1.

STRATEGY PENGEMBANGAN SUBAK SEBAGAI LEMBAGA IRIGASI

TRADISIONAL DI BALI
Oleh; I Nyoman Sutawan

Abstract

Subak sebagai organisasi irigasi tradisional petani yang bercorak sosio-religius

telah ada di Bali sejak berabad-abad silam. Dalam masa pembangunan sekarang ini
peranan subak tetap penting untuk mensukseskan program pembangunan pertanian
khususnya dalam produksi beras.

Usaha-usaha pengembangan subak haruslah dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip-

prinsip partisipatif. Disamping itu, perlu pula dibentuk subak gede/subak agung yang
berlandasan hukum yang jelas.

Dalam pelaksanaan strategi pengembangan subak perlu ditingkatkan koordinasi

antara instansi terkait. Program pembinaan yang selama ini telah dilakukan pemerintah
dapat dilanjutkan dengan unsur-unsur yang sudah tidak relevan lagi baik di masa
sekarang maupun masa datang dapat dicarikan pemecahan masalahnya. Dalam
kaitannya dengan usaha pengembangan subak, peran dan fungsi panitia irigasi pada
kabupaten perlu pula ditingkatkan.

2. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUNDWATER FARMER-MANAGED IRRIGATION

SYSTEM (GFMIS) IN INDONESIA (A Case Study on Gunung Kidul and
Nganjuk/Kedirir Areas).
Oleh ; Sigit Supadmo Arif, Suprodjo Pusposutardjo and Sukirno

Abstract

In the late of 1970’s the government of Republic of Indonesia launched

Groundwater Development Project (GDP) as effort to overcome water shortage in
several surface irrigation command areas and to alleviate the proverty problems in the
region with limited natural resources. The GDP sonstructed several numbers of
tubewells pumping system in the whole country. During the first two years after
construction, The GDP undertakes O&M activities and then the system is turned over
to the WUA under supervision of local management.

Sustainability of the system after turning over was examined in this paper. The
sustainability of pumping systems were classified into two levels. Pumping system
considered sustainable at level I whenever its sustainability is attained without any
support from the government support or external agencies. If the sustainability is
attained through government support in replacement of heavy maintenance, the
pumping system is categorized as second sustainable. Several samples of GFMIS
located in Gunung Kidul and Nganjuk/Kediri areas were taken.

Result from study showed that GFMISs in Gunung Kidul could be classified as
level II of sustainability. In Nganjuk/Kediri, the present status os sustainability of most
in deep tubewell pumping systems could be categorized between level I and level II, i.e
government subsidies is provided for minor repair only. Meanwhile in intermediate
tubewell area, private pumping system started imposing the GDP irrigated area. It
seemed that the existence of the GDP system would not be longer because its
positions in the competition was weaker than private pumping system.
3. (FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A case of the
New Paddy-field Development Project of Bengkulu and Lampung)
Oleh ; Elkandar Madjan

Summary

Involving farmers in agricultural development project is a major issue tackled in

this paper. The project includes: (1) the Irrigated Command Area Development (2)
constructing and rehabilitating the irrigation and transportation infrastructures, (3)
Institutional development through education and demonstration, and (4) consultational
services.

The farmers’ participation was induced by employing four methods : (1) presenting
the farming analysis, (2) extention and demonstration, (3) agro-institutional profile, and
(4) lead farmer approach. Furthermore, the results of this project were presented on
the bases of two criteria : physical and non-physical. The project achievement can be
seen through the realization of the new paddy-field development. The non-physical
gains can be seen through the number of Water User Association (P3A) have been
established.

Since 1987 when the project was started, until March 1991, around 19,190 ha of
new paddy field have been developed or 60% of the target. This results consist of
8,470 ha developed with self -reliance effort, and 10,730 ha of subsidized self-reliance
effort. Around 130 P3As have been established (60% of the target) including their
meeting places. Nevertheless, there are two problems should be given more attention:
(1) around 20-25 % of new paddyfield have not been used by the farmer, and (2)
most of P3A’s do not work as expected.

This situation could have happened because of some obtacles during the
implementation phases, i.e. (1) the habit of farmers to spent much of their time in their
coffee plantation, (2) the lack of coordination in the hand-over of responsibilities from
personnel the construction unit (PL-UPP) to the personnel of extention unit (PPL), (3)
neglecting the result of monitoring and evaluation, and (4) the lack of field personnel in
developing the people participation.

