WST111 Study Guide 2020 For ClickUp PDF

Study Guide
Department of Statistics
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
Mathematical Statistics
WST 111
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Welcome ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Educational approach .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Responsibilities of the student....................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Year planner WST111 ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Administrative information........................................................................................ 4
2.1 Contact details .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Timetable ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Study material and purchases ........................................................................................ 5
2.4 Programme/Departmental/Module rules, requirements and guidelines ......................... 6
2.5 Code of conduct ............................................................................................................ 6
2.5.1 Communication via email ................................................................................................................. 6
2.5.2 Compliments and complaints ........................................................................................................... 6
3 Module information .................................................................................................. 7

3.1 Purpose of the module .................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Module outcomes ......................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Articulation with other modules in the programme........................................................ 7
3.4 Module structure .......................................................................................................... 7
3.5 Learning presumed to be in place .................................................................................. 7
3.6 Credit map and notional hours ...................................................................................... 8
3.7 Units ............................................................................................................................. 9
4 Assessment ............................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Assessment plan ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Semester mark calculation .......................................................................................... 19
4.3 Assessment criteria ..................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Assessment policy ....................................................................................................... 21
4.4.1 Procedure to be followed when a class or semester test cannot be written ................................. 21
4.5 Plagiarism ................................................................................................................... 22
5 Support services ...................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Safety in the evening and emergencies ........................................................................ 22
5.2 E-learning support ....................................................................................................... 23
5.3 Other support services: ............................................................................................... 23
Annexure 1 .................................................................................................................. 25
1 Introduction
1.1 Welcome
A hearty welcome to all students who are doing Mathematical Statistics 111. This is your first step
towards the “sexiest career of the 21st century” – whether it is called statistics, data analysis or data
science. But heed this advice:
Discipline is the refining fire by which talent becomes ability.
Hard work beats talent when talent doesn’t work hard.
You’ll be in the experienced hands of lecturers:
Dr Ansie Smit Dr NinaStrydom Ms Jocelyn Mazarura
For more info on our department, visit us on the internet:

http://web.up.ac.za =>Faculties=>Natural & Agricultural Sciences=>Departments=>Statistics.
1.2 Educational approach
We are here to facilitate learning. It is your responsibility to engage, utilize and capitalize on all
learning opportunities. Class attendance is compulsory. For each class you need to bring along a copy
of the chapter under discussion that week so that you may highlight text and add notes in the margin.
Quality instruction requires students to come to classes, tutorials and practical sessions prepared, as
this enables teaching to build actively on common prior knowledge. Always have a sheet of paper, a
pencil and a calculator ready for hands-on exercises.
Note that all relevant information for this course will be published on ClickUp. Please check for
announcements regularly (at least twice a day). The study guide, consultation hours and other
administrative matters are posted under Administration. Under Course Material you will find tutorial
sheets, practical sheets and memos as well as memorandums of semester tests – all being published
during the course of the semester. Study material specific to each of the chapters is also published in
a folder for the chapter. As part of the hybrid learning approach followed at UP, video material
replacing or supplementing some lectures will also be posted on a regular basis. Assessment of
practicals and some tutorials as well as exercises given based on video lectures will be done via ClickUp
as well.
© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 1

1.3 Responsibilities of the student
⇒ Start your studies with the determination to make a success of it. Tertiary studies require a
lot of sacrifice, perseverance and hard work and all this still does not mean you cannot fail. But
remember where there is a will there is a way. Every success you achieve will give you more confidence
and will be the incentive to achieve more.
⇒ The tempo of tuition is extremely fast, so to fall behind can be a fatal mistake. Construct a
study schedule, and keep to it! See to it that you revise all your subjects at least once a week and that
you understand all the work. If you fall behind, try to catch up within one week. Guard against the
problem of concentrating on one subject during test periods.
⇒ Attend, as far as is humanely possible, all the lectures. Discipline yourself to give your full
attention at all times during the lectures. Concentrate on the explanations and use the terminology
and notation of the subject. You need to learn the statistical language in order to communicate the
concepts!
⇒ Take immediate steps if you see that you are not making progress with your studies or if you
are losing interest. If a problem arises, deal with it as soon as possible. Talk to someone who can help
you, and remember no one can help you if they do not know about your problem. The lecturers and
tutors and student advisors are available during consultation hours to see to your needs.
⇒ The subject, Mathematical Statistics, as the name indicates is more mathematical in nature.
All the new terminology is based on the old, which has to be known. Do a lot of revision and
understand the work that was done each day during the lecture. See your lecturers or tutors
immediately if something is not clear to you.
⇒ Mathematical Statistics is a study subject that cannot be mastered within a day or two. During
the preparations for a test it is important to write out all definitions, concepts, propositions and
proofs. In this way you improve your concentration and you will know your work sooner.
⇒ See to it that you understand the subject in its entirety. Schematic representations and tables
of summations can all help you to achieve this. This takes a lot of time but is always worth the effort
when it comes to revising the work.
⇒ Always be proud of your work. Keep it systematic and neat. If something does not make any
sense, do it over and do it correctly. Do not settle for anything less than the best.
⇒ Don't be an academic wreck! Vary you study time by doing sport or any other recreation. But
do not over indulge in the last two. Remember you came to university to study.
To end with: successful studies depend on you being MOTIVATED. If a course in this department is
included in your curriculum, you can accept that there is a good reason why this is so.
On the next page find a calendar which gives an indication of weekly activities. On ClickUp an updated
list of activities is published weekly and stored afterwards in case you missed something or need a
reminder of what was done when.

