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Available instruments for the rotating and the disk electrodes are made with conducting
electrode control material such as platinum, gold, silver, copper,
glassy carbon. The material of each electrode can
Instrument MPG VMP VMP2 BiStat be different and are separated by an isolating
material such as teflon or polyethylene.
Used × The electrochemical solution flow near the
Alternative × electrode surface describes a spiral that is growing
from the middle to the periphery of the surface. The
electroactives species are moving from the disk to
the ring electrode. When used in the ring-disk
OVERVIEW configuration, the ring and the disk electrodes are
The aim of this document is to show the capability usually polarized with different potentials, ER and
offered by a BiStat or a VMP2 to run experiments ED, using both channels of the BiStat. For example
with a rotating Ring-Disk electrode system. ED could be an oxidation potential and ER a
reduction potential. The electrochemical reactions
that can take place on the electrode surface
INTRODUCTION according to the applied potential can be defined as
follow:
The BiStat is a two channel potentiostat/
galvanostat especially designed to work as a Disk: X Y + n e-
bipotentiostat. The bipotentiostat is mainly used in if ED enough positive
electrochemical experiments with two working
Ring: Y + n e- X
electrodes in a hydrodynamic regime. The
hydrodynamic regime is ensured with a rotating if ER smaller than ED (enough for the
reduction).
electrode laid by a rotating power unit. The
working electrode in the electrochemical cell is
Y compound made on the disk electrode is laid by
typically made either with a single disk or with a
diffusion and convection to the ring electrode where
rotating ring-disk electrode. The rotating ring-disk
it can be electrochemically detected and studied. A
electrode was developed by Frumkin and
possible experiment is to apply an oxidation
Nekrasov in 1959. The theoretical part was
potential on the disk electrode and a potential
definitely achieved in 1971 [1]. The applications
sweep on the ring electrode to detect the species
are numerous in the fields of electrochemical
made on the disk. We can do the same experiment
analysis, especially in reaction mechanism study.
with a potentiodynamic mode on the disk and a
The rotating electrode is often used for the
potentiostatic one on the ring.
detection of short life intermediate species.
For this kind of experiment, the electrochemical cell
also contains a reference electrode and a counter
DESCRIPTION AND PRINCIPLE
electrode that are common for both working
The ring-disk electrode is made with two electrodes.
electrically isolated electrode surfaces. The ring Two characteristic values must be considered:
Bio-Logic Science Instruments, 1 rue de l'Europe, F-38640 Claix - tel: +33 476 98 68 31 – Fax: +33 476 98 69 09 1
Web: www.bio-logic.info
• The collection efficiency of the ring RESULTS
electrode N= - IR/ID
Rotating speed effect of a single disk
• The screen coefficient of the disk electrode
electrode:
In a first time, the instrument is used as a single
EXPERIMENTAL PART potentiostat (one channel). An experiment has been
built in order to show the rotating speed effect of the
The electrochemical cell contains a four electrode disk electrode on the current values. The
system with two working electrodes (rotating ring- experiment is made with the protocol linker
disk electrode), one steel counter electrode and available in EC-Lab software. Three protocols were
one Saturated Calomel electrode as reference. linked, a “modular potentiodynamic” followed by a
The solution used in the experiment is made with “wait” and finally a “loop” experiment. The wait
4- -3 -1 -1
Fe(CN)6 (5.10 mol.L ) with KCl (0.5 mol.L ) as protocol is specific because it is dedicated to the
support electrolyte. The instrument used is a rotating electrode control when the channel has this
BiStat with EC-Lab software version 8.50. The ability. The Wait protocol for the rotating electrode
connection used is in the “CE to Ground” mode control is as follow:
with one common reference and one common The Wait protocol has been especially designed for
counter electrode. linked experiments. It is possible either to choose
The rotating speed is controlled by EC-Lab the wait duration (td) or to define the time of the end
software through the DB9 auxiliary cable (Analog of the wait protocol. This protocol's table is made of
Output BNC). sequences. Each sequence is taken into account
Note that a triggering signal can be used to start successively for each loop. Only one sequence of
the rotation at the beginning of the experiment the wait is executed at each protocol loop. It is a
and (or) to stop the rotation at the end of the very interesting tool to study the rotating speed
experiment. effect on the measured current. The following figure
shows the curve obtained with this protocol.
Bio-Logic Science Instruments, 1 rue de l'Europe, F-38640 Claix - tel: +33 476 98 68 31 – Fax: +33 476 98 69 09 2
Web: www.bio-logic.info
5000 rpm
4000 rpm
3000 rpm
2000 rpm
1000 rpm
500 rpm
800
700
600
500
Current (µA)
400
300
200
y = 33.255 + 9.9077x R= 0.99958
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1/2
w
Fig.3: Effect of the electrode rotating speed on the limit current.
The limit current is growing with the rotating As theoretically defined the limit current in the
electrode speed. For the first experiment (modular hydrodynamic regime is directly proportional to
potentio), this speed is 500 rpm. It is the reason the rotation speed square root. The linear
why the first speed of the wait protocol is 1000 regression curve is shown in red color with its
rpm. equation.
Bio-Logic Science Instruments, 1 rue de l'Europe, F-38640 Claix - tel: +33 476 98 68 31 – Fax: +33 476 98 69 09 3
Web: www.bio-logic.info
Electrochemical study on a ring-disk applied from 0 V/SCE to 1 V/SCE in order to
electrode with both BiStat's channels oxidise the Fe(II) species into Fe(III) species. In
the same time on the other channel connected to
In that case the BiStat is used as a bipotentiostat.
the ring electrode, a potentiostatic mode with
This experiment has been made with the modular
0V/SCE is applied in order to reduce the Fe(III)
potentio protocol an both channels. On the disk
species previously formed on the disk electrode.
electrode surface a potentiodynamic mode is
The curves are shown on the following figure
.
On the disc
-
Fe(II) Fe(III) + e
- On the ring
Fe(II) Fe(III) + e
Reference:
[1] Albery W.J. and Hitchman M.L., Ring-disk
electrodes, Clarendon press Oxford, 1971.
Bio-Logic Science Instruments, 1 rue de l'Europe, F-38640 Claix - tel: +33 476 98 68 31 – Fax: +33 476 98 69 09 4
Web: www.bio-logic.info