1-D STEADY STATE HEAT

TRANSFER WITH HEAT

GENERATION
SPHERE WITH UNOFORM HEAT GENERATION

PATEL MIHIR H.
130450119107
 SPHERE WITH UNIFORM HEAT GENERATION

 Consider one dimensional radial conduction of heat, under steady

state conduction, through a sphere having uniform heat generation.
 Now, general heat conduction equation for sphere is given by:
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑡 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑡 1 𝜕2𝑡 𝑞𝑔
 [ 2. 𝑟2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ] +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝜕∅2 𝑘
𝜌𝑐 𝜕𝑡
= .
𝑘 𝜕𝜏
 According to our consideration equation reduces to
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑡 𝑞𝑔
. 𝑟2 + =0
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘
• Let,
• R = 0utside radius of sphere
• K = thermal
conductivity(uniform)
• qg = uniform heat generation
per unit volume, per unit time
within the solid
• tw =temperature of outside
surface (wall) of the sphere ,
and
• ta = ambient temperature.

• Consider an element at radius r and thickness dr as shown in figure.

• Heat conduction at radius at r,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Qr = -kA = -k*4𝜋𝑟 ∗2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
 Heat generated in the element,
𝑑𝑡
Qg = qgAdr = -k*4𝜋𝑟2 ∗
𝑑𝑟
 heat conducted out at radius (r+dr)
𝑑
Q(r+dr) = Qr + Qr.dr
𝑑𝑟
 Under steady state conduction, we have
𝑑
Qr+Qg= Q(r+dr)= Qr + Qr.dr
𝑑𝑟
𝑑
∴ Qg = Qr.dr
𝑑𝑟
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑡
∴ qg4𝜋𝑟2dr = -4𝜋𝑘 [𝑟 ]dr
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1 2 𝜕2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑞𝑔
∴ [𝑟 + 2r ] + =0
𝑟2 𝜕𝑟2 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑞
∴ r + + 𝑔=0 …(multiplying both side by r)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
 integrating both side ,we have
𝑑𝑡 𝑞
r + t + 𝑔. (𝑟2/2) = C1 ……(2)
𝑑𝑟 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑞𝑔
0r rt + . (𝑟2/2) = C1
𝑑𝑟 𝑘
 integrating again, we have
𝑞𝑔
rt + . (𝑟3/6) = C1r+ C2 ……(3)
𝑘
 At the center of sphere, r=0 so C2=0.
 Applying boundary condition, at r=R ,t= tw
𝒒𝒈
C1= tw + . R𝟐
𝟔𝒌
 By substituting values of C1 and C2 in equation(3), we have temperature
distribution as,
 𝑞𝑔 𝑞𝑔
t+ . (𝑟3/6) = tw + . R2
𝑘 6𝑘
𝒒𝒈
t = tw + . (R𝟐 − r𝟐) ……(4)
𝟔𝒌
 From above equation it is evident that the temperature distribution is
parabolic, the maximum temperature occurs at the center(r2=0) is value
is given by
𝑞𝑔
tmax = tw + . R2 ……(5)
6𝑘
 From above equations (4) and (5)
t − tw R2 − r2 𝑟 2
= =1–
tmax − tw R2 𝑅
 Now, for evaluating heat transfer invoking Fourier’s equation,
𝑑𝑡
Q = -kA
𝑑𝑟 r=R
 𝑑 𝑞
Q = -k*4𝜋𝑟2 ∗ tw + 𝑔 . (R2 − r2) r=R
𝑑𝑟 6𝑘
𝑞𝑔
= k*4𝜋𝑅2 ∗ .R
3𝑘
4
= 𝜋𝑅3 ∗ 𝑞𝑔
3
 Thus heat conducted is equal to heat generated.Under steady state
conditions the heat conducted should be equal to heat convected from
outer surface of the sphere.
4
𝜋𝑅3 ∗ 𝑞𝑔 = h4𝜋𝑅2(tw − t𝑎)
3
𝑞𝑔
tw = ta + . R
3ℎ
 Inserting value of tw in equation (4)
𝑞𝑔 𝑞𝑔
t = ta + . R+ . (R2 − r2)
3ℎ 6𝑘
 The maximum temperature
𝑞𝑔 𝑞𝑔
tmax = ta + . R+ .R2 ……(at r=0)
3ℎ 6𝑘