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Challenges faced By Construction Industry in Accomplishing Sustainablity

Goals

Conference Paper · September 2012

DOI: 10.1109/ISBEIA.2012.6422966

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 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications

Challenges faced By Construction Industry in

Accomplishing Sustainablity Goals
Ade Asmi Abdul Azis1, Aftab Hameed Memon2, Ismail Abdul Rahman2, Sasitharan Nagapan2, Qadir Bux Alias Imran
Latif2
1
Universitas Bakrie, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Malaysia
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract—Rapid growth of construction projects have benefited i) Economic sustainability – increasing profitability by
mankind by providing social requirement like infrastructure, making more efficient use of resources, including labour,
building etc as well contributing significantly in economic growth materials, water and energy.
of country. At the same time is contributing significantly in ii) Environmental sustainability – preventing harmful and
generating high amount of construction waste, consuming
potential irreversible effects on the environment by careful
resource excessively, and adverse impacts to environment, facing
schedule delay and using excessive budget. These challenges has use of natural resources, minimizing waste, protecting and
put the practitioners to adopt sustainable development principles where possible enhancing the environment.
in construction as traditional design and construction focuses on iii) Social sustainability – responding to the needs of people at
cost, time and quality only and pay very little attention on whatever stage of involvement in the construction process
environmental impacts. On the contrary Sustainable construction (from commissioning to demolition), providing high
merges sound environmentally responsible practices into one customer satisfaction and working closely with clients,
discipline that looks at the environmental, economic and social suppliers, employees and local communities.
effects of a building or building project as a whole. Sustainable
construction benefits by consuming fewer resources in
Sustainability is a relationship, or balancing act, between
construction and operation, reduce negative impacts on
many factors (social, environmental and economic realities and
environment, minimize construction waste, and reduce planning
risk, extended building life and viability. constraints) which are constantly changing [4]. The vision of
sustainable construction must change in adoption of this dynamic
Keywords-sustuiable development, principles of sustainable relationship. Hence, the direction of the industry is now shifting
construction, construction waste, scheule and budget overrun towards development process being integrated within the wider
context of environmental agenda. Thus, the activities of
construction industry must work and comply with the needs to
I. INTRODUCTION
protect and sustain the environment. This shift of ideology is
Construction projects have enabled human to meet the illustrated in Fig. 1.
social needs as well as contributed significantly in economic
growth of state’s GDP. However, it has adverse effects to
environment and through sustainable construction concept; the
construction industry can contribute in a positive and proactive
manner towards environmental protection [1]. Traditional
design and construction focuses on cost, time and quality only
and pay very little attention on environmental impacts. On the
contrary sustainable construction addresses social needs while
taking care to minimize potential negative environmental
impacts [2]. Adoption of sustainable principles in construction
can efficiently reduce negative impact of construction
operations.

II. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

In first international conference on sustainable
construction held in Tampa, Florida, USA in November 1994,
the conference convener Kibert [3] defined sustainable
construction as, “Creating a healthy built environment using
resource-efficient, ecologically-based principles”. Sustainable
construction involves a commitment to: Figure 1: Sustainability in construction [1]

628
A. Sustainablity Principles in Construction
Sustainability is a dynamic concept. It requires decision
makers to be flexible and willing to modify their approaches.
To achieve sustainable construction, it is very important to
balance the basic principles of sustainability i.e. environment,
economic and social aspect together.
Table 1: Sustainability Principles in Construction [5]
The Principles of The Interpretation of Sustainability
Sustainable Principles within Construction
Development Industry
• Putting people at Show concern for people by ensuring
the centre they live in a healthy, safe and
productive built environment and in
harmony with nature
function of developing, improving and expanding the
Malaysian construction industry, has identified the
environment and other sustainability-related issues as one of
the top issues of the construction industry [1]. Traditional
design and construction focuses on cost, performance and
quality objectives but sustainable design and construction adds
minimization of resource depletion, minimization of
environmental degradation, and creating a healthy built
environment to these criteria [6]. The shift to sustainability can
be seen as a new paradigm [4] where sustainable objectives are
within the building design and construction industry. It is
considered for decision making at all stages of the life cycle of
the facility. Figure 2 outlines the evolution and challenges of
the sustainable construction concept in a global context.

• Taking a long Safeguarding the interests of future

term perspective generations while at the same time,
meeting today’s needs

• Taking account of Evaluate the benefits and costs of the

costs and benefits project to society and environment

• Creating an open Creating a system which can flourish

and supportive trades, improve collaboration and Figure 2: Challenges of sustainable construction in a global
economic system resource efficiency context [7]

• Combating Improving the quality of buildings and

Further, major issues experience in construction projects
poverty and social services, create jobs opportunities and
include construction waste, excessive resources consumption,
exclusion promote social cohesiveness
adverse effect to environment, time overrun and cost overrun.

