
8. Idoform of ethanol
WRITE BALANCED REACTIONS
1. Acetaldehyde with Grignard reagent
2. Ethylamine with nitrous acid
3. Ethanol with methyl magnesium iodide
4. Methyl magnesium chloride reacts with ethanol
5. Propan 2 ol undergoes oxidation (K2CR2O4)
6. Propan 2 ol reacts with Cu at 573k
7. Phenol undergoes bromination
8. Formation of picric acid
9. Diethyl ether with cold and hot HI
10. Diethyl ether undergoes hydrolysis
11. Ethoxyethane reacts with pcl5
12. Diethyl ether reacts with pcl5
13. Butanol with hcl
14. Ethanol excess with AL203 at 573k
15.

QUESTIONS (THEORY)
THEORY (ALCOHOLS)
1. PROPERTIES
A. REACTION INVOLVING BREAKING OF O-H BOND
1) Acidic nature of alcohols
For anything to be acidic they should be able to realise H+ ions. The acidic nature of alcohols
is due to the polarity of O-H bond. O atom is more electronegative therefore it pulls the
shared paired of electrons making O-H bond weaker, this allows the H+ ion to break the
bond and leave easily, making the compound acidic.

2) Alcohols are weaker acids than water

Alkyl group are electron releasing group and thus in alcohols (due to the presence of R
group) it increases the electron density at O-atom due to +I effect. This decreases the
polarity of O-H bond and makes the bond stronger which makes it difficult for H ion to leave
and ionise. Thus alcohols are weaker acids than water. More is the R group less is the acidity.

3) Reaction with sodium

4) Esterification with mechanism.

5) Reaction with hydrogen halides.

6) Reaction with Grignard reagents

7) Reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides ( Acylation)

B. REACTION INVOLVING BREAKING OF C-OH BOND
1) REACTION WITH PCL3, PCL5, AND SOCL2

2) OXIDATION.
a) OXIDATION OF PRIMARY (1O) ALCOHOL GIVES ALDEHYDE

b) OXIDATION OF SECONDARY (2O) ALCOHOL GIVES KETONE

c) OXIDATION OF TERTIARY ( 3O) ALCOHOL GIVES KETONE WITH LESS NUMBER OF CARBON ( STEP
DOWN PROCESS )
3) Dehydration with mechanism.
ALDEHYDE & KETONES
PREPARATION
1) From alcohol
i) Oxidation of alcohol

ii) Catalytic dehydrogenation

2) From acid chlorides

a) Aldehyde [Rosenmund’s reduction]

3) From calcium salt of carboxylic acids.

4) Grignard’s reagent
5) From alkenes (ozonolysis).
6) From alkynes (hydration)
7) reaction with dialkyl cadmium
8) Stephen reaction
9) From esters

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Nucleophilic addition reactions

a) Addition of NaHSO3 ( sodium bisulphite)

b) Addition of HCN (hydrogen cyanide)

c) Addition of Grignard’s reagent

d) Addition of ammonia

e) Addition of ammonia derivatives

(1) Reaction with hydroxylamine

(2) Reaction with hydrazine

(3) Reaction with phenyl hydrazine

2) Oxidation reactions
a) Oxidation of aldehyde

b) Reaction with Tollen’s reagent

c) Reaction with Fehlings solution

d) Oxidation of ketones

3) Iodoform reaction
a) Acetaldehyde

b) Acetone

c) Ethanol
4) Reduction reactions
a) Reduction of alcohols

b) Clemmensen reduction

c) Wolff-kishner reduction

d) Reduction with HI and Red phosphorus

5) Base catalysed reactions

Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde)

Chemical properties

1) Nucleophilic addition reaction

a) Hydrogen cyanide

b) sodium bisulphite

2) Reduction

3) Reactions with hydroxyl amine

4) Reactions with hydrazine

5) Reactions with phenyl hydrazine

6) Reaction with phosphorus pentachloride

7) Cannizzaro reaction

8) Benzoin condensation

9) Perkin’s reaction

10) Electrophilic substitution

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in which accumulation of a substance on the surface of some
other substance due to the presence of unbalanced forces on the surface of liquids and solids.

ABSORPTION
The phenomenon in which adsorbate penetrates into the bulk (interior) of adsorbent and gets
distributed throughout the lattice of the adsorbent is called absorption.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADSORPTION AND ABSORPTION

ADSORPTION
 It is a surface phenomenon.
 The concentration of adsorbate on the
surface of adsorbent is different from
that in the bulk of adsorbent.
 The rate of adsorption is high in the
beginning and then decreases gradually
as the equilibrium is reached.
ABSORPTION
 It is a bulk phenomenon.
 The concentration of the adsorbate is
the same throughout the bulk of the
adsorbent.
 Absorption proceeds with a uniform
rate.

PHYSISORPTION
If the forces operative in the adsorption process are weak van der Waal’s forces, the phenomenon is
called physical adsorption, or physisorption.

CHEMISORPTION
When the gas molecules get attached to the surface of adsorbent through strong valence bond
forces, the adsorption is called chemical adsorption.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSISORPTION CHEMISORPTION
CHARACTERISTICS PHYSISORPTION CHEMISORPTION
 Nature of  Weak van der Waal’s force  Strong valence bond
operative forces of attraction forces
 Reversibility  Reversible  Irreversible
 Effect of  Decreases with increase in  First increases and then
temperature temperature decrease with increase in
temperature.

ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
The relation between the amounts of substance adsorbed at constant temperature by a
fixed amount of adsorbent and the equilibrium pressure or concentration is usually
expressed in terms of mathematical relation known as adsorption isotherm.

FREUNDLICH ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS