Page | 1

Page | 2
Page | 3
Page | 4
Page | 5
Page | 6
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

In India, transport plays an important role in nation’s economy. After the economic liberalization
in the year of 1990’s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid
pace and today there is wide variety of modes of transport by Land, Water and Air are available in
India. Transportation is derived from the Latin word Transportare, where Trans means ‘Across’
and portare means ‘To carry’. Transportation is the movement of peoples, animal, and goods from
one place to another place. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations for transport,
and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as
airports, railway stations, bus stations, trucking terminal and seaports. Terminal may be used both
for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance purpose. Indian public transport
system is among the most heavily used in the world. India’s rail network is the 4th largest and most
heavily used system in the world transporting over 6 billion passengers and over 350 million tons
of goods annually. The development of the nation depends on good transportation network. Every
people is dependable on transportation.

1.1.2 MEANS OF TRANSPORT: -

Transport is possible through land, air and water, which are called as different modes of transport.
On land, we use trucks, tractors, buses, auto rickshaws, etc. to carry goods and passengers. Trains
carry passengers as well as goods also. In water transport, we have ships, cargo, etc. to carry goods
and passengers. In Air transport, we have aircrafts to carry passengers and goods. All these are
known as different means or modes of transport. Basically Transportation is divided into two types
Traditional Means or Modes of Transport and Modern Means or Modes of transport.

Traditional Means of Transport: - Followings are traditional modes of transport.

1. Walking: - During ancient period peoples are used to cover long distances on foot. Walking still
continues as an important modes of transport in rural areas. MMRDA has decided to construct more
skywalks as part of the Mumbai skywalk project.

Page | 7
2. Palanquin: - Palanquin also known as Palkis, were one of the luxurious methods used by the rich and
noblemen for travelling. In past and currently Palkis used to carry a deity or idol of the god. Modern use of
the palanquin is limited to Indian weddings and pilgrimage.

3. Bullock Carts and horse Carriages: - These were traditionally used for transport, especially in rural
area in India. Today they are used in smaller towns and are referred as Tonga or Buggies. In Gateway of
India which is located in Mumbai are still used for tourist purpose.

4. Bicycles: - Bicycles are common means of travel in most part of India. Along with walking, cycling
accounts for 50% to 75% of usage in rural areas. India is the second largest producer of bicycles in the
world. Pune is the first in India to have dedicated lanes for cycles. It was built for the 2008 Commonwealth
Youth Games.

5. Hand puller: - This types of transport is still available in Kolkata where in a person pulls the rickshaw
by hand. The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005 describing them as
“inhuman”.

6. Cycle Rickshaw: - Cycle rickshaws were introduced in India, in 1940’s. They are bigger tricycles, where
two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front.

7. Trams: - During British Era, Trams were introduced in many cities including Mumbai and Kolkata.
They are still in use in Kolkata and provide an emission – free means of transport.

Modern Modes of Transport: - Different modes of transport includes Rail, Road, Water, Air, Cable,
Pipeline, And Space which are as follows:

1. Road Transport: - Roads are means that connect one place to another on the surface of the land, different
vehicle plying on road like bullock carts, cycles, motorcycles, car, truck, buses, etc. All of these constitute
different means of road transport. Extension of roads in every corner of the country have also enhanced the
use of motor driven transport. The types of motor vehicles used to carry goods and passengers included
taxis, auto – rickshaws, scooters, vans, buses, tempos and trucks, etc. Road transport is suitable for short
distances. The transport cost are not fixed but are high due to increased fuel prices. It’s provides door to
door facilities. Its carry the goods only short distances and suitable to carry the goods in smaller quantity.
In roads transport the safety goods are less. Due to poor road conditions there are high chances of accident.
Other modes of transport is dependable on road transport like water transport, rail transport and air transport.
Road transport is very flexible mode of transport as loading and unloading is possible at any time and any
destination. The cost of maintenance is low compared to other modes of transport. India has a network of

Page | 8
National Highways connecting all major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the
country. All national highways are metal led but very few are constructed of concrete the most notable
being the Mumbai - Pune Expressway.

2. Rail Transport: - Rail transport is started in India In the year of 1853. Railway transport is most
important mode of transport in India, transporting over 18 million passengers and more than 2 million
tonnes of freight daily across one of the largest and busiest rail network in the world. Transportation of
goods and passengers on rail lines through trains is called rail transport. Railway transport is suitable for
short distance as well as short distance. Transportation cost is cheap compare to other modes of transport
and the transportation fares is fixed according to the distance. Railway transport suitable for transporting
heavy and bulky goods over short distance as well as long distance. It does not provide door to door
facilities. The safety of the goods in railway transport is high because the goods are kept in locked wagons
which provides protection against sun, wind, rain, etc. In railway transport the chances of accident is less
because of one way track and good signal system.