1.3.1 Year planner WST111
Week (lectures Date General Content Tutorial Practical

per week)
1 (4) 3-7Feb 1.1-1.2 0
2 (4) 10-14Feb 1.3-1.4 1 1
3 (4) 17-21Feb 2.1-2.2 2 2
4 (4) 24-28Feb 2.3-2.4 3 3
5 (4) 2-6Mar Semester Test 1 2.4-2.5 4 4

6 Mar
6 (4) 9-13Mar 3.1-3.2 5 5
7 (4) 16-20Mar 3.3-3.4 6 6
8 (3) 1-3Apr 3.4- 3.5 7
9 (3) 6-9Apr Semester Test 2 3.6

10=Good Friday 9 Apr
10 (4) 14-17Apr 3.7 8
13=Family day
11 (4) 20-24Apr 4.1 9 7
12 (2) 28Apr-30Apr 4.1-4.2

29=Mon TT
30=Fri TT
27=Freedom day
1=Worker’s day
13 (4) 4-8May 4.2-4.3 10 8
14 (4) 11-15May Semester Test 3 4.3-4.4 11

15 May
15 (4) 18-22May Practical Test 4.4-5 12

21 May
16 (0) 25May End of lectures

2. Administrative information
2.1 Contact details
For queries on Practicals: wst111.practicals@gmail.com
For queries on Tutorials: wst111.tutorials@gmail.com
For queries on Admin (NOT practical or tutorial related): wst111.lecturers@gmail.com
Consulting hours for lecturers, assistant lecturers and tutors will be announced in class and published
on ClickUP.
Building
Telephone Consulting
Name and room Email address
number hours
number
Module Dr Nina IT5-20
012 420 3447 nina.strydom@up.ac.za
coordinator Strydom
Dr Nina IT5-20
Lecturer 012 420 3447 nina.strydom@up.ac.za
Strydom
Lecturer Ms J Mazarura IT 6-22 012 420 6516 jocelyn.mazarura@up.ac.za
Lecturer Dr A Smit IT 6-9 012 420 3866 ansie.smit@up.ac.za

Deidré
Tutor Hub u04639864@tuks.co.za
Motala
Tutor IT5-31 francesmotala@gmail.com
Nompumulelo
Tutor IT5-31 nnp.nkabinde@gmail.com
Micaela
Tutor IT5-31 micaelasclanders@outlook.com
Kristen
Tutor IT5-31 u17105847@tuks.co.za
Christine
Tutor Hub u13087747@tuks.co.za
Maths
Faculty
Dr Mpho Building,
Student 012 420 6740 mpho.mmadi@up.ac.za
Mmadi Room 1-
Advisor*
29
Maths
Faculty
Ms Boitumelo Building,
Student 012 420 3096 boitumelo.seemaa@up.ac.za
Seema Room 1-
Advisor*
29
Merensky
Subject library,
Katlego Aphane 012 420 4791 katlego.aphane@up.ac.za
librarian level 5,
office 5-4
Ms Rhuhanda IT 5 Next
1-stop 012 420 2493 rhuhanda.bron@up.ac.za
Bron to stairs
*
Your Faculty Student Advisor can advise you on goal-setting, adjustment to university
life, time management, study methods, stress management and career exploration.
Book an individual consultation or attend a workshop. For other support services see
Section 5.

2.2 Timetable
One lecture per week (usually the early Tuesday morning lecture) will be replaced by a video lecture
and exercises based on that lecture then needs to be submitted on ClickUp.
Contact session Day Periods Time Venue

Lecture 1** Tuesday 1 7:30 -8:20 Large Chemistry
Lecture 2 Wednesday 7 13:30-14:20 Large Chemistry
Lecture 3 Thursday 3 9:30-10:20 Large Chemistry
Lecture 4 Friday 5 11:30-12:20 Large Chemistry
Tutorial option 1 Monday 4-5 10:30-12:20 Law 1-54
Tutorial option 2 Wednesday 8-9 14:30-16:20 HSB 4-2
Practical option 1 Monday 6 12:30-13:20 Brown/Orange/SIT1 lab
Practical option 2 Wednesday 10 16:30-17:20 Red/Orange/Brown lab
**Presented online except if announced differently
2.3 Study material and purchases
Prescribed Book (e-book) (DB):

Title: Modern Mathematical Statistics with Applications
Authors: Devore, J.L.,Berk,K. N.
Edition: 2nd
Available from campus at: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-0391-3/page/1 or at the
following URL:
https://innopac.up.ac.za/search~S9?/tModern+mathematical+statistics+with+applications+/tmodern+m
athematical+statistics+with+applications/1%2C1%2C3%2CB/frameset&FF=tmodern+mathematical+statis
tics+with+applications&3%2C%2C3/indexsort=-
PDF version of each chapter is available (also on ClickUp). Please download each chapter as and when
needed. Only a selected part of the text book will be covered in this module. See Study Themes and
Units in this guide for detail. Taking notes in class is not sufficient – you have to print the chapters
done in this course!
Notes on how to use Excel for Descriptive Statistics and additional study material may be handed out
in class during the course of the semester. They will also be published on ClickUP.
All students are expected to use their own calculators. Scientific calculators with facilities for
regression and correlation are recommended. No programmable calculators allowed.

2.4 Programme/Departmental/Module rules, requirements and guidelines
The WST111 module is at first year level. A WST111 GS (combined semester and examination mark of
at least 40%) is the prerequisite for WST121. The two modules (WST111 and WST121) are
prerequisites for WST211. Only students who passed WST111 and WST121 (at least 50% in both cases)
will be allowed to continue with Mathematical Statistics at a second year level.
The practical component of the WST111 module utilises MS Excel (which is introduced in AIM111,
AIM121, AIM101) for practical applications and illustration of theoretical concepts.
If you are registered in the Actuarial programme, please note:

You must do WST111, WST121 (first year) as well as WST211, WST221 (second year) under the
following conditions:
• You must achieve an average mark of 60% across the four subjects’ examination papers.
• You must score a subminimum of 55% in each examination paper.
Because you can score a maximum of 50% in a supplementary examination, it does not count.
2.5 Code of conduct
We are not only facilitating learning in a module, we are also preparing you for the world of work. We
expect you to adhere to the code of conduct as spelled out in the Escalation policy of UP.
2.5.1 Communication via email

When you send an email to your lecturer, you have to use a respectful tone and include all the
following aspects:
• A clear and explanitory subject line (e.g. “Submission of sick note – P Mduli”);
• Your full name and surname at the end of the mail;
• Your student number;
• The module involved; and
• Short and clear message.
2.5.2 Compliments and complaints

You are more than welcome to express your appreciation to your lecturer or tutor and supply feedback
about aspects of the course that you enjoy and find valuable.
If you have a query or complaint, you have to submit it in writing with specifics of the issue or the
nature of the complaint. It is imperative that you follow the procedure outlined below in order to
resolve your issues:
1. Consult the lecturer concerned about your complaint/concerns.
If the matter has not been resolved,
2. consult the class representative (The primary function of the Class Representative is to serve
as a two-way communication channel between the class and the lecturer).
3. consult the module co-ordinator (large modules with multiple lecturers)
4. consult the Head of Department
If the matter has still not been resolved,
5. consult with the Dean of the Faculty

3 Module information
3.1 Purpose of the module
The goal of the WST111 module is to present a solid undergraduate foundation in statistical theory
while the WST121 module provides an indication of the relevance and importance of the theory in
solving practical problems in the real world. Topics that are covered include the following:
Characterization of a set of measurements: graphical and numerical methods. Random sampling.
Probability theory. Discrete and continuous random variables. Probability distributions. Generating
functions and moments. Identification, use, evaluation and interpretation of statistical computer
packages and statistical techniques.
3.2 Module outcomes
The student must be able to summarise a set of measurements.

