Driving Factors of the Cutting-Classes Student as Perceived by

Selected Senior High School Student of President Diosdado

Macapagal High

School S.Y. 2019-2020

A Research Proposal

Presented To

The Senior High School Department

President Diosdado Macapagal High School

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 1

By:

Group 3

Joseph Cortuna, Cordenete

Rendon Bryan Robles, Felimon

Sandro Sendon, Laggui

Bryan Medalla, Razona

Johncarlo Sinag, Revista

Mark Dela Cruz, Rosario

Nhiel Alexander Iranga, Saludes

Fredirico Luna,Siatong

March, 2020
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Cutting classes obviously decreases the need opportunities for

the students to learn all the important Lessons they need to learn, in

order to become academically competent .instead of learning they are

ruining their lives with Vices for them taking studying seriously may be

hard. student cutting class has always been a problem of the teachers,

But What could be the reason of these students why they are

commiting cutting classes? the researcher are going to conduct a

research study focusing on President Diosdado Macapagal High School,

Including Senior High School students. The researcher will make an

Interview and survey to know the reason of students doing cutting

classes.

This study will be conducted at President Diosdado Macapagal

High School located at Barangay Katuparan, 8th Street, Taguig City. It

has Senior and Junior High School. Senator Alan Peter Cayetano is the

one considered the main opponent and founder of this School, the said

School buildings were finally opened for operation in August 15, 2007.

This is the serious problem as the researcher believes that

committing cutting classes could affect their classroom performance

and standing. That is why it is needed to conduct this study to know

the driving factors why are students are doing cutting classes at

President Diosdado Macapagal High School on School Year 2019-2020.

The main idea of the research Is that the learner knows that

When they do this , they maybe drop out of school and be

Affected by academic and school behavior , so we should not

Take cutting classes and study well.(by Lindsay cross ,university of

Arkansas, November 09, 2015.).

The main purpose of the research to know the driving factors of

the cutting-classes students as perceived by selected SHS Student of

President Diosdado Macapagal High School S.Y 2019-2020.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study will determine the driving factors of the cutting

classes students as perceived by selected SHS students of President

Diosdado Macapagal High School S.Y. 2019-2020. Knowing the driving

factors of the cutting classes will be beneficial to the students when it

comes to coping with it. Through this, students wiil become aware of

the effects of cutting classes to their academic performance. The term

“cutting classes” refers to the practice of missing a designated class

without permission. Another slang term for avoiding class attendance

is “skipping class”. The official word for an intentional, unauthorized

absence from is “truancy”.

Punishment for cutting class range from detention to fines to

summer school, with repeated offences potentially preventing

graduation. truancy is more prevalent in middle schools and high

schools, although the practice appears in various forms on college

campuses as well. Attending school is mandatory in the united states

for minors until they obtain a high school diploma or reach the age of

18

Vital to this is the conceptual framework that was use in the

study. It made use of input-process-output model, a process viewed as

a series of boxes (process elements) connected inputs information or

material objects flow through a series of task or activities based of the

set of rules or decision points. Flow charts and process diagrams often

use to represent the process (Harris & Taylor, 1997) what goes in is

the input, what cause the changes is the process, what comes out is

the output (Armstrong, 2001).

 RESEARCH PARADIGM

The IPO model provides the general structures and guide for the

direction of the study. Substituting the variables of this on the IPO

model the researcher came up with the following.

Figure 1:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Determining the Knowing the driving factors
factors
dDof the cutting of the cutting classes
classes

 Does cutting
classes has
significant effects
to their academic Driving factors of
performance  Questionnaire the cutting classes
 Does are the
reasons of
committing
cutting classes
 Does are the
effects of cutting
classes

FEEDBACK LOOP

The IPO MODEL of Determining the Driving Factors of the Cutting

Classes of the Students as Perceived by the Senior High School of
President Diosdado Macapagal High School S.Y 2019-2020.

