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the best location for the line of skirt attachment. In may be reinforced by stiffening rings at intermediate
applying UG-22 and UG-23(a) to vertical vessels sup- sections.2
ported on skirts, the following shall be considered in
addition to pressure effects:
(a) the skirt reaction: G-7
(1) the weight of vessel and contents transmitted Large horizontal storage tanks for gases under pres-
in compression to the skirt by the shell above the level sure may be supported by any combination of hangers,
of the skirt attachment; with ring girders, stiffeners, and such other reinforce-
(2) the weight of vessel and contents transmitted ment as may be necessary to prevent stresses in the
to the skirt by the weight in the shell below the level shell in excess of those allowed by UG-23 and to
of skirt attachment; prevent excessive distortion due to the weight of the
vessel when the internal pressure is near atmospheric.
(3) the load due to externally applied moments and
forces when these are a factor, e.g., wind, earthquake, or
piping loads. G-8
(b) the stress in the vessel wall due to the effects
enumerated in (a) above. Localized longitudinal bending Certain attachments may serve to mount a pump,
compressor, motor, internal combustion engine, mixer,
and circumferential compressive stresses of high order
or any other rotating or reciprocating equipment upon
may exist in the metal of the shell and skirt near the
a vessel. Such equipment can cause cyclic forces to
circle of the skirt attachment if the skirt reaction is
act upon the attachment, upon the attachment weld to
not substantially tangent to the vessel wall. When the
the vessel, upon the vessel shell, and upon the vessel
skirt is attached below the head tangent line, localized
supports. For such cyclic loading, the practices advo-
stresses are introduced in proportion to the component
cated in G-2(c) and (d) above are of particular impor-
of the skirt reaction which is normal to the head surface tance. It is important to avoid resonance between the
at the point of attachment; when the mean diameter cyclic forces imposed by the equipment and the natural
of skirt and shell approximately coincide and a generous frequency of the vessel with the equipment in place.
knuckle radius is used (e.g., a 2:1 ellipsoidal head), the
localized stresses are minimized and are not considered
objectionable. In other cases an investigation of local G-9
effects may be warranted depending on the magnitude
of the loading, location of skirt attachment, etc., and Additional guidance on the design of supports, attach-
ments and piping reactions may be found in the follow-
an additional thickness of vessel wall or compression
ing references:
rings may be necessary.
(a) British Standard BS-5500, Specification for Fu-
sion Welded Pressure Vessels (Advanced Design and
Construction) for Use in the Chemical, Petroleum, and
Allied Industries;
(b) Welding Research Council Bulletin #107, Local
G-6
Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
Horizontal vessels may be supported by means of External Loadings;
saddles1 or equivalent leg supports. For other than very (c) Welding Research Council Bulletin #198, Part
small vessels, the bearing afforded by the saddles shall 1, Secondary Stress Indices for Integral Structural At-
extend over at least one-third of the circumference of tachments to Straight Pipes; Part 2, Stress Indices at
the shell. Lug Supports on Piping Systems;
Supports should be as few in number as possible, (d) Welding Research Council Bulletin 297, Local
preferably two in the length of the vessel. The vessel Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings, Supplement to WRC-107.
1
See “Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle
2
Supports,” p. 959, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, See Transactions ASCE, Volume 98 — 1931 “Design of Large
A Decade of Progress, Volume Two, published by ASME. Pipe Lines.”
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