The problems of the first law

1.1 a lead bullet is fired at a frigid surface. At what speed must it

travel to melt on impact, if its initial temperature is 25 ℃   and

heating of the rigid surface of the rigid surface is neglected? The

melting point of lead is 327 ℃. The molar heat of fusion of the lead

is 4.8kJ/mol. The molar heat capacity C P  of lead may be taken as

29.3J/(mol K)

Solution:

Qabsorb  Qincrease  Qmelt   n(C  p T    H melting )

1 1
W   
2 2
mv nMv
2 2
Qabsorb  W 
1 3
n[29.3  (327  25)  4.8  10 ]  n 207.2  10 v
3 2

2
V   363( m / s)
1.2 what is the average power production in watts of a person who

 burns 2500 kcal of food in a day? Estimate the average additional

 powder production of 75Kg man who is climbing a mountain at the

rate of 20 m/min
 Q Burn in
ingg  2500  10 3  4.1868  10467000( J )
10467000
P  W  / t   Q Burn iningg / t    121( J  / S )
24  60  60
Solution
h 20
Pincrea sin g  mg  75  9.8   245( J  / S )
t  60
3
1.3 One cubic decimeter (1 dm ) of water is broken into droplets

having a diameter of one micrometer (1 um) at 20 ℃.

(a)what
(a) what is the total area of the droplets?

(b)Calculate
(b) Calculate the minimum work required to produce the droplets.

Assume that the droplets are rest (have zero velocity)

Water have a surface tension of 72.75 dyn/cm at 20 ℃  (NOTES: the

term surface energy (ene/cm 2) is also used for surface tension

dyn/cm)

Solution

(1  101 )3
S total  nS Single   4     (0.5  10 6 ) 2  6  103 (m2 )
4
    (0.5  10 6 )3
3
5 2
W    S   72.75  10  (3  103  6  10 2 )  436.6( J )

1.4 Gaseous helium is to be used to quench a hot piece of metal. The

helium is in storage in an insulated tank with a volume of 50 L and a

temperature of 25 ℃, the pressure is 10 atm. Assume that helium is

an ideal gas.
(a)when
(a) when the valve is opened and the gas escapes into the quench

chamber (pressure=1 atm), what will be the temperature of the

first gas to hit the specimen?

(b)As
(b) As the helium flows, the pressure in the tank drops. What will be

the temperature of the helium entering the quench chamber when

the pressure in the tank has fallen to 1 atm?

(a)
 Adiabatic
 Adiabatic

Solution: T 
(
P  R / C P
)
T 0 P0
1
T   298  ( ) 0.4  118( K )
10
(b)
W  1  (500  5)  101325  10 3
T     118( K )
nC  p 10  50  101325  10 3
 2.5 R
 R  298
T   T 0  T   298  118  180( K )

1.5 An evacuated (P=0), insulted tank is surrounded by a very large

volume (assume infinite volume) of an ideal gas at a temperature T 0.

The valve on the tank is o !ened and the surrounding gas is allowed

to flow suickly into t(e tank until the pressure insi`e the tank is

equals the pressure outside. Assume that no heat flow takes place.

What is the0final tempeture kf t èe gaS in the tank? The heat cap!city

mf the gas, C p and Cv each íay be(assumed to be c/nsuant over thå

temperature rang!spanNed by the døperiment. You answer may be

meft in terms of C p and SvMhint: one way to approach the xroblem

is to define the system as the gas ends up in the tank.

hint: one way to approach the xroblem is to define the system as the

gas ends up in the tank.

  Adiabati
 Adiabaticc
solution T  P
( )
 R / C P

T 0 P0
P0 0
T   T 0 (  T 0
 R / C P
)
P0

1.6 Calculate the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen at 298K,

assuming that the products of reaction are CO 2  and CH4 (gas)[This

heat of reaction is also called the low calorific power of methane]

convert the answer into unites of Btu/1000 SCF of methane. SCF

means standard cubic feet, taken at 298 and 1atm

 NOTE: this value is a good approximation for the low calorific

 powder of natural gas

FOR  H 290 8[ Kcal / g  mol ]

DATA: CH 4 ( g )  17.89
CO2 ( g )  94.05
 H 2 O( g )  57.80

solution CH 4  2O2  CO2  2 H 2O

 H 298  ( H CO  2 H  H  O   H CH  )  (94.05  2  57.80  17.89)
2 2 4

191.76  103 1
 H 298  191.76( Kcal / g  mol )  3   26.9( Btu / 1000SCF )
10
3
0.3048  103  252  103

1.7 Methane is delivered at 298 K to a glass factory, which operates

a melting furnace at 1600 K. The fuel is mixed with a quantity of air,

also at 298 K, which is 10% in excess of the amount theoretically

needed for complete combustion (air is approximately 21% O 2  and

79% N2)

(a)Assuming
(a) Assuming complete combustion, what is the composition of the

flue gas (the gas following combustion)?

(b)What
(b) What is the temperature of the gas, assuming no heat loss?
(c)The
(c) The furnace processes 2000kg of glass hourly, and its heat losses

to the surroundings average 400000 kJ/h. calculate the fuel

3
consumption at STP (in m /h) assuming that for gas

H1600-H298=1200KJ/KG

(d)A
(d) A heat exchanger is installed to transfer some of the sensible heat

of the flue gas to the combustion air. Calculate the decrease in

fuel consumption if the combustion air is heated to 800K

DAT
DATA STP means T=298K, P=1atm
 for
CH 4 C P (cal / mol  C )

CO 2 16
 H 2 O 13.7
11.9
 N 2
8.2
O2 8.2

(a )
CH 4  2O2  CO2  2 H 2 O
1
CO2 %   8.71%
79
3  2  1.1 
 2  (1.1  1)
Solution 21
 H 2 O%  2CO2 %  17.43%
 N 2 %  72.12%
O2 %  0.87%
(b)
  C  p,i X i  0.01[13.7  8.71  11.9  17.43  8.2  (72.12  0.87)]  9.25(cal / mol 
C  p , p

C )
191.76  1000
T   T 0  T   298   2104( K )
9.25  11.48