(Adapted from Zwaenaepol, 1985)

The research paradigm above was adapted from the study by

Zwaenaepol (1985) which underscore the need to determine the

efficiency of a program by considering how it fulfills its social and

economic objectives. The relevance of its social and economic

objectives, and the relevance it has to society and its’ environment as

determined by criteria that are external to the program under study.

The input of this study is to determine the driving factors of the

cutting classes and those are; (a) Does cutting classes has significant

effects to their academic performance, (b) Does are the reasons of

committing cutting classes, (c) Does are the effects of cutting classes.

Perception of the respondents will determine through questionnaire

that will make up the “process box”.

The respondents will be asked to answer a set of question

regarding the study (“process” box) relevant to determine the

effectiveness of the given indication in the “input” box.

The “Output” box describe the result of this study. Driving

factors of the cutting classes.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical foundation for this study rest in a contemporary

view of motivation called behaviorist model of Learning Theory by Lew

Taylor.

The theoretical foundation

for this multiple-study
project rests in a
contemporary
view of motivation using a
well-established version of
reinforcement theory as
displayed in the model
(Figure 1). This behaviorist
model of learning theory is
simple, clear, and can be
used to predict results.
More complicated and
abstract
models could be used that
would not alter the basic
premise of this research
that
behavior rewarded, will
likely be repeated
(Skinner, 1953; Thorndike,
1911) — a
useful notion that teaching
professionals can use to
promote academic
performance
in order to avoid the
problem of rewarding the
wrong behavior (Kerr,
1975).
To illustrate how i t w o r k s r
egarding attendance and
similar activities, sev -
eral examples are
presented in Figure 1. The
top row contains the
categories of
antecedent, behavior,
consequence, emotions,
and outcome adapted from
Marr
and Roessler (1994) and
Robbins and Judge (2011).
Using an attendance policy
where higher attendance
has a bonus reward
attached to it, if a student
achieves
high attendance a reward
is given producing positive
emotions and higher
course
grades. Cutting class
results in lower course
grades and negative
emotions. Whe
The theoretical foundation for this multiple-study project rests in a

contemporary view of motivation using a well-established version of

reinforcement theory as displayed in the model (Figure 1). This

behaviorist model of learning theory is simple, clear, and can be used

to predict results. More complicated and abstract models could be used

that would not alter the basic premise of this research that behavior

rewarded, will likely be repeated (Skinner, 1953; Thorndike, 1911) —

a useful notion that teaching professionals can use to promote

academic performance in order to avoid the problem of rewarding the

wrong behavior (Kerr, 1975).To illustrate how it works regarding

attendance and similar activities, several examples are presented in

Figure 1. The top row contains the categories of antecedent, behavior,

consequence, emotions, and outcome adapted from Marr and Roessler

(1994) and Robbins and Judge (2011). Using an attendance policy

where higher attendance has a bonus reward attached to it, if a

student achieves high attendance a reward is given producing positive

emotions and higher course grades. Cutting class results in lower

course grades and negative emotions. When Taylor III 51Figure 1:

Reinforcement Theory Model created from ideas adapted from

Thorndike (1911), Skinner (1953), marrand Roessler (1994), and

Robbins and Judge (2011).antecedent, behavior, consequence,

emotion outcome before act trigger feeling result Attendance Policy

Come to class Earn a bonus Positive Higher course grade Attendance

Policy Cut class Lose the bonus, or Loss of letter grade Negative

Lower course grade Optional Quizzes Take quizzes Higher exam

scores Positive Higher Course grade Optional Quizzes Fail to take

quizzes Lower exam scores Negative Lower Course grade Optional

Exam Review Come to class Higher exam scores Positive Higher

Course Grade Optional Exam Review Cut class Lower exam scores
Negative Lower Course grade presented with optional quizzes, if a

student takes them regardless of how well they do, awareness of the

material is enhanced and higher performance on exams is expected.