The student must be able to evaluate and interpret basic graphs and summary statistics.
The student must be able to conceptualise and understand basic probability theory.
The student must be able to identify the nature of a random variable and describe the behaviour of a
random variable using basic probability theory.
The student must be able to identify, access, formulate and solve real world problems of probabilistic
nature by being able to meaningfully observe and identify such situations, to interpret these
observations in terms of probability theory and to reach logical conclusions.
3.3 Articulation with other modules in the programme
The WST111 module is typically included in BSc programmes such as BSc in Actuarial & Financial
Mathematics, Mathematical Statistics, Mathematics, Physics, IT or Computer Science and BComm
programmes such as BComm in Statistics or Econometrics.
3.4 Module structure
Characterizing a
set of Characterizing a
Probability
measurements random variable
Discrete Continuous
distributions distributions
3.5 Learning presumed to be in place
A student is required to have passed the Grade12 examination in Mathematics with at least 70%. For
the programme in Actuarial & Financial Mathematics 80% in Mathematics is required.
The exponential function and natural logarithm play very important roles in Statistics. A student must
be able to apply exponent and logarithmic laws effortlessly and flawlessly.

3.6 Credit map and notional hours
This module carries a weighting of 16 credits, indicating that a student should spend an average of
160 hours to master the required skills (including time spent preparing for tests and examinations).
This means that you should devote an average of 10 hours of study time per week to this module.
The scheduled contact time is approximately five hours per week, which means that at least another
five hours per week of own study time should be devoted to the module.
The number of credits allocated to a module give an indication of the volume of learning required for
the completion of that module and is based on the concept of notional hours. Given that this module
carries a weighting of 16 credits, it follows that you should spend an average of 10x16 hours of study
in total on the module (1 credit = 10 notional hours). This includes time for lectures, assignments,
projects, tests and exams. This means that you should spend approximately 160 hours/14 week = 12
hours per week.
Assessment
Independent
Lectures ClickUP Practical Tutorials (including
work
assignments)
4 hours 1.5 hours 1 hour 2 hours 1.5 hours 2 hours
UNITS THEMES
Overview and Descriptive Populations and Samples
Statistics Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Location
Measures of Variability
Probability Sample Spaces and Events
Axioms, Interpretations, and Properties of Probability
Counting Techniques
Conditional Probability
Independence
Discrete Random Variables Random Variables
and Probability Distributions Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables
Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables
Moments and Moment Generating Functions
The Binomial Probability Distribution
Hypergeometric and Negative Binomial Distributions
The Poisson Probability Distribution
Continuous Random Probability Density Functions and Cumulative Distribution Functions
Variables and Probability Expected Values and Moment Generating Functions
Distributions The Normal Distribution
The Gamma Distribution and its Relatives
Joint Probability Distributions Jointly Distributed Random Variables
Expected Values, Covariance, and Correlation

3.7 Units
Unit: Overview and Descriptive Statistics
Populations and Samples (DB p.1-9)

You must be able to:
• differentiate between a population and a sample
• identify the nature of the data
• distinguish between the branches of Statistics
• understand the role of probability in Statistics
• differentiate between methods of collecting data
Key concepts: data, population, census, sample, categorical or numerical data, variable, univariate
data, bivariate data, multivariate data, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, simple random
sampling, stratified sampling, convenience sampling, designed experiment.
Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Statistics (DB p.9-24)

You must familiarise yourself with the general notation used in the application of statistical methods
and formulae to practical problems.
• represent a data set using visual techniques
• construct and interpret the information in a stem and leaf display
• construct a comparative stem and leaf display
• use a dotplot to summarise numerical data for a small data set
• draw a histogram for observations resulting from:
o counting data
o measurement data with equal class widths
o measurement data with unequal class widths
• describe the shape of a histogram
• differentiate between visual representations for:
o qualitative data,
o univariate quantitative data
o multivariate quantitative data
Key concepts: tally sheet, frequency, relative frequency, frequency table, frequency distribution, class
intervals, density, unimodal, bimodal, multimodal, symmetric, positively skewed, negatively skewed,
bar graph, outliers, pie chart, scatter diagram.
Measures of Location (DB p.24-32)

• calculate and interpret numerical measures of location
• define the sample mean using general statistical notation
• calculate the sample mean from a data set or stem and leaf display
• differentiate between a sample mean and a population mean
o conceptually
o using appropriate symbols
• define and calculate the sample median for a data set
• differentiate between a sample median and a population median
o conceptually

• choose the best measure of location
o in the presence of outliers
o when sampling from a symmetric population distribution
o when sampling from a skewed population distribution
• interpret quartile and percentile values
• calculate and interpet a 100α% trimmed mean
• calculate and interpret measures of location for categorical data
• relate the sample proportion to a sample mean of 1’s and 0’s
Key concepts: sample mean 𝑥𝑥̅ , population mean 𝜇𝜇, sample median 𝑥𝑥�, population median 𝜇𝜇�, mode,
𝑥𝑥
percentile, quartile, trimmed mean, frequency, relative frequency, sample proportion .
𝑛𝑛
Measures of Variability (DB p.32-49)

