CHE 204: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I TERM 102 ALSHAMI

CHAPTER 2: MOMENTUM BALANCES

Definition – Momentum (M) can simply be defined as ‘the power residing in a moving
object’:

‫ݑ݉ = ܯ‬ (1)

Therefore, the dimensions of momentum is mass* length/time (ML/T).

Since we are about to perform momentum “BALANCES” in accordance with the

conservation laws introduced in chapter one, we must ask: “How can momentum be
transferred?”

The answer is in TWO ways: 1) by force, and 2) by convection.

1. By Force
In fluid mechanics, the most frequently occurring forces are those due to pressure
(normal to surface), shear stress (tangential), and gravity (body force)

A force is readily seen to be equivalent to a rate of change of momentum by

examining its dimensions:
‫ܮܯ ܮܯ‬ൗܶ ‫݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋ܯ‬
‫ ≡ ݁ܿݎ݋ܨ‬ଶ = = (2)
ܶ ܶ ܶ݅݉݁

This is a direct application of Newton’s 2nd law of motion:

݀‫)ݑ݉(݀ ݑ‬
‫݉ = ܽ݉ = ܨ‬ = = ‫ܯ‬ሶ (3)
݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬
2. By Convection

The convective transfer of momentum by flow is due to the convective action of the
moving fluid.

Momentum Balance:
ܴܽ‫݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋ ݁ݐ‬ ܴܽ‫݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋ ݁ݐ‬ ‫݃݊݅ݐܿܽ ݏ݁ܿݎ݋݂ ݂݋ ݉ݑݏ‬ ܴܽ‫݊݋݅ݐ݈ܽݑ݉ݑܿܿܽ ݂݋ ݁ݐ‬
ቀ ቁ−൬ ൰+ቀ ቁ=൬ ൰ (4)
݅݊‫ܸܥ ݋ݐ‬ ‫ܸܥ ݂݋ ݐݑ݋‬ ‫ܸܥ ݊݋‬ ‫ܸܥ ݊݅ ݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋‬

݀
(݉ሶ࢛)௜௡ − (݉ሶ࢛)௢௨௧ + ෍ ࡲ = (࢛݉)௦௬௦ (5)
݀‫ݐ‬

equation (5) is a vector equation and can be represented by three equations for each
coordinate direction:

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CHE 204: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I TERM 102 ALSHAMI

x-direction:
݀
(݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )௜௡ − (݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )௢௨௧ + ෍ ‫ܨ‬௫ = (݉‫ݑ‬௫ )௦௬௦ (6)
݀‫ݐ‬
y-direction:
݀
൫݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௬ ൯ − ൫݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௬ ൯ + ෍ ‫ܨ‬௬ = ൫݉‫ݑ‬௬ ൯ (7)
௜௡ ௢௨௧ ݀‫ݐ‬ ௦௬௦

z-direction:
݀
(݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௭ )௜௡ − (݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௭ )௢௨௧ + ෍ ‫ܨ‬௭ = (݉‫ݑ‬௭ )௦௬௦ (8)
݀‫ݐ‬

෍ ‫ܨ = ܨ‬௣ + ‫ܨ‬ோ + ‫ܨ‬௕

Where,

Fp = Forces due to pressure

FR = Forces due to the solid containing the fluid (Reaction forces)

Fb = Forces due to gravity (body forces)

For the case shown in the figure below:

CV

FR
Θ
P1A1

(ρuA)1
(ρuA)2 P2A2
y

x-direction:
(݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )ଵ − (݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )ଶ + ෍ ‫ܨ‬௫ = 0 (9)

෍ ‫ܨ‬௫ = (݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )ଶ − (݉ሶ‫ݑ‬௫ )ଵ (10)

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CHE 204: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I TERM 102 ALSHAMI

‫ܨ‬௣ ௫ + ‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ + ‫ܨ‬௕ ௫ = (ߩ‫ݑ‬௫ ‫)ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬௫ଶ − (ߩ‫ݑ‬௫ ‫)ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬௫ଵ (11)

ܲଵ ‫ܣ‬ଵ − ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ cos ߠ + ‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ + ݉݃ = ߩ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ଶଶ cos ߠ − ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ଵଶ (12)

For horizontal flow (no elevation): gravity force (mg) = 0

Solving for the reaction force (force required to hold the conduit in place), yields:

‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ = ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ cos ߠ − ܲଵ ‫ܣ‬ଵ + ߩ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ଶଶ cos ߠ − ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ଵଶ (13)