3. Water Transport: - Water transport refers to movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using
various means like boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc. With the help of these means goods and passengers
are carried to different places, both within as well as outside the country. Within the country rivers and
canals facilitate the movement of boats, launches, etc. Since the goods and passengers move inside the
country this type of transport is called inland water transport. When the different means of transport are
used to carry goods and passengers on the sea route it is termed as ocean transport. Water transport is
suitable for long distance. Transportation coast is lowest. It suitable for transporting heavy and bulky goods
like machineries in large quantities in any part of the country. In water transport the goods are safe as they
are specially packed for transportation. Chances of accident in water transport is less. In water transport
required huge amount of investment and also involved lengthy document procedures. The Bill of lading is
most important document in water transportation. Water transport does not provides door to door services.
It is depends on another modes of transport like railway and roadway transport.

4. Air Transport: - Air transport is fastest mode of transport. It carries goods and passengers
through airways by using different aircrafts like passenger’s aircraft, cargo aircraft, helicopters,
etc. In hilly and mountain area where other mode of transport is not accessible through airways
they can access. During natural calamities air transport is very helpful and during war transport
plays important role in carrying soldiers as well as supplies to the required areas. Air transport
may be classified as Domestic and International air transport. Air transport is suitable for long
distance. The transportation charges is high compared to other modes of transport. Air transport is

Page | 9
suitable for transporting light weight, valuable and perishable goods. In air transport goods are
safe. The very less chances of accident in air transport because very high standard maintenance
and expert pilots. Air transport does not provides door to door services. Required large amount
investment in air transport. Air transport is affected by bad weather conditions.

5. Other Modes of Transport: -

1. Ropeway Transport: - Ropeway refers to a mode of transport which connects two places on
the hills, across a valley and river. In hilly areas trolleys move on wheels connected to a rope and
are used for carrying passengers and goods especially building materials, food, etc. The “Uran
Khatola Jagdamba” in Gujarat that carries pilgrims to the temple is an example of ropeway
transport which carriers more than 100 passengers at a time.

2. Pipeline Transport: - Transporting goods through pipe called as pipeline transportation. Most
commonly liquid and gases are transported through pipeline. Pneumatic tubes can also send solid
capsules using compressed air. Liquids, gases and any chemically stable liquid or gases can be
sent through pipeline. Short distance systems exit for sewage, slurry, water, while long distance
networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

3. Cable Transport: - Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles pulled by cables instead of
an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include
aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and lifts some of these are also categorized.

4. Spaceflight: - Spaceflight is transport out of Earth’s atmosphere into the outer space by means
of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except
to put satellites into orbit and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the
moon and probes have been sent to all the planets of the solar system.

I am basically focusing on AIR TRANSPORT. In air transport I am mainly focusing on AIR

INDIA LIMITED AND INDIGO AIRLINES.

Page | 10
 1.1 AIR INDIA AIRLINES

An AIRLINES is a company that provides air transport service for traveling their passengers and
freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services, and may form partnership or alliances.
With other airlines for codeshare agreement. Generally, Airlines Company need air operating
certificate or license for their operations and their authorizations which is issued by a governmental
aviation body. DEUTSCHE LUFTSCHIFFAHRTS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT (DELAG) It
was the WORLD’S FIRST AIRLINE. It was founded on 16th November, 1909.

Air India is the flag carrier airline of India and the slogan is “AIR INDIA…TRULY INDIAN”.
Air India flights is owned by Air India Limited. Air India Limited owned, managed and controlled
by Government of India. Air India Airlines headquarters located at New Delhi. The former
headquarters of Air India located at Mumbai. In the year 2013 Air India limited shifted
headquarters Mumbai to New Delhi. Air India Airlines providing services in Domestic country
as well as international country, Air India Airlines (Star Alliance) serves or fly 57 Domestic
Destinations and 44 International destinations in 33 countries, as of January 2020. The airline
has its hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport situated at New Delhi, alongside several
focus cities across India. According to the statistic of Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA) in the year 2019 Air India holds 12.2% Market Share of Domestic, Air India is 3rd largest
of Indian airlines holding of domestic shares and Air India Airlines is holds a 18.6% International
Market shares, Air India is holding India’s largest International market shares. Air India airlines
is 27th member of Star Alliance on 11th July, 2014.
Page | 11
Star Alliance is the world’s largest global Airlines alliance, it was founded on 14th May, 1997
and the current Chief Executive Officer is Jeffrey Goh. The headquarters is situated at Frankfurt
am Main, Germany. As of April 2018, Star Alliance is become a largest of the three global
alliance by passenger count with 762.27 million, ahead of both Sky Team (630 million) and
Oneworld (528 million). Its slogan is “The Earth Connect’. Star alliance’s on 26th December
airlines operate a fleet around 5,033 aircraft and serves more than 1,290 airports in 195 countries
on more than 19,00 daily departures.