• compare dotplots in terms of measures of center and variability
• calculate and interpret numerical measures of variability
• calculate and interpret the range of a data set
• show that the sum of deviations from the mean is zero
• define the sample variance and sample standard deviation using general statistical notation
• differentiate between a sample variance and a population variance
o conceptually
• derive a computing formula for the sample variance
• calculate the sample variance
• calculate and interpret the sample standard deviation
• show how the sample variance is influenced if:
o a constant 𝑐𝑐 is added to each data value
o each data value is multiplied by a constant 𝑐𝑐
• calculate the interquartile range (fourth spread)
• calculate and interpret a five-number summary for a data set
• draw a boxplot
• define and identify an outlier in a boxplot
• use a comparative stem and leaf display to construct comparative boxplots
• interpret comparative boxplots
Key concepts: range, deviation from the mean (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ ) , rules of summation, sample variance 𝑠𝑠 2 ,
population variance 𝜎𝜎 2 , sample standard deviation 𝑠𝑠, population standard deviation 𝜎𝜎, degrees of
freedom, lower fourth, upper fourth, interquartile range (IQR) or fourth spread (𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 ), boxplot, outlier,
comparative boxplots.
Unit: Probability
Sample Spaces and Events (DB p.50-56)

• define the sample space of an experiment
• list the sample space for an experiment
• define an event
• distinguish between simple and compound events
• list the simple events in a sample space for an experiment
• define the following set operations and determine for an experiment, the:
o union of two events

o intersection of two events
o complement of an event
• define mutually exclusive (disjoint) events
• construct a Venn diagram to depict event(s)
• use Venn diagrams to verify De Morgan’s laws
• extend the operations of union and intersection to more than two events.
Key concepts: experiment, sample space, event, simple event, compound event, union, intersection,
disjoint, mutually exclusive, null set (empty set), Venn diagram, De Morgan’s laws.
Axioms, Interpretations, and Properties of Probability (DB p.56-66)

• formulate the objective of probability
• list the basic properties (axioms) of probability
• show that axiom 3 is also valid for a finite collection of events
• interpret probability in terms of the relative frequency of occurrence of an event
• proof that 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ )
• show that 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) ≤ 1
• proof that 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)
• use the properties of probability to calculate the probability of an event in an applied problem
summarised in e.g.
o frequency tables
o percentage distributions
o probability tables
o Venn diagrams
• determine probabilities systematically
• determine probabilities in the case of equally likely outcomes
Key concepts: 𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴), 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴), infinite collection of disjoint events, finite collection of disjoint events,
interpreting probability, stabilization of relative frequency, calculating the probability of an event,
additive law of probability.
Counting Techniques (DB p.66-74)

• calculate probabilities using counting techniques when the outcomes of an experiment are
𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴)
equally likely: 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) =
𝑁𝑁
• use the product rule for ordered pairs to count all possible outcomes for an event 𝐴𝐴
• use a tree diagram to count all possible outcomes for an event 𝐴𝐴
• use the product rule for 𝑘𝑘-tuples to count all possible outcomes for an event 𝐴𝐴
• identify a permutation of size 𝑘𝑘 from 𝑛𝑛 objects, i.e. 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘,𝑛𝑛
• calculate the number of permutations of size 𝑘𝑘 from 𝑛𝑛 objects
• use factorial notation to express the number of permutations 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘,𝑛𝑛 more compactly
• calculate the number of unordered subsets (combinations) of size 𝑘𝑘 chosen from 𝑛𝑛 objects,
𝑛𝑛
i.e. 𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘,𝑛𝑛 = � �
𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
• show that � � = � �
𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑘𝑘
Key concepts: 𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴), 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴), product rule, ordered pairs, 𝑘𝑘-tuples, tree diagram, permutation, factorial,
combination, with replacement, without replacement.
Conditional Probability (DB p.74-84)

• define 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵), the conditional probability of one event given another has occurred

• derive the multiplication rule for 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵), i.e. 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
• use the definition of conditional probability to calculate the probability of an event
• use the multiplication rule to calculate the probability of an event
• identify conditional probabilities from a tree diagram
• formulate and proof the law of total probability
• use Bayes’ theorem to calculate posterior probabilities from given prior probabilities
• use a tree diagram to calculate posterior probabilities from given prior probabilities
• show that 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵|𝐶𝐶) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵 ∩ 𝐶𝐶) ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐶𝐶)
• use the principles of conditional probabilities to calculate the probability of an event in an
applied problem summarised in e.g.
o frequency tables
o percentage distributions
o probability tables
o Venn diagrams
Key concepts: unconditional probability, conditional probability, conditional probability of 𝐴𝐴 given that
the event 𝐵𝐵 has occurred, exhaustive events, prior probability, posterior probability, sensitivity of a
test, specificity of a test.
Independence (DB p.84-95)

• define two independent events, i.e. 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
• show that if 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are independent events, then:
o 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
o 𝐴𝐴′ and 𝐵𝐵 are independent
o 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵′ are independent
o 𝐴𝐴′ and 𝐵𝐵′ are independent
• determine 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) when 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are independent events
• define the independence of more than two events
• clearly differentiate between independent events and mutually exclusive events
Key concepts: independent events.
Unit: Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions
Random Variables (DB p.96-100)

You must familiarise yourself with the notation used to differentiate between a random variable 𝑋𝑋
and a particular value of that variable 𝑥𝑥.
• define a random variable
• define a Bernoulli random variable
• define a discrete random variable
• define a continuous random variable
• clearly differentiate between a discrete and a continuous random variable
Key concepts: sample space, rule, domain, range, numerical event, random variable 𝑋𝑋.
Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables (DB p.101-112)

• define the probability distribution (probability mass function (pmf)) for a discrete random
variable
• verify that the conditions 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0 and ∑𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 1 hold for any pmf
• represent a probability distribution (pmf) by a line graph, table, histogram or formula

• define the parameter of a probability distribution
• define a family of probability disributions
• define the cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable
• represent the distribution function of a discrete random variable by a formula or graph
• obtain 𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑏𝑏) from the distribution function 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)
Key concepts: random variable, probability mass function, properties of a probability mass function,
parameter, distribution function, step function.
Expected Value of Discrete Random Variables (DB p.112-120)

• define the expected value of a discrete random variable
• observe that the expected value is a weighted average of all possible values of the discrete
random variable where the weights are the probabilities of those values
• give an expression for the expected value of a function of a discrete random variable
• show that 𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 + 𝑏𝑏
• show that 𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑋𝑋)
• show that 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑏𝑏
• define the variance of a discrete random variable
• define the standard deviation of a discrete random variable
• derive a shortcut formula for the variance of a discrete random variable
• give an expression for the variance of a function of a discrete random variable
2
• show that 𝑉𝑉(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎2 ∙ 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
• show that 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 = |𝑎𝑎| ∙ 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
2
• show that 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
• show that 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = |𝑎𝑎| ∙ 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
2
• show that 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋+𝑏𝑏 = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
• derive the variance of a Bernoulli random variable
Key concepts: expected value, population mean, population variance.
Moments and Moment Generating Functions (DB p.121-128)

