Operating Systems

Prepared by:
Meghna Desai
18/07/2019
 Operating Systems Introduction
• Compilers and translator programs
– Enable programmers to create other software
• Software applications
– Serve as productivity tools to help users solve
problems eg. Web apps, utilities etc.
• System software
– Coordinates hardware operations
 The Language of Computers
• Every computer processes instructions in machine
language.
– Numeric codes used to represent basic operations:
• Adding and subtracting numbers
• Comparing numbers
• Moving numbers
• Repeating instructions
• Programmers use high-level languages.
– C++, Java, etc.
 System Software:
The Hardware-Software Connection
• System software: Class of software that
includes the operating system and utility
programs
• Handles low-level details and hundreds of
other tasks behind the scenes
• User does not need to be concerned about
details
 What the Operating System Does
• Every computer depends on an operating
system to:
– Keep hardware running efficiently
– Maintains file system
– Supports multitasking
– Manages virtual memory
• Operating system runs continuously when
computer is on
 The Operating System
• When you turn on the computer, the CPU
automatically begins executing instructions stored in
ROM. The operating system (OS) loads from the disk
into part of the system’s memory.
 The Operating System (cont.)
The OS loads the application program into memory and remains in memory,
so it can provide services to the application program—display on-screen
menus, communicate with the printer,
and perform other common actions.
 What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
– Make the computer system convenient to use
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
 Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four
components:
– Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
– Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
– Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
– Users
• People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer
System
 Operating System Definition
• OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources
– Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer
 Operating System Definition (Cont.)
• No universally accepted definition
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an
operating system” is a good approximation
– But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the
computer” is the kernel.
• Everything else is either
– a system program (ships with the operating system) ,
or
– an application program.
 Computer Startup
• bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or
reboot
– Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally
known as firmware
– Initializes all aspects of system
– Loads operating system kernel and starts
execution
Computer System Organization
 Recommended Books
• Peterson, J.L and Silberschatz(1998):
Operating System
Concepts,5/e,Addison-Wesley
• McHoes A.M., Flynn I.M, Understanding OS-
Cengage Learning
• Milenkovic,M.(1992): Operating Systems –
Concepts and Design, McGraw Hill
• A.S. Godbole, Operating Systems with case
studies in Unix, Netware, Windows NT, TMH.
• Tannenbaum A.S. : Modern Operating
Systems, PHI, 1995.
 What is an operating system?
• Chief piece of software
That manages
All Hardware and
All other Software
• Controls every file
• Every device
• Every section of memory
• Every nanosecond of processing time
• Controls who can use the system and how
• Each time the user sends a command, the
operating system
 Types of Operating Systems
• Batch Systems
• Interactive Systems
• Real-time Systems
– Hard
– Soft
• Hybrid Systems
 Batch Systems
• User submit jobs to a central place where
these jobs are collected in a batch, and
subsequently placed on an input queue at the
computer where they will run
• No User Interaction with the job during
processing
• Response Time = turn around time = Tjcomplete
- Tjsubmitted