Also, since

ߩ‫ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܣ‬ଵ = ߩ‫ݑ‬ଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ (14)

Equation (13), can be rewritten as

uଶ cos ߠ
‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ = ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ cos ߠ − ܲଵ ‫ܣ‬ଵ + ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ଵଶ ൬ − 1൰ (15)
‫ݑ‬ଵ

The same procedure is repeated to find the Reaction forces in y-direction (FRy):

Momentum entering the CV is only in the x-direction => y-momentum in = 0

Momentum leaving the CV the y-direction = (ߩ‫ݑ‬ଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ) uଶ sin ߠ

Force due to pressure in the y-direction = P2A2 sin Θ

‫ܨ‬ோ ௬ = ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ sin ߠ + ߩ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ଶଶ sin ߠ (16)

Finally, the magnitude of the resultant force is given by

ଶ ଶ
‫ܨ‬ோ = ට൫‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ ൯ + ቀ‫ܨ‬ோ ௬ ቁ (17)

And it makes an angle

‫ܨ‬ோ ௬
ߠ = tanିଵ (18)
‫ܨ‬ோ ௫

Example

Water with a density of 1000 Kg/m3 flows in a right angle bend .The pressure at the
outlet is 1 atm. The volumetric flow rate is 0.025 m3/s. The inlet diameter is 0.05 m and
the outlet diameter is 0.025 m. The friction losses and the gravity forces are neglected.
Calculate the force needed to hold the bend stationary (magnitude and direction )

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CHE 204: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I TERM 102 ALSHAMI

Solution

Volumetric flow rate = Q

݉ଷ
ܳ 4 ൬0.025 ൰ ݉
‫ݏ‬
‫ݑ‬ଵ = = = 12.7
‫ܣ‬ଵ ߨ ∗ 0.05 ݉
ଶ ଶ ‫ݏ‬

‫ܣ‬ଵ ݉
‫ݑ‬ଶ = ‫ݑ‬ଵ = 50.84
‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݏ‬

The energy balance should be used to find the unknown pressure

∆ܲ ‫ݑ‬ଶ
+ ∆ ቆ ቇ + ݃∆‫ ݖ‬+ Ƒ + w = 0
ߩ 2

P2 = 1 atm (0 gauge)

P1 = unknown

Ƒ = (negligible frictional losses)

W = 0 (no shaft work)

Z2 = Z1 (no elevation)

Substituting gives:

∆ܲ ‫ݑ‬ଶ
+ ∆ቆ ቇ = 0
ߩ 2

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CHE 204: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I TERM 102 ALSHAMI

P1-P2 =1.2 * 107 Pa = 118.8 atm

P1= 119.8 abs =118.8 atm gauge

P2= 1 atm abs = 0 gauge

Applying the momentum equation,

mtotg = 0

θ 2 = 90

π
A1= D12 =1.96*10-3 m2
4

A2= 4.91*10-4m2

uଶ cos ߠ
‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ = ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ cos ߠ − ܲଵ ‫ܣ‬ଵ + ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ݑ‬ଵଶ ൬ − 1൰
‫ݑ‬ଵ

By substituting all the numbers in FRx to get

ܰ ݇݃ ݉ଶ
‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ = 0 − ൤(1.96 ∗ 10ିଷ ݉ଶ ) ൬1.27 ∗ 10଻ ൰൨ + ൬ 1000 ൰ (1.96 ∗ 10 ିଷ ଶ )
݉ ቆ12.7 ଶ
ቇ (0 − 1)
݉ଶ ݉3 ‫ݏ‬ଶ

FRx = 2.5x 104 N (acting in the opposite direction)

‫ܨ‬ோ ௬ = ܲଶ ‫ܣ‬ଶ sin ߠ + ߩ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ݑ‬ଶଶ sin ߠ

݇݃ ݉ଶ
‫ܨ‬ோ ௬ = 0 + ቀ1000 ቁ (4.91 ∗ 10ିସ ݉ଶ ) ቆ50.84ଶ ቇ sin 90
݉ 3
‫ݏ‬ଶ

FRy= 1.27x103 N

‫ܨ‬ோ = ට‫ܨ‬ோ ௫ ଶ + ‫ܨ‬ோ ௬ ଶ = 2.5‫ݔ‬10ସ ܰ

‫ܨ‬ோ ௬
ߠ = tanିଵ = 93௢
‫ܨ‬ோ ௫

The angle is in the second quarter because X is negative and Y is positive