• calculate moments about 0
• calculate moments about the mean
• calculate the first moment about 0 for a given pmf
• calculate the second moment about the mean for a given pmf
• calculate the third moment about the mean for a given pmf
• calculate a measure of skewness
• define a moment-generating function
• derive the mgf for a Bernoulli random variable
• use the mgf and its properties to proof that a random variable possesses a particular
probability distribution (to establish equivalence between two probability distributions)
(𝑟𝑟)
• prove that if the mgf exists, 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 𝑟𝑟 ) = 𝑀𝑀𝑋𝑋 (0)
• obtain moments of a given pmf by differentiation of the mgf
• use 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙[𝑀𝑀𝑋𝑋 (𝑡𝑡)] to obtain the moments of a pmf
• verify that 𝜇𝜇 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋′ (0)
• verify that 𝜎𝜎 2 = 𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋′′ (0)
• obtain the mgf of a linear combination of a random variable with known mgf
• prove that 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑋𝑋 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

Key concepts: measures that uniquely determine the pmf, moment about 0, moment about the mean,
mean, variance, skewness, moment generating function.
Binomial Probability Distribution (DB p.128-138)

You must familiarise yourself with the shortened notation used to denote the pmf of a binomial
variable.
• state the properties of a binomial experiment
• identify a random variable as a binomial random variable by verifying that these properties
hold
• define a binomial random variable
• describe how the binomial probability distribution is derived
• recognise the pmf of a binomial probability distribution
• use the binomial tables
• use the binomial probability distribution to calculate probabilities in practical applications
• derive the moment generating function of a binomial random variable
• use the mgf to derive the expected value and variance of a binomial random variable
Key concepts: binomial experiment, identical and independent trials, dichotomous outcome, success,
failure, number of successes, constant probability of success, parameters, binomial theorem, binomial
probability distribution.
Hypergeometric Distribution (DB p.138-141)

• list the assumptions leading to the hypergeometric distribution
• recognise the pmf of a hypergeometric probability distribution
• identify a random variable as a hypergeometric random variable in practical situations
• use the hypergeometric probability distribution to calculate probabilities in practical
applications
• calculate the expected value and variance of a hypergeometric distribution
Key concepts: hypergeometric probability distribution, sample size large relative to population size,
dependent trials, sampling without replacement, finite population correction factor.
Negative Binomial and Geometric Distribution (DB p.141-145)

• list the conditions satisfied by an experiment on which the negative binomial distribution is
based
• define a negative binomial random variable
• recognise the pmf of the negative binomial probability distribution
• identify a random variable as a negative binomial random variable in practical situations
• define a geometric random variable
• recognise the pmf of the geometric probability distribution as a special case
• identify a random variable as a geometric random variable in practical situations
• use the negative binomial probability distribution to calculate probabilities in practical
applications
• recognise the mgf of a negative binomial random variable
• calculate the expected value and variance of a negative binomial random variable

• use the geometric probability distribution to calculate probabilities in practical applications
• recognise the mgf of a geometric random variable
• calculate the expected value and variance of a geometric random variable
Key concepts: number of trials, number of failures, negative binomial, geometric.
Poisson Probability Distribution (DB p.146-153)

• recognise the pmf of a Poisson distribution
• recognise that the Poisson probability distribution is a limit of the binomial distribution
• indicate the relationship between parameters of the Poisson and parameters of the binomial
distribution
• show that the Poisson distribution is a probability distribution
• identify a random variable as a Poisson random variable in practical situations
• use the Poisson probability distribution to calculate probabilities in practical applications
• use the cumulative Poisson probabilities (Poisson tables) to calculate Poisson probabilities
• derive an expression for the mean of the Poisson distribution
• derive the mgf of the Poisson distribution
• recognise a Poisson process
• calculate the expected number of events during a fixed time interval
• list the assumptions of a Poisson process
Key concepts: time interval, number of successes in a time interval, approximate distribution, Poisson
probability distribution, Poisson process, Maclaurin infinite series expansion of e λ .
Supplementary Exercises (DB p.153-157)
Unit: Continuous Random Variables and Probability Distributions
Integration (additional study material)

• calculate a definite integral
• calculate the integral of a multiple
• calculate the integral of a sum and/or difference
• use the power rule of integration
• use the exponential rule of integration
Probability Density Functions and Cumulative Distribution Functions (DB p.158-171)

• apply basic rules of differentiation and integration
• differentiate between a discrete and a continuous random variable
• define the probability distribution or probability density function (pdf) of a continuous
random variable
• name and verify the two conditions of a pdf
• define the uniform distribution
• define the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of a continuous random variable
• derive the cdf of the uniform distribution
• represent the distribution function of a continuous variable by a formula or graph
• use the distribution function to compute probabilities
• find the probability density function from a given distribution function
• find the distribution function from a given probability density function

• define the (100p)th percentile of a continuous random variable
• define the median of a continuous distribution
Key concepts: uncountable infinite number of points in an interval, distribution function, smooth
increasing function, zero probability at discrete points, theoretical model, density function,
differentiation, percentile, integration, calculation of probability in an interval .
Expected Values and Moment Generating Functions of Continuous Random Variables (DB p.171-
179)
• define the expected value of a continuous random variable
• obtain the expected value of a continuous random variable from a given pdf
• give the expected value of a function of a continuous random variable
• define the variance of a continuous random variable
• define the standard deviation of a continuous random variable
• derive the shortcut formula for the variance of a continuous random variable
• calculate the mean and variance of a of a continuous random variable
• show that 𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑏𝑏
2
• show that 𝑉𝑉(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
• show that 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 = |𝑎𝑎| ∙ 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
• define the mgf of a continuous random variable
• use the mgf to calculate the mean and variance of a continuous random variable
• to obtain the mgf of a linear combination of a random variable with known mgf
• use the mgf to identify the distribution of a continuous random variable
• derive the mgf of the uniform distribution
Key concepts: continuous random variable, expected value, population mean, variance, population
variance, linear function of a continuous random variable.
Note: Section on Approximating the Mean Value and Standard Deviation is excluded (p.174-175).
Normal distribution (DB p.179-194)