The airline was founded by Jahangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata known as J.R.D. Tata on 15th
October, 1932. J.R.D. Tata himself flew its first single engine De Havilland Puss Moth, carrying
air mail from Karachi to Bombay’s juhu aerodrome and later continuing to Madras currently
known as Chennai. After the World War II, Tata airlines became a Public limited company. Later
on the renamed as Air India. On 21th February, 1960, it took delivery of its first Boeing 707
named Gauri Shankar and it’s became the first Asian airlines to induct a jet aircraft in its fleet. In
the year of 2000-01, attempts were made to privatize to Air India and from the year 2006 onwards
Air India suffered loss after it’s merged with Indian Airlines.

The International Air Transport Association Code (IATA CODE) of Air India Air lines is AI and
International Civil Aviation Organization Code (ICAO CODE) is AIC. The main hubs of Air
India Airlines is Indira Gandhi International Airport located at New Delhi and secondary hubs of
Air India Airlines is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport which is situated at
Mumbai. Focusing cities airports is Chennai International Airport at Tamil Nadu, Cochin
International Airport at Kerala, Kempegowda international Airport situated at Bangalore and Etc.
Air India also operates flights to Domestics and Asian destinations through its subsidiaries
Alliance Air and Air express. Air India’s mascot is the Maharajah (Emperor) and the logo
consists of flying swan with the wheel of konark inside it.

Page | 12
1.1.2 HISTORY

Early years 1932 to 1945 as Tata Air Service:-

Air India had its origin as Tata Air Service after later on the renamed to Tata Airlines. Tata
Airlines was founded by Jahangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata of Tata sons, an Indian aviator and
business tycoon. In April 1932 Tata won a contract to carry mail for Imperial Airways and the
aviation department of Tata Sons was established with two single engine De Havilland Puss
Moths. On 15th October, 1932 Tata flew a Puss Moth carrying air mail from Karachi to
Bombay now it’s known as Mumbai and the aircraft continued to Madras currently it’s also
known as Chennai. Piloted by Nevill Vintcent. He is former Royal Air Force pilot and friend of
Tata. The airline’s fleet consisted of a Puss Moths aircraft and a De Havilland Leopard Moth.
Initial services included weekly airmail service between Karachi and Madras via Ahmedabad
and Bombay (currently Mumbai). Tata Airlines first year of operation is the airlines flew around
2, 60,000 kilometers and carrying 155 passengers and 9.72 tons of mail. The generated 60,000
rupees revenues.

AS Tata airlines the airlines first domestic flight operation from Bombay (Mumbai) to Trivandrum.
Miles aircraft limited companies aircraft used. The carrying capacity of aircraft is six seat including
pilot. In the year of 1938 the renamed as Tata Air Service and later then named as Tata Airlines.

Page | 13
After Independence from the year 1947 to 2000:-

On 26th July 1946 the Tata Airlines became a Public Limited Company and renamed as Air India.
After the independence of India in the 1948 Government of India acquired 49% airlines. A
Lockheed Constellation l-749A aircraft name was renamed as Malabar Princess took off from
Bombay to London Heathrow marking the airlines first International flight. In the year of 1953 the
Government of India passed the Air Corporation Act and purchased a majority of stake in the
carrier from Tata sons through its founder Jahangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata would continue as
Chairman till 1977. After that the company name is remade as Air India International Limited and
Domestic services transferred to Indian Airlines for rebuilding.

First Asian Airline entered into Jet fleets: -

Air India International introduce first Boeing 707-402 Jet on 21th February 1960 and it’s became
a first Asian Airline to enter Jet age. The airlines was inaugurated services to New York on 14th
May 1960 and later on the airlines name was changed Air India International to Air India on 8th
June 1960. Air India became a world first All Jet airlines on the date of 11th June 1960. In the year

Page | 14
of 1971 Air India have taken of its first Boeing 747-200B named Emperor Ashoka. Air India have
taken first Airbus A310-300 in the year of 1986. Air India add another Aircraft in their company
Boeing 747-400 named as Konark. It was operated the first non-stop flight between New York to
Delhi.

After Liberalization from 2000:-

Started service to Shanghai, China. On 23rd May 2001, the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation had
the year of 2000-01 in this year attempts was made to reprivatize Air India. In the year 2000 Air
India removed Michael Mascarenhas from his position as Managing Director of Air India and
citing charges of corruption against of him. According to the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation
reports the Air India in loss around ₹570 million because extra commissions that approved by
Mascarenhas and then Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation was suspended from the Air India. The
Air India was introduce a fully owned Low Cost Subsidiary called Air India Express connecting
in India with the Middle East and Southeast Asia in May 2004. Until 2007 Air India mainly serves
on International long haul routes while Indian Airlines serves on domestic and international short
haul routes.