• Respecting Minimizing damage to the

environment and its resources A. Construction Waste
environmental
Waste is a serious problem in construction projects having
limits
direct impact on the productivity, material loss and completion
Assessing risk and uncertainties before time of project and project cost. Forsberg et al [8] stated that
• The precautionary the amount of waste contributed is around 30-35% of a
any action and rectify possible damage
principle project’s production cost. The amount of construction materials
at source.
wasted on the site is relatively high and equals 9% by weight of
Using technology and expert the purchased materials as identified in investigation of
• Using scientific material waste generated in a Dutch construction project. Study
knowledge to seek information and in
knowledge showed that the average waste per house was 6,860 kg which
improving project efficiency and
effectiveness consisted of 4,480 kg of construction debris and 2,380 kg of
other types of solid waste [9]. Like other countries,
construction waste is severe problem in Malaysia also [10].
• Transparency, The high quantity of construction waste generated in the
Opportunities to improve access to
information country is due to the rapid development of the construction
information and encourage ethics and
participation and industry. Demand of houses and major infrastructure projects
professionalism
access to justice contributed to the increase of construction waste [11-12] and
the major impact of increased construction waste generation
• Making the Legislation compliance and has caused illegal dumping [13]. These illegal dumping has
polluter pay responsibility caused a risk to human health and environment [14-15]. The
issues of illegal dumping arise can be contributed by cost and
location of the project [16]. The contractors intend to maximize
III. ISSUES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
profit by avoiding transportation cost and payment charge to
The Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia the gazette landfill. Distance between the project location and
(CIBD), which is a corporate established with the main the landfill site also hinders the contractor to dispose in legal