You must familiarise yourself with the 𝑧𝑧𝛼𝛼 notation.
• define the normal probability distribution
• identify the normal probability distribution
• name the parameters of the normal density function
• define the standard normal distribution
• define the cdf of the standard normal distribution
• use the normal tables to calculate probabilities for the standard normal random variable
• use the normal tables to calculate percentiles for the standard normal random variable
• use the symmetry of the normal distribution to calculate probabilities
• standardise a nonstandard normal random variable
• calculate the probability that a any normal random variable falls in a specific interval
• formulate the empirical rule
• calculate the percentiles of an arbitrary normal distribution
• understand how the normal distribution is used to approximate a discrete distribution
• use the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution
• derive the mgf of the normal distribution
• use the mgf of the normal distribution to verify that the mean and variance of the normal
distribution is indeed 𝜇𝜇 and 𝜎𝜎 2 .

Key concepts: bell shape, symmetry, standard normal distribution, standardization, express in units of
standard deviation, normal probabilities, mgf of normal distribution, continuity correction.
Gamma distribution and its Relatives (DB p.194-202)

• define the gamma function
• list the properties of the gamma function
• define the gamma distribution
• define the standard gamma distribution
• recognise the mgf of a gamma distribution (Proof excluded)
• give an expression for the mean and variance of the gamma distribution in terms of its
parameters
• to use the incomplete gamma function to calculate probabilities for a gamma random
variable
• use the cdf of the gamma to calculate probabilities
• define the exponential probability distribution
• give an expression for the mean and variance of the exponential distribution in terms of its
parameters
• derive the cdf of the exponential distribution
• model the elapsed time between two successive events in a Poisson process
• derive the memoryless property of the exponential distribution
• define the chi-square distribution in terms of the gamma distribution
• formulate Chebyshev’s inequality
• apply and interpret Chebyshev’s inequality in a practical situation
Key concepts: gamma probability distribution, cumulative distribution function of the gamma
distribution, exponential probability distribution, cumulative distribution function of the exponential
distribution, lower bound, any probability distribution, conservative, probability associated with
intervals, smallest probability for random variable to attain values within k standard deviations from
the mean.
Note: Section 4.5 (Other Continuous Distributions), 4.6 (Probability Plots), 4.7 (Transformation of a
Random Variable) are excluded.
Unit: Joint Probability Distributions
Joint Probability Mass Function for Two Discrete Random Variables (DB p.232-234)
• define the joint probability mass function of two discrete random variables
• define the marginal probability mass function of two discrete random variables
Key concepts: joint (bivariate) probability function, joint probability mass function, sample space,
marginal probability function.
Note: Joint Probability Density Function for Two Continuous Random Variables excluded.
Independent random variables (DB p.238-239)

You must be able to define independent of two discrete random variables in terms of the marginal
probability mass functions
Key concepts: independent events, independent variables, dependent variables, marginal probability
mass function, summation.

Note: Independence of continuous random variables, example 5.7 and example 5.8 are excluded.
Note: Independence of more than two random variables, example 5.9, example 5.10, the definition
on p.241 and example 5.11 are excluded.
Expected values, Covariance and Correlation (DB p.245-253)

• define the expected value of two jointly distributed discrete random variables
• calculate the expected value of two jointly distributed discrete random variables
• define the covariance of two discrete random variables
• calculate the covariance of two discrete random variables
• interpret the covariance between two variables
• use the shortcut formula to calculate the covariance between two discrete random variables
• define the correlation between two discrete random variables
• calculate the correlation between two discrete random variables
• interpret the correlation coefficient
• describe the properties of the correlation coefficient
• understand the relation between independence and correlation
Key concepts: covariance, correlation coefficient, independent random variables.
Note: Example 5.13, the proposition on p. 247, example 5.15 are excluded.

4 Assessment
4.1 Assessment plan
Key Assessment type Assessment task About Due date Weight

Practical application of Every
1 P Practicals Submit on ClickUP 4
theory week***
Theory from previous
2 Q Class quizzes Written quiz Every week 4
lectures
3 T7 Tutorial 7 ClickUP quiz Section 3.3-3.4** 3 Apr 1.5
4 T8 Tutorial 8 ClickUP quiz Section 3.5-3.6** 17 Apr 1.5
5 VL Video lecture Every
ClickUP quiz Homework based on video 4
assignments week***
6 ST1 Semester test 1 Written Chapter 1, 2.1-2.3** 6 Mar* 15
7 ST2 Semester test 2 Written Chapter 2.4-2.5, 3.1-3.5** 9 Apr* 30
8 ST3 Semester test 3 Written Chapter 3.5-3.7, 4.1-4.3** 15 May* 30
9 PT Practical test CBT labs All Practicals 21 May* 10
100
* Preliminary dates
** Subject to change
*** See 1.3.1
4.2 Semester mark calculation

Semester marks are calculated in the following manner (refer to keys given in the above table in column 2):
1. Convert all your marks to percentages.
2. Select the best 67% of your practical marks and calculate their average (P).
Eg. If there were 5 practicals written, only take the average of the best 4. (5 x 0.67 = 3.35 ≈ 4)
3. Repeat step 2 for quizzes (Q) and video lectures (VL).
4. Your semester mark is then calculated according to the following formula:
Semester mark = (0.04 x P) + (0.04 x Q) + (0.015 x T7) + (0.015 x T8) + (0.04 x VL) + (0.15 x ST1) + (0.30 x ST2)
+ (0.30 x ST3) + (0.10 x PT)
Example:
1. Suppose one of your marks is 9/20, this becomes 45%.
2. If 8 practicals were written, then we only consider the best 6. (8 x 0.67 = 5.36 ≈ 6)
If your marks (in %) were 45, 75, 65, 60, 55, 70, 84, 90 then only the 6 highlighted marks count
towards your semester mark. Therefore, P = (75 + 65 + 60 + 70 + 84 + 90)/6 = 74
3. Repeat step 2 for quizzes and video lectures to get Q and VL, respectively.
4. Final calculation:
Suppose: P:74% Q:80% T7:75% T8:77% VL:72%
ST1:60% ST2: 75% ST3:80% PT:65%
Semester mark = (0.04 x 74) + (0.04 x 80) + (0.015 x 75) + (0.015 x 77) + (0.04 x 72) + (0.15 x 60) + (0.30 x 75)
+ (0.30 x 80) + (0.10 x 65) = 73.32 ≈ 73%
Note: A student must obtain a semester mark of at least 30% in WST111 to be allowed to write the
final examination.

