1) Field system:

The objective of the field system is to create a uniform magnetic field in which the armature rotates.
Permanent magnet or electromagnet can create this magnetic field. Field magnet system consists of four
main parts, yoke or frame, pole cores, pole shoes and magnetizing coils. The yoke is generally of
cylindrical shape, the yoke acts as covered frame of the machine. It carries the magnetic flux produced
through the poles. Since the field is at rest, no need of using laminated yoke for the normal machine. In
small machines cast and yokes are used because of cheapness, but the yoke of a large machine is made
of fabricated steel due to its high permeability.

) Construction of armature:

The purpose of armature is to rotate the conductors in the uniform magnetic field. It contains coils of
wounded(insulated) wires around an iron and electric currents are induced to wires when armature is
rotating in a magnetic field. In addition to providing support to the armature coils, it also provides low
reluctance path to the magnetic flux. The armature core is made of a thin lamination of silicon steel,
each lamination is insulated through from other thin paper or a thin coating of varnish. The armature is
made of laminated grain oriented silicon steel because in DC machine armature induces alternating
current.

Hence the effect of eddy current and hysteresis should be avoided. The slots are either dicot are
punched on the outer periphery of the circular core. Stamping is the key bay is located on the inner
diameter. The slots are normally open type usually placed parallel to the axis of the armature better also
sometimes cute at a small angle to avoid vibration of teeth.

The lamination stamping of the armature is usually punched with holes near the shaft to give
longitudinal ventilating ducts, the air is drawn in through these ducts to provide defecting ventilation.
For larger machines, it is not economical to punch out a complete circular stamping from one sheet of
silicon steel. Armature core stamping, in this case, are essentially build up of 4 to 8 segments of
lamination. A dovetail joint means is attached to the spider.

3) Commutator :

The commutator is a rotating switch, which is placed at the armature and the external circuit and it will
inverse the connections of the other circuit at the time of each reverse of current in the armature. It is
essentially of cylindrical structure and it is build up of high conductivity hot drawn copper. These layers
(segments) are covered from each other thin layer of mica. the segments are help together two V-
shaped rings that fit into the v glows cut into the segments.

4) Brushes:
The brushes are used to collect the current from the commutator and supplied to external load circuit of
Dc generator. In case of dc motor brushes supply current to the commutator, the brushes are rectangular
in shape and rest on the commutator

The synchronous speed is the speed of the revolution of the magnetic field in stator winding of the
motor

Formula is Na= 120 * f/p

Where f= line voltage frequency in Hz

p= number of poles

Winding resistance test of transformer

Transformer ratio test

Transformer vector group test

Measurement of impedance voltage/Short circuit impedance (principal tap) test(Short circuit test)

Measurement of no load and current (open circuit test)

1, The load test is to measure the no load loss and current loss at rated voltage, in the process of testing,
open circuit in high voltage side, pressurization in the low voltage side, the test voltage is the rated
voltage in low voltage side, when in low test voltage, the test current is a few percent of rated current.

2,The power capacity options of the transformer load test: to ensure the power waveform distortion
does not exceed 5% of regulator capacity, the no load capacity of test object should be under 50; when
use the voltage regulator to pressure, the regulator should be less load capacity 50% of capacity; when
using generators tests, load capacity should be less than 25% of generator capacity.

Losses in DC Machine

The losses that occur in a DC Machine is divided into five basic categories. The various losses are
Electrical or Copper losses (I2R losses), Core losses or Iron losses, Brush losses, Mechanical losses, Stray
load losses.

A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are connected to the LV winding When the applied
voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV winding, readings from all the three instruments are taken.
The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0.

The two components of no load current can be given as,

Iμ = I0sinΦ0 and Iw = I0cosΦ0.

cosΦ0 (no load power factor) = W / (V1I0). ... (W = wattmeter reading)