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CHAPTER
1
Section 1.1 Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Problem Solving
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Inductive Reasoning
The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the
examination of specific examples is called inductive
reasoning. The conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning is a conjecture, since it may or may not be
correct.
Inductive Reasoning
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Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each b. The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the
of the following lists. third numbers differ by 3.
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ? It appears that the difference between any two numbers
is always 1 more than the preceding difference.
Solution:
a. Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we predict that the next
number. Thus we predict that the next number in the list number in the list will be 6 larger than 15, which is 21.
is 3 larger than 15, which is 18.
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5 6
Counterexamples
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all
cases.
If you can find one case for which a statement is not true,
called a counterexample, then the statement is a false
Counterexamples statement.
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Verify that each of the following statements is a false b. For x = 1 we have 12 = 1. Since 1 is not greater than 1,
statement by finding a counterexample. we have found a counterexample. Thus “for all numbers
For all numbers x: x, x2 > x” is a false statement.
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Deductive Reasoning
Another type of reasoning is called deductive reasoning.
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11 12
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Subtract 3:
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13 14
15 16
15 16
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a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums b. Because the conclusion is a specific case of a general
every other year. Last year the tree did not produce assumption, this argument is an example of deductive
plums, so this year the tree will produce plums. reasoning.
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Logic Puzzles
Logic puzzles, similar to the one in Example 7, can be solved
by using deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to
display the given information in a visual manner.
Logic Puzzles
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1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before
the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the
editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time. From clue 2, Sarah is not the editor. Write X2 (ruled out by
clue 2) in the Editor column of Sarah’s row.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
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We know from clue 1 that the banker is not the last to get Place a in that box. Since Sarah is the chef, none of the
home, and we know from clue 2 that Sarah is the last to get other three people can be the chef. Write X3 for these
home; therefore, Sarah is not the banker. Write X2 in the conditions. There are now Xs for three of the four
Banker column of Sarah’s row. occupations in Maria’s row; therefore, Maria must be the
editor.
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CHAPTER
Example 7 – Solution
1
cont’d
Problem Solving
Place a in that box. Thus Sean cannot be the dentist.
Write X4 in that box. Since there are 3 Xs in the Dentist
column, Brian must be the dentist. Place a in that box.
Sean is the banker, Maria is the editor, Sarah is the chef,
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
and Brian is the dentist. 25 26
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The three dots “...” indicate that the sequence continues Each of the numbers in row (1) of the table is the difference
beyond 65, which is the last written term. It is customary to between the two closest numbers just above it (upper right
use the subscript notation an to designate the nth term of a number minus upper left number). The differences in row
sequence. (1) are called the first differences of the sequence.
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29 30
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These differences of the first differences are called the Use a difference table to predict the next term in the
second differences. sequence.
2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, ...
The differences of the second differences are called the
third differences. Solution:
Construct a difference table as shown below.
To predict the next term of a sequence, we often look for a
pattern in a row of differences.
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33 34
The third differences, shown in blue in row (3), are all the
same constant, 6. Extending row (3) so that it includes an
additional 6 enables us to predict that the next second
difference will be 36.
Adding 36 to the first difference 89 gives us the next first nth-Term Formula for a Sequence
difference, 125. Adding 125 to the sixth term 207 yields
332.
35 36
35 36
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In some cases we can use patterns to predict a formula, a. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in
called an nth-term formula, that generates the terms of a the nth figure of the sequence?
sequence. b. How many tiles are in the eighth figure of the sequence?
c. Which figure will consist of exactly 320 tiles?
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37 38
a. Examine the figures for patterns. Thus the number of tiles in the nth figure is given by two
groups of n plus a group of n less one.
That is,
an = 2n + (n – 1)
an = 3n – 1
Note that the second figure has two tiles on each of the
horizontal sections and one tile between the horizontal b. The number of tiles in the eighth figure of the sequence
sections. is 3(8) – 1 = 23.
The third figure has three tiles on each horizontal
section and two tiles between the horizontal sections. c. To determine which figure in the sequence will have 320
tiles, we solve the equation 3n – 1 = 320.
The fourth figure has four tiles on each horizontal
section and three tiles between the horizontal sections. 39 40
39 40
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3n – 1 = 320
3n = 321 Add 1 to each side.
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41 42
43 44
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45 46
45 46
Thus,
F7 = F6 + F5
=8+5
47
= 13 48
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CHAPTER
Example 3 – Solution
1
cont’d
F8 = F7 + F6
= 13 + 8
= 21
Problem Solving
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City Map
Figure 1.2
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Devise a Plan: The map in Because there are many routes, we consider the similar but
Figure 1.2 has many extraneous simpler diagrams shown below.
details.
City Map
Figure 1.2
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Look for patterns. It appears that the number of routes to Carry Out the Plan: Using the pattern discovered earlier in
an intersection is the sum of the number of routes to the the example, we see from the figure below that the number
adjacent intersection to its left and the number of routes to of routes from point A to point B is 20 + 15 = 35.
the intersection directly above.
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Seatwork 1.2
1. If two ladders are placed end to end, their combined
height is 31.5 feet. One ladder is 6.5 feet shorter than
the other ladder. What are the heights of the two
ladders?
2. The number of ducks and pigs in a field totals 35. The
total number of legs among them is 98. Assuming each Reading and Interpreting Graphs
duck has exactly two legs and each pig has exactly four
legs, determine how many ducks and how many pigs
are in the field.
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Figure 1.5 is a circle graph or pie chart that uses circular a. Use Figure 1.3 to determine the minimum average U.S.
sectors to display the percentage of the 180,000,000 U.S. movie theatre ticket price for the years from 2008 to
Facebook users in selected age groups as of January 2014. 2014.
Classification of the 180,000,000 U.S. Average U.S. movie theatre ticket prices
Facebook users by age: January 2014
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.5
69 70
69 70
Example 8 – Use Graphs to Solve Problemscont’d Example 8 – Use Graphs to Solve Problemscont’d
b. Use Figure 1.4 to estimate the median age at which c. Use Figure 1.5 to estimate the number of U.S. Facebook
women married for the first time in 2011. Round to the users in the 18–24 age group. Round to the nearest
nearest half of a year. hundred thousand.
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The minimum of the average ticket prices is displayed by To estimate the median age at which women married for
the height of the shortest vertical bar in Figure 1.3. the first time in 2011, locate 2011 on the horizontal axis of
Figure 1.4 and then move directly upward to a point on the
green broken-line graph.
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The height of this point represents the median age at first Figure 1.5 indicates that 23.3% of the 180,000,000 U.S.
marriage for women in 2011, and it can be estimated by Facebook users were in the 18–24 age group.
moving horizontally to the vertical axis on the left.
0.233 180,000,000 = 41,940,000
Thus the median age at first marriage for women in 2011
was 26.5 years, rounded to the nearest half of a year. Thus, rounded to the nearest
hundred thousand, the number of
U.S. Facebook users in this age
group was 41,900,000 in
January 2014.
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