Air India and Indian Airline Merger in the 2007:-

In the year of 2007, Air India and Indian Airlines merged together under Air India Limited. The
Air India Limited took delivery of its first Boeing 777 aircraft. In the year of 2007 Star Alliance
was invited to Air India Limited for Airlines Alliance. The combination loss of Air India and
Indian Airlines in the year 2006 -07 was ₹707 billion and after the merger of Air India and Indian
Airlines it increases up to ₹72 Billion by March 2009. The three Airbus A300 and one Boeing 747-
300M sold in March 2009 for $18.75 million and paid a debt to State Bank of India. Air India
accumulate ₹426 billion debt and an operating loss ₹220 billion on March 2011 and Air India was
seeking finance from Government of India. According to the report by the comptroller and Auditor
General blamed the decision to purchases 111 new aircrafts and the ill-timed merger with Indian
Airlines for the poor financial situation. In August 2011, the invitation to join star Alliance was
suspended as a result of its failure to meet the minimum standards for the membership. The
Government was pumped ₹32 billion into Air India in March 2012.

Page | 15
 On 1st March 2009, Air India made Frankfurt Airport its new International hub for onward
connections to the United States from India but Air India close Frankfurt international hub because
of high operating cost on 30 October 2010. Air India was open a new hub for its international
flights at Dubai in the year of 2010. On 26th October 2010 National Aviation Company of India
Limited renamed as Air India Limited.

BEFORE:-

National Aviation Company of

India Limited

Air India India

Air India Express Air India Air India Air India Air Alliance
Cargo Charters Transport
Limited Services

CURRENT:-

Air India Limited

Air India Hotel Air India Air India Air

Corporation Engineering Transport
of India Services Services
Limited Limited Limited

Air India
Alliance Air
Express

Page | 16
After the merger of Air India on 26th February 2011 there is one primary airlines. Air India two
subsidiary Alliance Air and Air India Express carries providing regional basis and at low cost point
to point services. All carries providing services to 93 destinations in this 60 domestic destination
providing services and 33 International destinations providing services. Air India have additional
subsidiaries are Hotel Corporation of India Limited, Air India Charters Limited and Airlines Allied
Services Limited.

In the year of 2013 the Civil Aviation Minister recommended that privatization is the key of
survival of Air India Airlines but that time BJP was in opposition. Opposition was against of
privatization of Air India airlines. In January 2013 Air India repay the debts by selling and leasing
back the newly acquired Boeing 787 Dreamliner. After that Air India was increase 20% growth in
its operating revenue compared to previous financial year. Air India Limited was splits it’s
engineering and cargo business into two separate subsidiaries. Air India Engineering
Services Limited (AIESL) and Air India Transport Service Limited (AITSL) in the year of
2013.

Star Alliance member: -

Air India became the 27th member of Star Airlines on 11th July 2014. In August 2015 the
agreement signed with Citibank and State Bank of India to raise $300 million in external
commercial borrowing to meet capital requirements. First Year 2014-15 the revenue, operating
loss and net loss was ₹198 billion, ₹2.171 billion and ₹5.41 billion compared to the year of 2011-
12 was ₹147 billion, ₹5.138 billion and ₹7.55 billion. In May 2017 Air India Limited became third
largest carrier in India after Indigo Airlines and Jet Airways with a market share of 13%.

Page | 17
On 28th June, 2017 the Government of India approved the privatization of Air India Limited. A
committee has been set up to start the process. In March 2018, Government issued “Expression of
Interests” to sell 76% stake of Air India along with low-cost airline Air India Express and 50%
stake AISATS, a ground handling joint venture with Singapore Airport Terminal Service (SATS).
According to EOI the new owner of airlines will take on a debt of 33,392 crore (US$4.7 billion)
and it was supposed to be submitted by mid-May as the Government wanted to complete the selling
process by the end of 2018 but any private firm did not show any interest in buying the debt laden
airline.

Government of India failed previous occasion to sell the Air India Limited. Now Government
decided to sell 100% shares of Air India Limited and it’s preparation in late-2019. On 27 January
2020, Government released the expression of Interests (EOI) to invite bidders. This time
Government decided to sell 100% shares of both Air India and Its subsidiary carrier Air India
Express as well as 50% AISATS and to attract more bidders this time.

Air India Express: -

Air India Express is an Indian low-cost airline. The headquarter situated at kochi, kerala, India.
This airline operated by Air India express Limited (AIEL). Air India Express was fully owned
subsidiary of Indian flag carrier airline Air India. It operates around 649 flights per week to 33
destinations including the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The airline carriers around 4.3 million
passengers every connecting 140 city pairs. Air India Express started the journey on 29th April
2005. Its main hub is Cochin International Airport and secondary hub is Trivandrum International
Airport, Calicut International Airport and Mangalore International Airport. Air India Express is

Page | 18
owned total 25 number of fleets. The International Air Transport Association Code is IX and
International Civil Aviation Organization Code is AXB.