Of course, the converse is true in that if a student cuts class, does not

attend review sessions, and does not take quizzes, negative emotions

arise from the lack of performance rewards. If a professor does not

use an attendance policy, an implicit endorsement of no penalty for

cutting classes rewards the wrong behavior

The researchers chose it because the content of this theory is

about behavior, emotion and feelings.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The general purpose of this study is to know the driving factors of the

cutting-classes students as perceived by selected SHS student of

President Diosdado Macapagal High School. The main topic is to know

the driving factors of the cutting classes are the from thus, the

researchers as may to know what are the effects of doing cutting

classes is the respondents acced, perform and how to avoid this

practice.
 This study will be conducted at President Diosdado Macapagal

High School located at Barangay Katuparan, 8th Street, Taguig City. It

has Senior and Junior High School. The researchers studying at this

school, so that the researcher are going to collect a data to the

respondents from this school.

The researcher selected grade 11-Garnet because base on the

observation and record they have the most number cutting classes.

The researchers want to finish this study on the second semester

of the School Year 2019-2020.

OPERATION DEFINITION AND TERMINILOGIES

To add clarify to the problem and its analysis to have a further

grasp of the contest of the study, the following terms were defined

operationally.

Driving. Falling and being blown by the wind great force.

Factors. A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a

result or outcome.
 Cutting Classes. This is a term that is used usually used in high

school and middle school. It means to not go to classs. Another

explanation is, not appearing or showing up class.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main purpose of the study is to know the driving factors of

the cutting-classes students as perceived by selected Senior High

School student of President Diosdado Macapagal High School S.Y.

2019-2020.

Significally, the study sought to answer the following question?

 1.Does cutting classes has significant effects to their academic

performance?

2.Does are the reasons of committing cutting classes?

3.Does are the effects of cutting classes?

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

Ha:

Cutting classes can affect the academic performance of the student.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to know the factors triggering

Student’s Vandalism. Thus, the findings of this study will be a great

use and importance for the students, teachers, curriculum planners,

and future researchers.

 School. This research could possibly be a contribution to the

library resource as an academic journal or reference material for some

purposive related studies in English language skills.

Students. This will have a good benefits to the students

because so that they will know the driving factors of the cutting

classes.

Future researcher. They may find the result of this study as

springboard for the conduct of further studies related to cutting

classes.

Parents: they’ll lecture their children in order to not cut in class

So that their children will learn from their mistakes.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and technique which will be

used in this study. Likewise, this discusses the sample population of

the study, the instruments that will be used, and data gathering

procedures.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

This study is focus on identifying the Driving Factors of the

Cutting Classes Students as Perceived by Selected SHS students of

President Diosdado Macapagal High School.

This study will utilize a case study research approach, in-depth

investigation of a single person, group, event or community. Typically,

data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several

different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). The case study

research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e.

the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often

confined to the study of a particular individual. The information is

mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual's past (i.e.

retrospective), as well as to significant events which are currently

occurring in his or her everyday life. The case study is not itself a

research method, but researchers select methods of data collection

and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies

(Mcleod,2019).

POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

 The accessible population is the population in research to which

the researchers can apply their conclusions. This population is a subset

of the target population and is known as the study population. It is

from the accessible population that researchers draw their samples.

Best and Khan (1993), defines a population as a group of

individuals that have more characteristics in common that are of

interest to the researcher. The population is a group of people who are

the focus of a research study and to which the result would apply

(Cardwell 1999:179). Thus, the population is the group to which the

researcher would like to make inferences

In order to identify the number of respondents in this study, the

researchers will be using purposive sampling technique. By definition,

purposive sampling is a sampling technique where members of a

particular group are purposefully sought after.

The target population for this study are the Grade 11- Garnet

(Cookery) with the total of 71 students. The research will be utilizing

the Purposive Sampling technique in identifying the respondents to be

used in the study. In order to collect the data from the respondents

easily and to finish the study on time and immediately, the

researchers will only be using 20% of the total population. The total

sample size that will be used in the study is 15 broken down as follows

in the table below.