4.3 Assessment criteria
Semester tests:
Three semester tests are written in the semester – all are compulsory.
Quizzes:
Short (unannounced) quizzes will be given in lectures and tutorials. These will be based on reading
given, content dealt with, or homework given in the previous lecture.
Tutorials:
A worksheet with individual and group assignments will be given each week – published on ClickUp
and sometimes also handed out in class. The purpose of individual and group assignments is to give
students a better insight into the subject-matter treated in class and a better understanding of
applications of the subject in order to improve self-tuition. The weekly assignment should be
completed during the two-hour session. No memos will be published on ClickUp.
Practical:
In the Informatorium, using Excel, students will be given the opportunity to practically apply
theoretical concepts covered during lectures. A worksheet with a practical assignment will be handed
out each week. Answers to some of these questions must be given on ClickUp at the end of the
practical session.
A practical test (in Excel) based on the practical assignments are written at the end of the semester.
All tests and assignments should be kept safely in order to check the calculation of the semester mark.
Semester marks are displayed on ClickUP shortly before official closing of lectures at the end of the
semester.
Marked semester tests (not collected in class) will be available at 1-Stop. Students are kindly requested
to collect tests urgently and to leave the uncollected tests in these boxes ordered neatly - the way you
would like to find it.
Test memos will be published on ClickUP. If you have queries about marks or allocation of marks first
check the memo. If query still exists, write in pencil on the front page of paper which question you
query and why. Submit your paper to a tutor or lecturer in class. Your query will be checked, marks
changed if necessary and your checked paper will be returned to 1-stop. You have one week after
receiving a marked semester test to enquire about the marking thereof. After this time no marks will
be adjusted.
Sick notes are not accepted for missed quizzes/assignments/worksheets/tests/tutorials/practicals and

there will not be additional or supplementary assessments to make up for them. In order to
accommodate cases where a student may miss an assessment, only the best 67-70% of assessments
(except semester tests) are counted towards the semester mark; no second opportunities are
permitted for a given assignment/test/practical/tutorial/class quiz. All 3 semester tests are
compulsory and they all count towards the semester mark. If a student misses any one of the semester
tests, he/she may write the sick test which will be based on all the work covered during the semester
- scheduled for 20 May, 17:30 (further details will be announced).

4.4 Assessment policy
A student must obtain a semester mark of at least 30% in WST111 to be allowed to write the
examination.
A student needs to obtain a final mark of at least 40% in WST111 for admission to WST121 but a
student requires a final mark of at least 50% in both WST111 and WST121 to be admitted to WST211.
The final mark is compiled using the semester mark (SM) and the examination mark (EM). The SM and
EM either count 50% each, or the SM counts 40% and the EM 60%, depending on which set of weights
is most beneficial.
Example 1:
SM: 90% EM: 70%
Final mark = 0.5 × SM + 0.5 × EM = 0.5 × 90 + 0.5 × 70 = 80%
Example 2:
SM: 70% EM: 90%
Final mark = 0.4 × SM + 0.6 × EM = 0.4 × 70 + 0.6 × 90 = 82%
A student must achive at least 40% in the exam. - even if you have a very good semester mark. A
supplementary exam must be written if your FM is above 50% but your EM is below 40%. Students
with a final mark of 40% to 49% qualify for a supplementary examination.
4.4.1 Procedure to be followed when a class or semester test cannot be written
• In terms of the regulations of the University of Pretoria, if there is a valid reason for not being
able to write a semester test, the student must notify the lecturer beforehand or within three
(3) working daysof the date of the test that was not written.
• A medical certificate cannot be submitted after a student had written a test.
• In all cases, the application form in Annexure 1 must be submitted along with supporting
documentation. Clearly indicate the course (WST111), your student number, surname and
initials as well as a contact number. Documentation must be submitted at 1-stop.
• In those situations where a certificate from a medical practitioner is the supporting
documentation:
o Only original certificates issued by medical practitioners registered with the Council
for Health Professions and the Allied Health Professions Council of SA will be
accepted.
o The certificate from the medical practitioner must be dated on or before the date of
the test. Certificates dated after this date will not be accepted.
o The certificate must clearly specify the period for which the student is booked off.
o Any certificate from a medical practitioner stating “I have been informed that....” will
not be accepted or considered.
o Furthermore, a certificate from a medical practitioner will not be accepted or
considered if it merely states that the student appeared ill or declared him/herself
unfit.
o The validity of the certificate from the medical practitioner will be verified directly
with that practitioner.

• In those situations where a certificate from a medical practitioner is not the supporting
documentation:
o A sworn affidavit (original copy) must be submitted together with other original,
suitable and verifiable documentation. In the event of a funeral, a copy of the death
certificate of the deceased or other substantiating evidence is required together with
an explanation of the relationship between the student and the deceased.
o The validity of the affidavit and the other supporting documentation will be verified
with the corresponding authorities and persons concerned.
• Students not complying with these regulations do not have any right to be otherwise
accommodated or to be given an alternative opportunity to write the test.
• The worn excuses of having overslept or read the timetable incorrectly will not be accepted.
• So-called sick tests are not granted automatically – all relevant authorities and persons will be
consulted to establish the merit of the case.
• False medical certificates or sworn affidavits will be interpreted as dishonesty.
• If a test in WST111 is scheduled at the same date and time as a test in another subject, the
student must notify the lecturer at least 1 week before the test date.
THE DISHONEST MISSING OF A TEST AS WELL AS DISHONESTY DURING THE WRITING OF TESTS WILL NOT BE TOLERATED
UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. ALL IRREGULARITIES WILL BE SEEN IN A SERIOUS LIGHT AND WILL BE REPORTED TO THE
REGISTRAR (ACADEMIC).
4.5 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious form of academic misconduct. It involves both appropriating someone else’s
work and passing it off as one’s own work afterwards. Thus, you commit plagiarism when you present
someone else's written or creative work (words, images, ideas, opinions, discoveries, artwork, music,
recordings, computer-generated work, etc.) as your own. Only hand in your own original work.
Indicate precisely and accurately when you have used information provided by someone else.
Referencing must be done in accordance with a recognised system. Indicate whether you have
downloaded information from the Internet. For more details, visit the library’s website:
http://www.library.up.ac.za/plagiarism/index.htm.
5 Support services
Please download a QR code reader on your cellphone. To download a QR code reader open your
mobile app store (App Store, Google Play or Windows Marketplace) and search for QR code readers.
5.1 Safety in the evening and emergencies