History of Air India Express: -

Air India Express is started on 29th April 2005, with the launch of three flights that took off
simultaneously from Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. The airline was introduced as
low cost carrier. The objective of providing convenient connectivity, to short-haul on International
routes. In Middle East and Southeast Asia for the Indian expatiate community. Air India Express
was Air India response to the growing popularity of Low Cost Carrier’s in worldwide and within
the region. Being low-cost carrier the airline operates point to point flights with multiple hubs all
over India. In December 2012, Air India ratified the proposal to move the headquarter to Kochi in
January 2013 and establishing a new MRO base at Thiruvananthapuram.

Page | 19
1.1.4 NUMBER OF FLEET OR FLEET SIZE OF AIR INDIA LIMITED:-

OWNED LEASED AIRCRAFT TOTAL

AIRCRAFT TYPE SALES DRY

AND LEASE
LEASE
BACK

WIDE BODY AIRCRAFT

B777-200LR 3 - - 3

B777-300ER* 15 - - 15

B747-400 2 2 - 4

B787-800 6 21 - 27

WIDE BODY TOTAL 26 23 - 49

AIRCRAFT

NORROW BODY
AIRCRAFT

A320 CLASSIC 1 - - 1

A320-CEO 4 - - 4

A320-CEO - - 5 5
(SINGLECONFIGURATION)

A320-NEO - - 27 27

Page | 20
A319 19 - - 19

A319(SINGLE - - 3 3
CONFIGURATION)

A321 20 - - 20

TOTAL NARROW BODAY 44 - 35 79

AIRCRAFT

TOTAL AIR INDIA 70 23 35 128

AIRCRAFTS

AIR INDIA EXPRESS

B737-800 17 - 8 25

ALLIANCE AIR

ATR42 - - 1 1

ATR72 - - 18 18

ALLIANCE AIR TOTAL - - 19 19

TOTAL FLEET 87 23 62 172

Page | 21
According to Air India Limited official website, Air India have total 172 aircrafts including Air
India Express aircrafts and Alliance air Aircrafts in this Air India limited have total 128 fleets the
total wide body aircraft is 49 and total narrow body air craft is 79. Air India Express own 25
aircraft and Alliance air total aircraft is 19.

Puss Moth first Aircraft Tata Airlines Leaopard Moth DH-85 Boeing 707

Boeing 747-400 Boeing 777-200LR

Boeing 777-300ER

Boeing 787 Dreamliner Airbus 319 Airbus 320

Page | 22
Airbus 321 Airbus 330

ATR 42-320 CRJ

Page | 23
Air India Destination List: -

Afghanistan Australia Austria Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium

Canada China Czech Denmark Egypt Ethiopia

Republic

Fiji France Germany Ghana Hong Kong India

Iran Iran Israel Italy Japan Kenya

Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mauritius Myanmar

Nepal Netherlands Nigeria Oman Pakistan Qatar

Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore South Africa South Korea

Spain Sri Lanka Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand

Uganda United Arab United Uzbekistan Yemen Zambia

Emirates Kingdom

Zimbabwe

Page | 24
1.1.5 Livery and logo of Air India Limited: -

Air India’s colour scheme is red and white. The aircraft were painted in white colour with palace
style carvings on the outside of the window and the airline’s name written in red colour. The name
is written in Hindi on the port side fuselage and in in English name written on the port side tall.
On the starboard fuselage the name was written in English language and in Hindi language on the
starboard tall. The window scheme was designed in tag line with the slogan Your palce in the Sky.
The aircraft were earlier named aircraft Indian kings and landmarks. In 1989 to supplement its
Flying palace livery, Air India Limited introduced new livery that included a metallic gold wheel
on deep red- coloured tail and Boeing 747, Rajendra Chola was the first aircraft to painted in the
new colour.

The first logo of Air India Limited was a centaur, a stylized version of Sagittarius shooting arrow
in a circle representing the Wheel of Konark. The logo was selected by the founder of Tata airlines
J. R. Tata in the year of 1948. The logo was used till the year of 2007. On 22nd May 2007, Air
India and Indian Airlines unveiled their new livery consisting of a Flying Swan with the wheel of
konark placed inside it. The flying swan was morphed from the centaur logo and the chakra was
derived from India’s erstwhile logo.

The logo of the new airline is a red colored flying swan with the 'Konark Chakra' in orange, placed
inside it. The flying swan has been morphed from Air India's characteristic logo, 'The Centaur',
whereas the 'Konark Chakra' is reminiscent of Indian's logo. The new logo features prominently
on the tail of the aircraft. While the aircraft is ivory in colour, the base retains the red streak of Air
India. Running parallel to each other are the orange and red speed lines from front door to the rear
door, subtly signifying the individual identities merged into one. The brand name 'Air India' runs
across the tail of the aircraft.