Table 1:

Respondents in the (Grade 11-Garnet)of President

Diosdado Macapagal High School

Respondents Population Sample Sample Size

Grade 11- Garnet 71 15
TOTAL 71 15

According to Ashley Crossman a purposive sample, also

commonly called a judgmental sample is one that is selected based on

the knowledge of a population and the purpose of the study. The

subjects will be selected because of some characteristics.

INSTRUMENTS OF THE STUDY

Aside from referencing the researcher utilized

researcher-made questionnaires to collect essential data from the

respondents. Questionnaires were used because they gather data

faster than any other method. The researcher-made questionnaire has

6 items questions that have two (2) parts.

Part I is all about demographic question.

Part II consisted of three item questions about the driving

factors of the cutting classes as perceived by the selected senior high

school students of President Diosdado Macapagal High School.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The study will be conducted at President Diosdado Macapagal

High School in the school year 2019-2020. Grade 11-Garnet students

are the target population of the study; sample will be defined using

the purposive sampling technique. The location and the respondents of

the study were chosen as the researchers is currently affiliated to the

said institution.

To secure a permission to conduct the study and in order to

gather the necessary data from the respondents and to identify the

driving factors of the cutting-classes student as perceived by SHS

students at President Diosdado Macapagal High School, the

researchers will prepare a letter of request, duly signed by the

researcher’s research professor/adviser- Mr. Aldrine E. Regala,

addressed to the Grade Level/s Chairperson/s- Mrs. Amie Candelaria

and Garnet’s adviser- Ms. Lory mae Alcosaba, and to be approved by

the School Principal- Mr. Raul SJ. Cortez.

After securing a letter of permission to collect data from the

target respondents of the study, the researchers will proceed on the

actual collections of the data. The researchers will ask the respondents

to answer the researcher-made questionnaire to answer the relevant

question to the study. After collecting the said data above from the

respondents, the researchers will proceed on the interpretation of the

data collected.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

The literature a review to create the content from the past for a

new study to be conducted with new subjects and obtained data

(David, 2000). The review of related literature of this subject focuses

on the factors triggering students vandalism. The chapter begins with

the definition of students vandalism and to be followed by findings of

researchers about the study.

Local sources

Site:https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/06/24/reports-of-students-

cutting-classes-just-to-go-to-internet-shops-alarm-qc-councilors/

Author:Chito Chavez

Year: June 24, 2019

Title:Reports of students cutting classes just to go to internet shops

alarm QC councilors

Chavez (2019) reported Complaints of students cutting classes and

spending time in internet shops even during class hours have risen in

Quezon City weeks after the start of this school year.With this

scenario, several Quezon City councilors prodded the city government

and concerned agencies to send teams that will randomly conduct

inspections on computer shops and internet cafes operating in the city,

and penalize them if found to be accommodating students during class

hours.

Site:https://www.dailypedia.net/2017/04/deped-plans-to-have-
billiards-inside-schools-to-counter-cutting-of-classes/

DepEd plans to have Billiards inside schools to counter Cutting of

Classes

by Denis Santos

April 30, 2017, 1:29 pm

Santos (2017) stated that the Department of Education admitted that

one of the causes why students choose to cut classes is because of
playing billiards. They did not know how these small billiard chains
sprout like mushrooms. Upon thinking what could be a possible
solution, DepEd came up with a clever idea. Why not bring in the
reason for students to leave the school.

Site:https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2009/09/19/506212/editorial-

cutting-classes

Title: EDITORIAL - Cutting classes

Date:September 19, 2009 - 12:00am

According to Philstar (2009), as the population continues to grow with no

corresponding increase in resources for basic services, the Department of

Education has reduced class hours to ease congestion in public schools. The
DepEd’s move is on top of previous efforts to accommodate the booming

student population, including the adoption of three shifts per day.

Those three shifts already meant shorter class hours. Last month the DepEd

ordered class hours further shortened to just four hours for Grades 1 and 2,

four hours and 30 minutes for Grade 3 and five hours for Grades 4 to 6.

Compare those learning hours with those in exclusive private schools, where

students start whole-day classes by fourth grade.