This paper comes out with three conclusions for the strategy of developing new
rice field. First, the project can be more succesfull by integrating all actors of
development (local farmers, local organizations, and local agencies). Second,
involving farmer household including house wife and young generation would be
important to encourage this participation effort. Third, the sectoral development
strategy should be shifted to the regional development strategy.
4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS : A CASE OF A NEWLY-DEVELOPED FMIS IN
BALI, INDONESIA
Oleh ; I Gede Pitana.

Abstract

Water Users Association in Bali, the so-called Subak , has been in existence for
centuries. However, there are also subak which are newly developed. To analyze
performance indicators of FMIS, one newly-built farmer-managed irrigation system
(FMIS), namely Subak Gunung Mekar Mertasasi, has been purposively selected.

This FMIS is located in Bunutin village, Kintamani District, a hilly region around
940 meters (m) above sea level. It is around 80 kilometers (km) for Denpasar,
northeastward. The physical facilities of this FMIS were constructed in 1977, consist of
one dam, 1.646 km tunnel, 1.5 km canal, and a number of division structures. For this
facilities this FMIS had invested US $ 49,356.608, contibuted equally by its 70
members. The irrigation facilities were first constructed in response of the regular
drought experinced by the village.

To expand the present 70 hectares (ha) command area, this FMIS is now
constructing a new 3 km tunnel, to stream a new water source. It is expected that the
new water source will expand the rice land about 75 ha.

Learning from its historical background and current practices adopted by Subak
Gunung Mekar Mertasari, a set of performance indicators can be proposed, namely :
1) Equity in water distribution; 2) Equity in members’ contibution for FMIS development
(investment as well as operation and maintenance); 3) Social functions of irrigation
water; 4) Relationship between FMIS and the larger society where the FMIS exists
(the village, in this case); 5) Economic productivity; 6) Social productivity; and 7)
the irrigated area ratio.

5. DARI PRAKTEK KE KEBIJAKSANAAN : PEMERINTAH DAN LEMBAGA NON

PEMERINTAH DALAM PROGRAM PIK DI INDONESIA (From Practice to
Policy : Government and NGO in the Turn-Over Program in Indonesia)
Oleh ; Bryan Bruns dan Irchamni Sulaiman

The institute for Social and Economic Research, Education and Information
(LP3ES) helped the Indonesian Ministry of Public Work to develop and institutionalize
methods for turning small irrigation systems over to water users associataions. A
series of earlier pilot studies had explored ways to improve local participation in design,
construction and management of irrigation systems. For turnover, LP3ES trained
irrigation staff who worked directly with farmers, trained trainers, provided consultants
to assist provincial irrigation service officials in intitutionalizing new procedurs and took
part in national working groups which drafted regulations and manuals. Conditions for
collaboration in institutional included a willingness to compromise and accommodate
counterpart’s opinion and interests, and a willingness to be sensitive to each other’s
interests, and to develop mutual trust to each other’s commitment to the goals of the
project. The good collaboration is also facilitated by the existence of a network of
personal relationship between the NGO’s personnel with the government’s officials
interested in promoting participatory approach to development. Moreover, funding
linkages between government and non-government organization (NGO) facilitated by
the donor agency which plays an activist role result in a fruitful collaboration.
6. HOW TO HAND OVER THE MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO
THE FARMERS : PROBLEMS AND THE SOLUTION FOR THE INDONESIAN
CASE
Oleh ; Bryan Bruns dan Sudar Dwi Atmanto

Summary

The handing-over of the management of small-scale irrigation systems to the

farmers is an alternative for relieving budgetary burden of the government. Research
findings supported the program by showing the ability of farmers to manage their
systems. The systems were rehabilitated before they were handed over to the farmers.
The farmers involved in the process of the rehabilitation. Some basic aspects of the
handing-over processes followed in Indonesia, particularly concerning the problems
and the solutions, are described in this paper.

The handing-over process in Indonesia follows the following steps :

1. Inventorying irrigation systems in order to classify the systems on the basis of

their viability to be developed.
2. Recruiting the agency’s (PU’s) personnel and training them to be the organizers
3. Providing guidelines and design criteria in order to facilitate the involvement of
the farmers from the beginning.
4. Providing funds for routine activities and rehabilitation works.
5. Developing water user’s association (P3A) by involving the organization in the
project activities.
6. The handing-over of the irrigation facilities, including the dams
7. Providing post-handing-over assistance including the monitoring of the
performance of the handed-over systems.

The program of handing over means a legitimation for the farmers’ roles in
irrigation management. The program also has an impact on reducing the development
budget of the government. Indonesia’s experience shows that the program can be
succesfull if the farmers are involved in the processes of the handing over.