Page | 25
1.1.6 Mascot of Air India Limited:-

Maharajah is Mascot of Air India Limited.

Maharajah means High king. Mascot was
created by Booby kooka and then
commercial director of air India and Umesh
Rao, an artist with J. Walter Thompson
Limited in the year of 1946. Kooka started
that “we call him a Maharajah for want of a
better description. But his blood is not blue.
He may look like royalty but he is not royal. In the year of 1946 Air India adopted Maharajah
mascot. The mascot was used to promoting the Air India and it is initially designed only for the
airline’s memo- pads. The Maharajah mascot was given a makeover in the year 2015 and the brand
is represented by a younger version. Many peoples are like the Maharajah mascot of Air India
Airlines. The Maharajah began merely as a rich Indian emperor and Maharajah symbolizing
graciousness and high living and the creator of Maharajah mascot given distinctive personality,
his outsizes moustache, the striped turban and aquiline nose. Maharajah mascot is completed 74
years and become the most recognizable mascot the world over. His antics, his expressions, his
puns have allowed Air India to promote its services with a unique panache and an unmatched sense
of subtle humour. Air India was won numerous national and international awards for Air India for
humour and originality publicity.

Page | 26
1.1.7 Current Board of Directors of Air India Limited

SHRI ASHWANI LOHANI CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING

DIRECTOR

SHRI PRAVEEN GARG ADDL. SECRETARY AND

FINANCIAL ADVISOR,
MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION

SHRI SATYENDRA KUMAR JOINT SECRETARY, MINISTRY

MISHRA OF CIVIL AVIATION

SHRI VINOD HEJMADI DIRECTOR OF FINANCE

DR. RAVINDRA KUMAR TYAGI INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR

DR. SYED ZAFAR ISLAM INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR

SMT. DAGGUBATI INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR

PURANDESWARI

1.1.8 Services of Air India Limited: - Air India Limited mainly focuses on customers services.
Air India Limited work on full service model. Their aim and objective is to enhance the passenger’s
services and increase the passenger’s satisfaction levels. They work on increase the comfortable
of passenger’s seats, large legs spaces, flight entrainments, Business class, and Quality foods. Air
Followings are the services provided by Air India Limited.

Cabin Services of Air India Limited: - Air India Airlines the Boeing 777-200LR\777-300 and
Boeing 747- 400 aircrafts used to operate on long haul flights are in three-class configuration that
is Economic class, First class and business class. Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A321
aircrafts have a two class configuration that is Business class and Economy class. Airbus A320
Aircrafts operated on domestic and short haul international flights are in either an all Economy
configuration or a two class configuration. Airbus A319 aircrafts have a full economy
configuration. Air India serves meals on all international flights and on domestic flights with a
flight duration of over 90 minutes.

In-flight Entertainment: - Air India aircraft are equipped with Thales i3000 in-flight
entertainment system. Passengers can choose from five channels airing Hindi and English content.

Page | 27
Air India’s Boeing 777,747 and 787 aircraft are also equipped with personal on demand in-flight
entertainment systems on which passengers can choose from available content. Showtime is the
official entertainment guide published by Air India. Shubh Yatra means Happy Journey is a
bilingual inflight magazine published in English and Hindi by Air India.

Frequent flyer program: - Flying Returns is Air India’s frequent-flyer program. In this program
the loyal customer get some points after the journey as reward this points are redeemable. It is
shared by Air India and its subsidiaries. The points can be redeemed for award travel on some
other airlines.

Premium Lounges: - The Maharaja Lounges which means Emperor’s Lounges is provided to the
First class and Business class passengers. Air India shares lounges with other International airlines
at International airports that do not have a Maharaja Lounges available. Air India Have eight
Maharaja Lounges they are followings:

In India: -

 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja International Airport at Mumbai

 Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi
 Chennai International Airport at Chennai
 Kempegowda International Airport at Bangalore
 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Hyderabad
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport at Ahmedabad

In International: -

 John F. Kennedy International Airport at New York City

 Heathrow Airport at London
 San Francisco International Airport at San Francisco

Evacuation services: - Evacuation services also provided by Air India Limited. It is one of the
great services provided by Air India Limited. The airline register in Guinness Book of World
Record for most people evacuated by civil airliner. Around 1, 11,000 peoples are evacuated from
Amman to Mumbai. Over a distance of 4,117 kilometers by operating 488 flights since 13th August

Page | 28
to 11th October 1990. Around 59 days Evacuation operation is done by Air India. The operation is
carried during the time of Persian Gulf War to evacuate Indian expatriates from Kuwait to Iran.
The event was later featured in the film Airlift.

Air India Limited 324 peoples evacuated From Wuhan (Chine) to Delhi (India) because of coronavirus
hit in Chine. This operation done by Air India on 31st January, 2020. The evacuees from Wuhan involved
three minors, 211 students and 110 working professionals.

