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Basis and Dimension

Anushaya Mohapatra

Department of Mathematics
BITS PILANI K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa

February 8, 2020

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 1 / 11


Overview

1 Basis and Coordinates

2 Dimension

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 2 / 11


Basis

Definition 1 (Basis).
Let V be a vector space and B = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } be a
subset of V. B is said to be a basis for the vector space V
if following holds;
1 Span(B) = V
2 B is linearly independent.
Standard Basis
1 The standard basis for R3 is
{(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
2 The standard basis for Rn is {e1 , e2 , · · · , en }, for
ei = (0, 0, · · · , 1, 0, · · · , 0)
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 3 / 11
Examples

Standard basis for polynomial space:


{1, x, x 2 , · · · , x n } is the standard basis for Pn (R).
Problems:
1 Show that B = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−2, 0, 1)} is a
basis for R3
2 Determine the basis for the following subspaces
1 U = {(x, y ) : x = y } of R2
0
2 U = {p ∈ P3 (x) : p (1) = 0} of P3

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 4 / 11


Theorem 1.1 (Uniqueness of Basis Represenation).
Let B = {v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . , vn } be a basis for V . Any vector
v ∈ V is uniquely represented as a linear combination of
vectors from B i.e there are unique scalars
α1 , α2 , α3 . . . αn such that v = α1 v1 + α2 v2 + · · · + αn vn .

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 5 / 11


Theorem 1.1 (Uniqueness of Basis Represenation).
Let B = {v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . , vn } be a basis for V . Any vector
v ∈ V is uniquely represented as a linear combination of
vectors from B i.e there are unique scalars
α1 , α2 , α3 . . . αn such that v = α1 v1 + α2 v2 + · · · + αn vn .
Definition 2 (Finite-dimensional vector space).
A vector space V is said to be finite-dimensional if there is
a finite subset S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } of V such that
V = span(S)
If a vector space has no finite spanning set, it is called an
infinte-dimensional vector space.
Examples: R∞ , P, C (R), C m (R) are infinite dimensional
vector spaces.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 5 / 11
Theorem 1.2.
Let S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } be a subset of non-zero vectors
in a vector space V.And let W = Span(S). Then some
subset of S is a basis for W.
Problems
1 Let S = {1 + x, x + x 2 , 2 − x + x 2 , 1 + x 2 } be a
subset of P2 . Find a subset of S which forms the basis
for the subspaceW = Span(S).
2 Let
S = {(1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, −1, 2), (0, 2, 2, 1), (1, 0, 0, 1)}
be a subset of R4 . Find a subset of S which forms the
basis for the subspaceW = Span(S).

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 6 / 11


Dimension

Theorem 2.1.
All set of basis vectors of a finite dimensional vector space
have the same number of vectors in them.
Definition 3 (Dimension).
The number of elements in a basis of a vector space V is
called dimension and denoted by dim(V).

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 7 / 11


Theorem 2.2.
Let V be a finite dimensional vector space and let
{v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } be any basis.
1 If a set in V has more than n vectors, then it is linearly
dependent.
2 If a set in V has less than n vectors, then it does not
span V.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 8 / 11


Theorem(Plus-Minus)
Let S be a nonempty subset of a vector space V .
1 If S is linearly independent and v is a vector that is not in the span of
S, then S ∪ {v } is still linearly independent.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 9 / 11


Theorem(Plus-Minus)
Let S be a nonempty subset of a vector space V .
1 If S is linearly independent and v is a vector that is not in the span of
S, then S ∪ {v } is still linearly independent.
2 If a vector v ∈ S is expressible as a linear combination of vectors in S
other than v , then S \ {v } spans the span of S.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 9 / 11


Theorem(Plus-Minus)
Let S be a nonempty subset of a vector space V .
1 If S is linearly independent and v is a vector that is not in the span of
S, then S ∪ {v } is still linearly independent.
2 If a vector v ∈ S is expressible as a linear combination of vectors in S
other than v , then S \ {v } spans the span of S.

Corollary 4.
Let S be a finite subset of a finite dimensional vector space V .
1 If S spans V but not a basis for V then there is a subset of S that is
a basis.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 9 / 11


Theorem(Plus-Minus)
Let S be a nonempty subset of a vector space V .
1 If S is linearly independent and v is a vector that is not in the span of
S, then S ∪ {v } is still linearly independent.
2 If a vector v ∈ S is expressible as a linear combination of vectors in S
other than v , then S \ {v } spans the span of S.

Corollary 4.
Let S be a finite subset of a finite dimensional vector space V .
1 If S spans V but not a basis for V then there is a subset of S that is
a basis.
2 If S is linearly independent but does not span V then there is a
superset S 0 that is a basis for V .

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 9 / 11


Theorem
Let W be a subspace of finite dimensional vector space
V,
1 W is finite dimensional.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 10 / 11


Theorem
Let W be a subspace of finite dimensional vector space
V,
1 W is finite dimensional.
2 dimension of W is smaller than or equal to the
dimension of V .

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 10 / 11


Theorem
Let W be a subspace of finite dimensional vector space
V,
1 W is finite dimensional.
2 dimension of W is smaller than or equal to the
dimension of V .
3 If the dimension of W is equal to that of V then
W = V.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 10 / 11


Thank you for your attention

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Vector Spaces February 8, 2020 11 / 11

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