DepEd officials managed to further cut class hours by collapsing certain

subjects into others. Social Studies and Culture, for example, were integrated

into Filipino from Grades 1 to 3. Music, Arts and Physical Education, already

taught in combination, were integrated into Geography, History and Social

Studies from Grades 4 to 6.

Education officials explained that reducing class hours was in response to

“the alarming size or population of learners in a class or crowded

classrooms,” concerns for the safety of young pupils and “public clamor for

lesser learning loads.” Critics countered that as things stand, elementary

students in public schools are already learning a lot less than their

counterparts in many private schools. Critics also pointed out that further

integration of school subjects could confuse students.

What the critics cannot dispute is the “alarming size” of the student

population, which grows steadily each school opening. Without a

corresponding increase in the annual funding for education — already the

second largest in the national budget after the allocation for debt service –

school congestion is certain to get worse.

Foreign Sources

Site:https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4847

Author:Halsey F. Rogers and Emiliana Vegas

Year:  March 2009

Rogers and Vegas (2009) revealed that teachers are absent at

high rates in countries such as India, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador, and

Zambia, reducing the quality of schooling for children, especially in

rural, remote, and poor areas. More broadly, poor teacher

management and low levels of teacher accountability afflict many

developing-country education systems. The paper presents evidence

on these shortcomings, but also on the types of incentives,

management, and support structures that can improve motivation and

performance and reduce avoidable absenteeism. It concludes with

policy options for developing countries to explore as they work to meet

Education for All goals and improve quality.

Related Studies

Local Sources
Site:https://www.academia.edu/31315402/Reasons_for_Cutting_Class

es_of_SHS_Students_in_Dasmarinas_National_High_School_SY_2016

_2017

Title: Reasons for Cutting Classes of SHS Students in Dasmarinas

National High School SY 2016 – 2017

Author: Bello

Cutting classes obviously Decreases the need of opportunities for them to

learn. All the important lessons they need to learn in order to become

academically competent, instead of learning , they are ruining their lives

with. for them, taking studying seriously may be hard. Ever since, students

who cut class has always been a problem off the teachers. But 2hat could be

the reason of these students why they cut their classes the researchers are

Going to construct a research study focusing on the students of Dasmarinas

National High school, including the junior high school students. whe

researchers 2ill ma6e an interview and survey to6no2 the reasons o) these

stu$ents an$ to et the teachers9 an$ %arents9 %erce%tion about this

issue. An$2hen this research became success)ul, it 2ill hel% the teachers

an$ %arents resol#e the %roblem o) thesestu$ents that cut their classes

Title: FACTORS WHY JUNIOR AND SENIOR STUDENTS DO CUT CLASSES

Author: Legion (2014)

The research entitled “Factors Why Junior and Senior Students Do Cut

Classes” was constructed by the researchers for they wanted to discern and

take deep explorations concerning the behaviors of different individuals,

specifically the junior and senior students who manage cutting classes and

how such deed affects their academic performance.

Site:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320015516_FACTORS_AFFEC

TING_STUDENTS'_PERFORMANCE_IN_PHYSICAL_EDUCATION_CLASS_IN_LY

CEUM_OF_THE_PHILIPPINES_UNIVERSITY-LAGUNA

Title:FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL

EDUCATION CLASS IN LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-LAGUNA

premises?

Author and year: Junio (2016)

Junio (2016) shows that purpose of this research is to identify and examine

factors that affect students' performance in their physical education class at

Lyceum of the Philippines University –Laguna. Self-made questionnaires were

distributed to respective students who are currently enrolled in PE II and IV

during 2nd semester SY 2015-2016. Several factors that is being discussed

in this research are socioeconomic , aptitude of students', learning facilities

and teacher characteristics. Frequency counts and percentage were used to

describe demographic profile and socioeconomic profile, as well as the

ranking of the teacher characteristics. Weighted mean was used to

summarize the perception on the students' aptitude, the learning facilities

and the teacher characteristics. Comparative analysis was done using

Kruskall-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. The researcher found that

all four factors that were identified positively affect students' performance.