COMPETITOR OF AIR INDIA Limited: -

1. IndiGo Airline
2. Spice jet
3. Air Asia India
4. GO Air
5. Vistara Airlines
6. Jet Airways (Currently company is closed)
7. Kingfisher Airlines(Currently company is closed)

Page | 29
 1.2.1 INDIGO AIRLINES

INDIGO AIRLINE is an Indian low-cost airline. Headquartered of INDIGO Airline situated at

Gurugram, Haryana in India. IndiGo is India’s largest airline with a market share of 47.5% as on
December, 2019. IndiGo airline is sixth largest carrier in Asia. IndiGo airlines primarily operate
in India’s domestic air travel market as a low- cost carrier. It’s mainly focus on Offering low fares,
being on-time and delivering a courteous and hassle-free experience. IndiGo being synonymous
with being on-time. The operation was started on 4th August 2006, IndiGo airline grow from
carrier with one plane to a fleet of 255 aircraft today. A uniform fleet for each type of operations,
high operational reliability and an award winning service make IndiGO arline one of the most
reliable airlines in the world. IndiGo airline serves total destination count of 87 in this IndiGo
serves total 63 domestic destinations and 24 International destinations IndiGo airlines serves.
This includes three destinations: Aurangabad, Aizawl and Agra in India and Dammam in Saudi
Arabia which are open for sale. The International Air Transport Association Code of IndiGo
airlines is 6E and International Civil Aviation Organization code is IGO. The primary hub of
IndiGo airlines is Indhira Gandhi International Airport situated at Delhi.

The IndiGo airlines was founded by private company by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises
and Rakesh Gangwal a United States based expatriate Indian, in 2006. It receive delivery of its
first aircraft in July 2006 and commenced operaions a month later. The IndiGo airline became the
largest Indian carrier by passenger market share in 2012. The company went public in November
2015.

Facts and Figures of INDIGO airlines: -

 10 consecutive years of profitable operations.

 Domestic market share of 47.5% as of December, 2019.
 Fleet of 255 aircraft including 96 new generation A320 NEOs, 124 A320 CEOs, 25
ATRs and 10 A321 NEOs.
 Recognized as Great Place to Work in India for 8 years in row 2008 to 2015.
 Named as Aon’s Best Employer for the year 2016 and 2017.

Page | 30
1.2.2 History of IndiGo Airlines: -
Since 13 years IndiGo is grow itself. IndiGo airlines is best low-cost carrier airlines of Asia.
IndiGo Airlines was founded in the year of 2006 as a private company by Rahul Bhatiya of
Interglobe Enterprises and Rakesh Gangwal, a United States- based NRI. InterGlobe Enterprises
was owned 51.12% stake in IndiGo and 47.88% stake owned by Gangwal’s Virginia based
company Caelum Investments. IndiGO airline placed a firm order for 100 Airbus A320 – 200
aircraft in June 2005 with plans to begin operations in mid- 2006. IndiGo receive its first aircraft
delivery on 28th July 2006, nearly a year after placing the order. It commenced operations on 4 th
August 2006. The first flight flown by IndiGo airline is from Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati.
By the end of the year of 2006, the IndiGo airline had six aircrafts and nine more aircrafts are
were acquired by IndiGo airlines in the year of 2007. In December 2010, IndiGo replaced state
run carrier on that time Air India as the largest airlines in India after that Kingfisher Airlines and
Jet Airways with a passenger market share of 17.3%.

In the year of 2011, IndiGo airlines given the order for 180 Airbus A320 aircraft in a deal worth
US$ 15 billion. In January 2011ImdiGo airlines completed five years of operations. IndiGo
airlines got permission to lunch international flights. In December 2011, the DGCA expresses
reservations that the rapid expansion could impact passenger’s safety. IndiGo get delivery of its
50th aircraft, less than six years after it began operations. For the quarter ending March 2012,
IndiGo airlines was most profitable airline in India and turn into the second largest airline in India
in terms of passenger’s market share. After that in same year on 17 August 2012, IndiGo airlines
became the largest airlines in India in terms of market share exceeding market share of Jet
Airways, six years after the start of operations.

In January 2013, IndiGo was the second fastest growing low-cost carrier airline in Asia after the
Indonesian airline Lion Air. In February 2013, IndiGo airlines officially notify that the Civil
Aviation Ministry given the permission to IndiGo airlines to accept delivery of only five aircrafts
on that year. The IndiGo airline planned to announce low-cost regional flights by setting up a
subsidiary. Later on IndiGo airline notify that it planned to ask approval from the ministry to
receive four more aircraft so accepting delivery of nine aircraft on that year in 2013. As of March
2014 IndiGo airline became a second largest low-cost carrier in Asia in terms of seats flown. In
August 2015, IndiGo airline placed an order for 250 Airbus A320NEO aircraft worth $27 billion,
making it the largest single order ever in Airbus history. IndiGo introduced a ₹32 billion (US$450
million) initial public offering on 19th October 2015 which opened on 27 October.