• For any safety or emergency related matters, eg if you need a security officer to accompany
you from your residence to campus, phone the Operational Management Centre (details at
the back of your student card).
• The 24-hour, multi-disciplinary UP Crisis Line offers professional and confidential support to
victims of crime in times of trauma. For assistance and immediate action, phone the UP Crisis
Line on: 0800 00 64 28.
• Hatfield residence students: From 18:00 till 06:00 security officers are available to escort you
(on foot) to and from your residence or campus anywhere east of the Hatfield Campus through
to the Hillcrest Campus.

5.2 E-learning support
• Report a problem you experience to the Student Help Desk on your campus.
• Visit the open labs in the Informatorium Building or IT labs on your campus to report problems
at the offices of the Student Help Desk.
• Approach the assistants at the help desks—campus specific (for example: adjacent to the
Student Computer Laboratories in IT Building, NW2, CBT or Aldoel Building IT labs, etc).
• Call 012 420 3837.
• Email studenthelp@up.ac.za
5.3 Other support services:

• Think carefully before
dropping modules (after the
closing date for amendments
or cancellation of modules).
FLY@UP: www.up.ac.za/fly@up
• Make responsible choices
The Finish
with your time and work
Line is Yours email: fly@up.ac.za
consistently.
• Aim for a good semester
mark. Don’t rely on the
examination to pass.
Academic support for students
with learning disabilities:
• Assistive technological
services
https://www.up.ac.za/disability-
• Facilitation of test and
unit
examination
Disability accommodations
012 420 2064
Unit • Test and exam concession
email: du@up.ac.za
applications
• Accessible study venues and
a computer lab
• Referrals for recommended
textbooks in electronic
format
Student
Provides counselling and
Counselling 012 420 2333
therapeutic support to students
Unit
Student
Promotes and assists students 012 420 5233
Health
with health and wellness 012 420 3423
Services
Provides support for UP students

The Careers careerservices@up.ac.za
and graduates as they prepare
Office 012 420 2315
for their careers

24-hour Operational 012 420-2310
Department Management Centre 012 420-2760
of Security
Services 24-hour Operational Manager 083 654 0476
Crisis Line 0800 006 428
Enquiries concerning studies,
Department 012 420 2371/4001
accommodation, food, funds,
of Student Roosmaryn Building, Hatfield
social activities and personal
Affairs campus
problems
Centre for
Sexualities, Identifies and provides training
012 420 4391
AIDS and of student peer counsellors
Gender
Fees and http://www.up.ac.za/enquiry

012 420 3111
funding www.up.ac.za/fees-and-funding
012 420 3051

IT Helpdesk For student IT related queries studenthelp@up.ac.za

Annexure 1
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
APPLICATION TO BE EXCUSED FROM SEMESTER TESTS 2020
MODULE:WST111 – Mathematical Statistics111
INITIALS & SURNAME:
STUDENT NO.:
I hereby request that I be excused from the following academic commitment (indicate with X):
Semester Test 1 Semester Test 2
Attached is the original copy of my medical certificate or other supporting documentation in

support of my application.
I confirm that I have read and understood the matters relating to the submission of
excuses/apologies as contained in the WST111 Study Guide under Section 4.3.1
I declare that this is a bona fide application and that the medical certificate and/or supporting
documents attached are true.
................................ ....................
SIGNATURE DATE

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3 Module information .................................................................................................. 7

You’ll be in the experienced hands of lecturers:

Dr Ansie Smit Dr NinaStrydom Ms Jocelyn Mazarura

For more info on our department, visit us on the internet:

1.2 Educational approach

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 1

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 2

Week (lectures Date General Content Tutorial Practical

1 (4) 3-7Feb 1.1-1.2 0

2 (4) 10-14Feb 1.3-1.4 1 1

3 (4) 17-21Feb 2.1-2.2 2 2

4 (4) 24-28Feb 2.3-2.4 3 3

5 (4) 2-6Mar Semester Test 1 2.4-2.5 4 4

6 (4) 9-13Mar 3.1-3.2 5 5

7 (4) 16-20Mar 3.3-3.4 6 6

8 (3) 1-3Apr 3.4- 3.5 7

9 (3) 6-9Apr Semester Test 2 3.6

10 (4) 14-17Apr 3.7 8

11 (4) 20-24Apr 4.1 9 7

12 (2) 28Apr-30Apr 4.1-4.2

13 (4) 4-8May 4.2-4.3 10 8

14 (4) 11-15May Semester Test 3 4.3-4.4 11

15 (4) 18-22May Practical Test 4.4-5 12

16 (0) 25May End of lectures

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 3

Lecturer Dr A Smit IT 6-9 012 420 3866 ansie.smit@up.ac.za

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 4

Contact session Day Periods Time Venue

**Presented online except if announced differently

2.3 Study material and purchases

Prescribed Book (e-book) (DB):

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 5

If you are registered in the Actuarial programme, please note:

2.5 Code of conduct

2.5.1 Communication via email

2.5.2 Compliments and complaints

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 6

3.2 Module outcomes

The student must be able to summarise a set of measurements.

3.3 Articulation with other modules in the programme

3.4 Module structure

3.5 Learning presumed to be in place

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 7

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 8

Unit: Overview and Descriptive Statistics

Populations and Samples (DB p.1-9)

Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Statistics (DB p.9-24)

Measures of Location (DB p.24-32)

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 9

Measures of Variability (DB p.32-49)

Sample Spaces and Events (DB p.50-56)

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 10

Axioms, Interpretations, and Properties of Probability (DB p.56-66)

Counting Techniques (DB p.66-74)

Conditional Probability (DB p.74-84)

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 11

Independence (DB p.84-95)

Unit: Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Random Variables (DB p.96-100)

Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables (DB p.101-112)

© 2020 University of Pretoria: Adapted for NAS 12

Expected Value of Discrete Random Variables (DB p.112-120)