Results also indicated that first year students had a higher expectation of

their PE teacher compared to second year students.

Site:https://www.scribd.com/document/406910665/UNDERSTANDING-

CUTTING-CLASSES-THE-CAUSE-AND-EFFECT-docx

Title:UNDERSTANDING CUTTING CLASSES, THE CAUSE AND EFFECT.docx

Author: Felipo V. Acacio

Date:Apr 20, 2019

This problem on cutting classes puzzles me why students deliberately oppose

the rules andregulation of the school. It seems that students are taking for

granted the hardship and goodintentions of their parents in sending them to

school. Most parents in this 5th class municipalityof Cabusao [which only

measures 46.8 square kilometres and inhabited by 18,397 in 2015 andhas a

poverty incidence of 33.59% as of 2012 (WikiVividly, 2017)] are poor but

bravely face thechallenges and obstacles in sending their children to school

hoping that education will raise thequality of their living once they get proper

education. And yet these aspirations are all forsaken by their children. Are

students not aware that education is the passport to realizing their dreams?

Are studentsdoesn’t care

to the hardship of their parents? These are just few of the questions that

baffle me.Having said all that, the problem on cutting classes gives me the
idea of doing research study.This study wants to know the mitigating

circumstances why students escape and cut classes? It also wants to explore

whether the psychological and behavioural principles developed and tested.

Foreign Sources

Site:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2061726

Author:Michael R. Ward

Year: 4 Feb 2020

Title:Cutting Classes to play video games

New leisure activities derived from developments in ICT

technologies will tend to displace other activities. Video games, in

particular, have become an increasingly popularity pastime that can

crowd out other activities. I exploit week-to-week variation in video

game popularity to identify variation in video game playing time likely

due to changes in game quality rather than to individuals selecting into

gaming. I find that when video game sales increase, ATUS student

respondents spend more time playing games, and less time attending

class. Differential effects for college students and those with lower

incomes indicate that these groups are more prone to absenteeism

due to playing video games.( Ward, 2020).

Driving Factors of the Cutting-Classes Student as Perceived by

Selected Senior High School Student of President Diosdado

Macapagal High

School S.Y. 2019-2020

_______________________________________________________

Dear Respondents

We are the Grade 11-EIM (alexandrite) who are currently writing our
research entitled “Driving Factors of the Cutting-Classes as
Perceived by the Selected Senior High School Students of
President Diosdado Macapagal High School. School year 2019-
2020” in the subject Practical Research 1. We are asking for your
precious time to answer this questionnaire.

This questionnaire seeks your opinion of the Driving Factors of the

Cutting-Classes Student as Perceived by Selected Senior High School
Student of President Diosdado Macapagal High School S.Y. 2019-2020
this study will help to determine the driving factors of the cutting
classes

Writing your name is not necessary. This guarantees anonymity.

Honest responses to all the questions are requested. There is no right
or wrong answers. The responses you give will be treated with deep
confidentiality. Thank you for taking time to complete this study.
Part I:

Demographic Questionnaire

Instructions: Indicate your response by a tick (/) against the

appropriate box at each question.

1. Gender Male [ ] Female [ ]

Part II:

Instructions: Answer the following question honestly by writing 3-5

sentences in the spaces provided after each questions.

1. Do you think cutting classes has significant effects to you as a

student in your academic performance?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

_______________

2. For you what are the reasons of committing cutting classes?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

_____________

3. What are the effects of cutting classes?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY

Aside from referencing the researcher utilized researcher-made

questionnaires to collect essential data from the respondents.

Questionnaires were used because they gather data faster than any

other method. The researcher-made questionnaire has 6 items

questions that have two (2) parts.

Part I is all about demographic question.

Part II consisted of three item questions about the driving factors

of the cutting classes as perceived by the selected senior high school

students of President Diosdado Macapagal High School. Item 1-2

answered