In October 2019, IndiGo airline placed another order for 300 Airbus A320NEO aircraft worth
$33 billion (₹2.3 lakh crore) surpassing its own record of the largest single order ever in Airbus
history. In December 2019, The IndiGO airline turn into first Indian airline to operate 1,500 daily
flights. As of 31st December 2019 the airline’s fleet size is more than 250 aircraft becoming
India’s first airline to do so. According SKYTRAX World Airline Awards in this the IndiGo
Airlines rank is 58 out of world’s top 100 airlines. In upcoming years the IndiGo airlines is
became a world largest airline service provider.

Page | 31
1.2.3 NUMBER OF FLEET OR FLEET SIZE OF IndiGO AIRLINES

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT OWNED SEAT CAPACITY

AIRBUS A320-200 126 180

AIRBUS A320NEO 96 180

AIRBUS A321NEO 10 222

ATR 72-600 25 74

TOTAL 257

On 29th October 2019 IndiGo airline was placed an order for 300 A320NEO family aircraft
comprsing a mix A320NEO. A321NEO and A321XLR aircraft taking IndiGO’s total number of
A320NEO family aircraft orders to 730. Airbus monthly reports lists the 300 order as 87 A320NEO
and 213 A321NEO\A321XLR. After reciving the order of this aircrafts IndiGO airline became a
world largest airlines company.

AIRBUS A320-200 AIRBUS A320NEO AIRBUS A321NEO

ATR 72-600

Page | 32
 Indigo Airline Destination List: -

Abu Dhabi Amsterdam Athens Bangkok

Brussels Budapest Chengdu Colombo

Copenhagen Dhaka Doha Dubai

Dublin Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong

Istanbul India Jeddah London

Kathmandu Kuala Lumpur Kuwait Male

Malta Muscat Paris Phuket

Prague Riyadh Sharjah Singapore

Tel Aviv Vienna Yangon Zurich

1.2.4 Logo and Livery: - Twenty dots arranged in the shape of an aircraft serves as the logo of
the airline. The airline uses a two tone blue livery on a white background with the belly of the
aircraft painted in IndiGo with the logo in white. The flight attendants wear a single-piece navy-
blue tunic with a cap. The airline has the tagline On-time focusing on punctuality.

1.2.5 Services of IndiGO Airline: - IndiGo airline stands for three things 1. On Time, 2.
Affordable Fares, 3. Hassle free. IndiGo airline work on low-cost model. The IndiGo airline is
maily focusing on lower middle class and middle class people. In starting period IndiGo airline
was does not provide in-flight entertainment services. It does not provide First class and Business
class facilities, IndiGo airline provide only Economy class that way the fares is low. Indigo airline
also does not provide complimentary meals on any of its flights to the passengers. Passengers can
buy food in on board flight. Hello 6E the in-flight magazine published by IndiGo is available for
passengers to read. In September 2019, the company announced its tie up with SonyLIV on
demand video app for providing its fliers with entertainment options at the airport and in flight.

Page | 33
1.2.6 Organizational Structure of IndiGo Airline: -

Board N-1 N-2

CEO CFO
Ronojoy Dutta Finance Planning
Aditya Pande

Chairman of
the Board COO Information Technology
M. Damodaran

Director Acquision and

Rohini Bhatiya Financing

Director
Sales
Rakesh
Gangawal
Air
Director Operations Flight Operations
and Inflight
Anupam
khanna
Legal
Diector
Devadas
Mangalore
Interim CEO

Director
Pallavi Shardul HR

Corporate
Affairs

International
SAles

Page | 34
 Chapter 2

OBJECTIVE: -

In this research I am focusing on the sector of Air transport. Air India Limited and Indigo
Airlines are biggest bodies or Airline Company in this sector. Air India Limited and Indigo
Airline this both airline is belongs to Indian Aviation Industry. Air India Limited is government
sector airline and IndiGo Airline is private sector airlines.

1. Comparative study of Air India Limited and IndiGo Airline.

2. To know the Passenger satisfaction level in Air India Limited and IndiGo Airline.

3. To study the reason of why Air India Limited suffering in Loss.

4. To study the reason of why IndiGo Airline in profit.

5. To study the how many passengers transported or carried by Air India Limited and Indigo
Airlines in last five years.

6. Revenue generation of Air India Limited and Indigo Airlines in last five years.

Page | 35
Abu Dhabi Amsterdam Athens Bangkok Brussels Budapest

Chengdu Colombo Copenhagen Dhaka Doha Dubai

Ho Chi Minh
Dublin Hanoi
City

Page | 36
Page | 37