629
landfill. Hence, it is timely to adopt a systematic and efficient
waste management strategy which would minimize the
generation of waste at different level. Advanced techniques
such as lean construction can help in reducing waste at source
and can minimize the waste produced during the operation by
re-using and re-cycling. Begum et al [17] studied the economic
feasibility of waste minimization in construction project
showed that by adopting waste minimization strategy like
recycling and reusing material can save 2.5% of the total
budget.
Construction wastes were generated because of one or more
reasons including frequent design changes [18-21], poor
quality of materials [9, 22-25], workers' mistakes during
construction [26-28], poor planning [21, 29-31], poor site
management [21-22, 30], ordering errors [12, 22, 28, 32],
material not in compliance with specification [29-30, 33],
effect of weather [24-25, 31, 34] and others.
B. Excessive Resource Conumption
Built environment has significant impact on resources
where it accounts for one-sixth of the world’s freshwater
withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest and two-fifths of
its material and energy flows. The structures also have impact
areas beyond their immediate location, affecting the
watersheds, air quality, and transportation patterns of
communities [35]. Buildings built without due consideration to
energy, environmental impact and natural resources
conservation will result in detrimental wastage affecting our
ecological integrity [36].
Excessive use of resources, energy and a growing demand
for raw materials are largely responsible for the depletion of
natural resources worldwide and the acceleration of global
warming. About 40% of the world's resource and energy used
is linked to the construction and maintenance of buildings
(Global Green, USA). This contributes to one-tenth of the
global economy [35].
Other statistic states that more than half of all resources
consumed globally are used in construction, and 45 per cent of
energy generated across the world is used to heat, light and
ventilate our buildings, with a further 5 per cent arising from
constructing those [37]. As an example, in the European Union,
buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the total energy
consumption and the construction sector is estimated to
generate approximately 40% of all man-made wastes. In
addition, the construction sector is the Union’s largest
industrial sector, contributing approximately 11% to the GNP
and having more than 25 million people directly and indirectly
engaged [38].
C. Adverse Impacts to Environment
Built environment is considered the most environmental
unfriendly human activity because it consumes large amounts
of natural resources and produces a great deal of pollutants.
The environmental impact of the construction industry is
extensive and readily identifiable [35]. Most people are not
630
serious about environmental protection in construction sites.
They assume that a construction site is only a temporary setup
lasting for two to three years. In fact, the industry is a major
source of urban air pollutants [39].
The emission of CO2 by buildings contributed to the global
warming and extreme weather change all over the world. The
harvest of timber leads to the lost of natural forests. Other
impacts of constructing a new building include quarrying to
provide aggregates, production of cement, the wasteful use of
water and the widespread use of toxic chemicals in materials
[40].
D. Construction Schedule Delay
Construction industry is regarded as schedule driven
industry and hence achieving project completion within
scheduled duration is basic requirement for success of project.
However, it seems seldom for projects to be completed within
scheduled time. This has become a worldwide problem. A
study showed that the Vietnamese government has
acknowledged this issue as a big headache, especially with
government-related funded projects [41]. In Nigeria, out of
3,407 projects only 24 projects were completed on time, while
1517 were delayed and 1812 were abandoned [42] and
minimum average percentage escalation period of projects was
found to be 188% [43]. A similar research was conducted in
Bosnia and Herzegovina on 177 projects and found that the
contracted date was not met in 51.40 % of the projects [44]. I
Jordan, a study of 130 public projects showed that schedule
delays occurred in 106 (82%) of the projects [45] and 70%
projects faced schedule delay in Ghana and Saudi Arabia [46-
47]. In Malaysia, more than 90% of large MARA construction
projects experienced delay since 1984 [48] and study of 359
projects (301 were public projects and 51 private projects)
showed that only 18.2% of the public sector projects and
29.45% of private sector projects finished on time [49].
Time Delay can be due to one or more reasons including
problems of financing and payment for completed works (46,
50,-52], poor contract management and shortage of materials
[53], design changes [54], weather condition [46] among
others. As an example, Yogeswaran et al [55] scrutinized 67
civil engineering projects in Hong Kong and found at least 15–
20% of time overrun was due to inclement weather.
E. Excessive Budget
Achieving project completion within budget is a major
criterion for project success. But unfortunately, most of the
projects fail to achieve project completion within the estimated
budget. Budget overrun is a major problem both in developed
and developing countries. The trend is more severe in
developing countries where these overruns sometimes exceeds
100% of the anticipated cost of the project [56]. In United
Kingdom’s (UK) construction industry, it was found that
nearly one third of the clients’ complaint that their projects
generally overran the allocated budget [57]. One
comprehensive research regarding budget overruns in 20
nations showed that 9 out of 10 projects had the overrun
worldwide [58]. In Nigeria, minimum average percentage
escalation cost of projects was found as 14% [43]. Other study
in Slovenia on 92 traffic structures built showed that 51 % of
contracted construction projects faced price overrun [59].
While in Uganda, the Northern-by-pass project at Kampala,
faced cost overrun of more than 100% of the contract price. In
Croatia 81% of 333 analyzed projects were suffering from
price overrun while in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a study on 177
structural projects found that the contracted price was not met
in 41.23% of the projects [44]. In Malaysia also projects facing
budget overrun problem [60-61] and a study on 308 public
projects and 51 private projects concluded discovered that only
46.8% and 37.2% of public and private sector projects
completed within the budget respectively [49].
There are various factors that contribute to cost overrun
including lack of contractor’s experience [62-64], poor site
management and supervision [41], inaccurate time and cost
estimates [46, 65], schedule delay [43, 66], frequent design
changes [62, 67], fluctuation of prices of materials [56, 60, 63],
cash flow and financial difficulties faced by contractors [41,
61].
IV. ROLE OF SUSTIANBLE CONSTRUCTIONS
The concept of sustainability in construction has initially
focused on issues of limited resources especially energy, and on
how to reduce impacts on the natural environment with emphasis
on technical issues such as materials, building components,
construction technologies and energy related design concepts. The
appreciation of the significance of non-technical issues (soft
issues) has grown, giving recognition to economic and social
sustainability concerns as well as cultural heritage of the built
environment as equally important. Presently, the concept of
sustainable construction governs three main pillars: environmental
protection, social well-being and economic prosperity [1].
Sustainable buildings benefit society and their users by consuming
fewer resources in construction and operation, providing healthier
working and living environments. It helps in improving efficiency
of the procurement process with the long-term viability of
projects; reduce planning risk, extended building life and viability
[68]
V. CONCLUSION
Construction industry has been growing rapidly and plays a
vital role in the socio-economic growth. At the same time it is
major contributor to adverse effects on nature and
environment. The emission of CO2 by buildings contributed to
the global warming and extreme weather change all over the
world. About 40% of the world's resource and energy use is
linked to the construction industry. Time overrun, cost overrun
and waste generation are common issues faced by construction
industry. These issues can be encountered by adoption of
sustainable development in construction. Sustainable
construction can be characterized by progressive
improvements. Sustainable construction will help in increasing
project efficiency; reduce construction waste, save energy. This
needs an effective frame work and adoption of latest
technologies and tools like Lean, BIM etc.
631
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