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You Buy
Research suggests there seems to be three qualities of music that can influence buying
behavior in a retail environment: tempo, volume and genre. The individual effects we will see in
each of these can be explained by Mehrabian and Russell’s model of pleasure‐arousal‐
dominance (PAD). At its most basic level, this model posits that an environment can alter an
individual’s mood and therefore behavior by altering levels of pleasure, arousal and/or
dominance through different channels. We will use this framework to explain how music
impacts buying behavior in a store environment.
Tempo
In 1982, Milliman et al. conducted a study in a New York City grocery store investigating the
effect of music tempo on shoppers’ buying behaviors. The experimental design was simple but
the results were insightful: playing slow music led to A) significantly more time spent in the
store and B) a significant increase (32%) in gross product sales when compared to behavior
when fast music was playing. As mentioned earlier, this effect can be explained by the PAD
model: fast music leads to high levels of arousal which, in turn, leads to moving at a faster pace
through the store. Conversely, slow tempoed music prevents these high levels of arousal and
slows down the pace at which shoppers move, leading to an increase in items purchased.
The effects of tempo were also explored in a restaurant environment by Caldwell and Hilbert in
1999. Slow music caused customers to spend a significantly higher dollar amount on alcohol
and spent more time eating while fast music led to a faster meal and shorter wait times for
incoming patrons. As you can imagine, each of these effects might be wanted in different
restaurant environments (ex: a 5‐star restaurant versus a late‐night diner) so the take home
message is less about what is good or bad about fast or slow music and more about
understanding the different kinds of behavior that can result from each.
Volume
Back in 1966, Smith and Curnow. conducted a field experiment that music loudness had a direct
affect on the amount of time spent in stores. More specifically, loud music led to less total time
spent shopping when compared to soft music. Despite this fact, the difference in number of
sales was not statistically significant. Furthermore, there is some research suggesting that loud
music can lead to a skewed perception of how much time has passed, but the effect is gender
specific: loud music causes females to think less time has passed than actually has.
Another study by Yalch and Spangenberg (1988) revealed that age moderates the effects of
volume, too: younger shoppers are more likely to spend more time shopping when music is being
played in the foreground, whereas older shoppers are more likely to spend more time shopping
when music is in the background. Whether this is actually an age effect or has more to do with
generational culture norms is a hard distinction to tease apart, but the fact remains: using music
volume to influence consumer behavior is not a ‘one size fits all’ tactic.
Genre
It’s probably a fair guess to say that the type of music playing is one of the first characteristics
shoppers notice and indeed genre has an effect of shopping behavior. One study investigated the
effect of playing Top‐40 pop music versus classical music in a wine store. Ultimately, playing
classical music led to more money being spent by shoppers. Interestingly, the shoppers did not
buy more bottles of wine when this music was being played but rather chose the more expensive
bottles. Other research has shown that, during the holiday season, shoppers buy more holiday‐
related goods when Christmas music is playing in the store. From these findings, it seems the
type of music playing can send a signal about what kind of goods should be bought. Classical
music indicates sophistication hence the more expensive wine, and Christmas music cues the
holiday spirit which leads to more festive items being purchased.
Ultimately, none of these characteristics of music are isolated, and thus the purchasing behavior
effects are not stand‐alone. It is important to learn about and understand many of the nuances
of how music in a retail environment can affect buying behavior, but it is just as important to
remember that nothing is black and white and what works in one store environment might cause
different effects in another situation.