SANA’A UNIVERSITY

FACULY OF ENGINEERING
Mechatronics Department
Second Year – Morning System

Electric Circuits
PRACTICAL REPORT

Short and Open Circuits

Instructor
Eng.Jihad Al-Zayadi

Adopted by
Hisham Taha Amena Ahmed Ali
Jawan Al-Asbahi Al-Radhi Al-Duais
201970124 201970371 201970096 201970036
Abstract
At the first we have known the tools which we have used in the electrical
lap, then we have learned the structure of open and short circuits, next
we have learned how to justify the Potentiometer, and we measured the
value of each resistor using DMM, and we connect the resistors with
power supply (9V) as shown in Fig (1), after that we have taken the value
shown on the screen of DMM while measuring the voltage and current
through each resistor, mention that every pervious steps have been
calculated using calculator and the following laws ( V=I*R , KVL , KCL , VDR ,
CDR ). Finally, using law of power (P=V*I) we calculated the power
absorbed by each resistor and the power delivered by source.

Introduction
An open circuit is two isolated terminals not connected by an element of
any kind, the current associated with an open circuit must always be zero.
And a short circuit is a very low resistance, direct connection between two
terminals of a network, the current through the short circuit can be any
value, as determined by the system it is connected to, but the voltage
across the short circuit is always zero volts because the resistance of the
short circuit is assumed to be essentially zero ohms and V = IR = I(0 Ω) =
0V.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) The algebraic sum of the potential rises and
drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero. Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a node is zero.
Voltage divider rule (VDR) A method by which a voltage in a series circuit
can be determined without first calculating the current in the circuit.
Current divider rule (CDR) A method by which the current through parallel
elements can be determined without first finding the voltage across those
parallel elements.
Objectives
1. To know the difference between the open and the short circuit.
2. To learn how to use the lap tools.
3. To practice all the previous laws.

Methodology
1.Software
We designed the circuit by MALTISEM program as shown in Fig (1)
and we compared the results which we got from program as in Fig
(2) with results which we measured and calculated in actual.

OPEN CIRCUIT

SHORT CIRCUIT

Fig (1)
OPEN CIRCUIT SHORT CIRCUIT

Fig (2)
2.Hardware
Procedures:
a) We measured the value of each resistor using DMM.
b) We joined the resistors with power supply of (9V).
c) We measured the potential difference among ends of each
resistor.
d) We measured the current through wires which connected
between each resistor.
e) We calculated the power absorbed by each resistor.
f) We calculated the power delivered by source.
g) Every previous steps have been done in the open circuit
and the short circuit individually.

Tools:
a) Resistors.
b) Battery (9V).
c) Wires.
d) Test board.
e) DMM.

Safety:
Don’t touch any devices “resistors, wires and battery” during
measurement.
Results

OPEN CIRCUIT

Actual measured Differences

R1 1000 Ω 986 Ω 1.4 %
R2 220 Ω 218 Ω 0.9 %
R3 560 Ω 560 Ω 0%
R4 2200 Ω 2190 Ω 0.45 %
RT 3760 Ω 3736 Ω 0.64 %

V1 2.39 V 2.43 V 1.64 %

V2 5.27 V 5.42 V 2.7 %
V3 1.34 V 1.38 V 2.8 %
V4 5.27 V 5.42 V 2.7 %
E 9V 9.2 V 2.1 %

I1 2.39 mA 2.45 mA 2.4 %

I2 0 mA 0 mA 0%
I3 2.39 mA 2.45 mA 2.4 %
I4 2.39 mA 2.45 mA 2.4 %
IS 2.39 mA 2.45 mA 2.4 %

P1 5.7 mW 5.9 mW 3.38 %

P2 0 mW 0 mW 0%
P3 3.2 mW 3.3 mW 3.03 %
P4 12.6 mW 13.2 mW 4.5 %
PE 21.51 mW 22.54 mW 4.5 %
Results

SHORT CIRCUIT

Actual measured Differences

R1 1000 Ω 986 Ω 1.4 %
R2 560 Ω 561 Ω 0.17 %
R3 2200 Ω 2190 Ω 0.45 %
RT 3760 Ω 3737 Ω 0.6 %

V1 0V 0V 0%
V2 1.83 V 1.88 V 2.6 %
V3 7.17 V 7.32 V 2.04 %
E 9V 9.2 V 2.1 %

I1 0 mA 0 mA 0%
I2 3.26 mA 3.32 mA 1.8 %
I3 3.26 mA 3.32 mA 1.8 %
IS 3.26 mA 3.32 mA 1.8 %

P1 0 mW 0 mW 0%
P2 5.96 mW 6.2 mW 3.8 %
P3 23.3 mW 24.3 mW 4.11 %
PE 29.3 mW 30.5 mW 3.9 %
Discussions
a) The potential difference before the R 2 is equal the potential
difference after it.
b) We noticed that, the most flow of current goes with the smallest
resistor in parallel plump.

Conclusion and Recommendations

a) Be careful, when you measure the resistance by DMM to keep
your hands away.
b) Focus when you designed your circuit on test board not to join
the two ends of resistor in one vertical line in the test board.
c) Before you connect the parts of the circuit on the board, check if
there is a short circuit.

References
INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Robert L. Boylestad
Eleventh Edition GLOSSARY (Chapter 5,6,7)