SMK PUCHONG BATU 14

47100 PUCHONG
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.

PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2010
PROBABILITY IN OUR DAILY LIFE
NAME : MUHAMMAD HARIZ FADHILLA BIN SULAIMAN
CLASS : 5 AMANAH
IC NUMBER : 930805-10-5119
SUBJECT TEACHER : MR PHANG CHIA CHEN
Additional Mathematics Project Work 2010| 1

[ INTRODUCTION ]
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with

analysis of random phenomena. The central objects of probability theory

are random variables, stochastic processes, and events: mathematical
abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured quantities that may
either be single occurrences or evolve over time in an apparently random
fashion. Although an individual coin toss or the roll of a die is a random
event, if repeated many times the sequence of random events will exhibit
certain statistical patterns, which can be studied and predicted. Two
representative mathematical results describing such patterns are the law of
large numbers and the central limit theorem.

As a mathematical foundation for statistics, probability theory is

essential to many human activities that involve quantitative analysis of large
sets of data. Methods of probability theory also apply to descriptions of
complex systems given only partial knowledge of their state, as in statistical
mechanics. A great discovery of twentieth century physics was the
probabilistic nature of physical phenomena at atomic scales, described
in quantum mechanics.
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[ AIM ]
The aims of carrying out this project work are :
i. to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve
problem;
ii. to improve thinking skills;
iii. to promote effective mathematical communication;
iv. to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way
that increases students’ interest and confidence;
v. to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas
precisely;
vi. to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances
effective learning;
vii. to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

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PROJECT WORK
[ PART 1 ]
(A) History:

The mathematical theory of probability has its roots in attempts to

analyze games of chance by Gerolamo Cardano in the sixteenth century,
and by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century
(for example the "problem of points"). Christiaan Huygens published a
book on the subject in 1657.

Initially, probability theory mainly considereddiscret e events, and its

methods were mainly combinatorial.
Eventually, analytical considerations compelled the incorporation
ofcont inuous variables into the theory.

This culminated in modern probability theory, the foundations of

which were laid by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. Kolmogorov
combined the notion of sample space, introduced by Richard von Mises,
and measure theory and presented hisaxiom system for probability
theory in 1933. Fairly quickly this became the undisputed axiomatic
basis for modern probability theory.
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(B) Two categories of PROBABILITY

The difference between empirical and theoretical probability is

an important part of our ability to apply probability to a real world set of
data. What is the difference between empirical and theoretical
probability? Give two to three examples speculative of professions where
probability could be used. Explain your answer

The difference between empirical, means observation or

experience and theoretical probability or speculative are as clear as night
and day. Empirical probability is the data that has been proven through
trial and error such as the statics on the accidents that involve driving
while under the influence. Even the proven data for deaths that are
smoking related. The theoretical probability is like guessing and taking a
chance you are right much like playing a game of cards you are taking
that chance you have the better hand. Insurance policies are made
possible by empirical probability. We know the amount of accidents,
and we know the amount of times something happens without error.
Based on that, it can be calculated what the chance (and thus the cost) is
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of a certain event. (professional) Gambling is about theoretical
probability. One can assume that all the chips, cards, tables or whatever
are completely fair (or even calculate the unfairness, based on the
method of shuffling), so one can calculate the odds of a certain set of
cards coming up, before they ever have.

Dangerous medical procedures can also have empirical probability

playing as a factor. There is always a chance that someone dies under the
knife, or that someone cures on their own. Based on those odds, a doctor
could advise for or against certain procedures. Those odds are based on
other patients who have gone through the same thing.
 [ PART 2 ]

(A) When we playing the monopoly, we have to toss the die once to find
who is going to start the game first. The possible outcomes when we toss
the die is 1,2,3,4,5, and 6. This is because a die has 6 surface as shown
in Figure 1.
Figure 1
(B) When we tossed two dice simultaneously, the possible outcomes is as
shown in the Table 2.
DIE1/DI
E2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
Table 1.
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