DISCUSSION ANALYSIS

Patterns are usually used in object casting. It serves as an exact image of the object to be casted.
Typically, the materials used in patternmaking are wood, metal and plastics. The most common material
used in wood patternmaking is Sugar Pine primarily because it is soft, light, and easy to work. Engineers
help in designing patterns, but it is usually a patternmaker who executes the design of the said pattern.
One of the most common type of patterns are Single Piece Patterns. Single Piece Patterns or Loose
patterns are the simplest type of pattern. It is formed exactly like the desired output. In the industry, it is
usually used in prototype making or in small scale production since it is the cheapest among all the types
of patterns present. This type of pattern does not involve joints, parting lines or loose pieces. One of the
surfaces of this type of pattern is expected to be completely flat, one of the best examples of this type of
pattern are flatbacks. Flatbacks are patterns that has one of its surfaces completely flat. These patterns
involve the art of symmetry wherein precise measurements are needed in order to obtain a quality
output. Using woodworking tools, a flatback project can be produced.

TOOLS/MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT

 Workbench
 Bench vise
 Stool
 Back saw
 Keyhole Saw
 Rasp file
 Flat file
 Vernier caliper
 Drill press
 Try square
 Triangular file
 Sand paper
 Drill bits
 Steel brush
 Paint brush
 Pencil
 Kiln dried wood (120 x 60 x 14 mm)

MECHANICAL DRAWINGS

PROCEDURE (FLOW CHART)

TOPIC QUESTIONS

1. What specific tools and equipment did you use during the practical work? Enumerate and
explain how you used each tool to finish your work?
 Workbench – used as a table for the materials to be placed
 Benchvise – used for holding the material for sawing and filing
 Back saw – used for finer wood cutting
 Keyhole Saw – used to cut wood that has a small hole
 Rasp file – used to coarsely shape the wood
 Flat file – used for smoothening and reducing flat surfaces
 Vernier caliper – used to measure the dimensions of the material
 Drill press – used to drill holes onto the material
 Try square – used for measuring dimensions and angles on the material
 Triangular file – used to smoothening and filing corners and/or edges
 Sand paper – used for smoothing and finishing the surfaces of the final output
 Drill bits – attached to the drill press that makes holes
 Pencil – used for drawing the layouts on the material
 Steel brush – used to clean the files
 Paint brush – used to clean the material after cutting and filing

2. What are the various types of wood that are available in the market today? Enumerate and
define each.
- Hardwood - originates from deciduous trees which are portrayed by their wide leaves. These
incorporate oak, mahogany, debris, birch, and maple trees. In the Philippines, hardwood is
taken from molave, kamagong, narra, yakal, and tanguile trees. These can be made into
outside application like for the window outlines, dividers, floor, entryways, and other sturdy
household items.
- Softwood - is from conifer trees which have needles rather than leaves. Instances of
softwood trees are cedar, fir, hemlock, tidy, pine, and redwood. These trees don't deliver
seeds. They likewise bear cones which discharge dust and, in the end, drop to the ground
and develop into trees.
- Medium hardwood - alludes to an adaptable sort of wood that inconspicuously shifts as far
as shading and tone. It's frequently utilized for inside finishing, regularly as a sort of deck
with a geometric mosaic or examples called parquet.
- Timber - Also called lumber may either originate from hardwood or softwood. It's typically
the material utilized for shafts, boards, and sections. For instance, the house appeared
above highlights timber posts or segments for its entryway patio.
- Veneer - which is a flimsy layer of wood fortified with other fabricated wood like pressed
wood, the Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), or the chipboard. Facade are regularly
utilized for increasingly extravagant household items consequently their more exorbitant
nature.
- Artificial wood - It can contain wood side-effects and it can likewise be made completely of
vinyl, aluminium, or plastic. Individuals lean toward this over normal wood since current
innovation has enabled it to be insect resistant, support free, and sturdy out and out while
yet mirroring the magnificence of characteristic wood.
 - Wooden siding - is an outside application that covers the dividers of structures and houses.
Its framed structure enables water to slide through, protects the inside, shields the home
from brutal climate, and obviously improve the magnificence of private veneers.

https://www.homify.ph/ideabooks/2894378/7-types-of-wood-you-can-use-for-your-house

3. What is a board foot? Explain.

- A board foot is unit of measurement for the volume of lumber. It is a wood estimation for a
bit of timber 12" wide by 1' long by 1" thick for evaluating purposes. Board foot, or board
feet, is regularly shortened as FBM, BDFT, or BF.
https://woodmizer.com/us/Tips-and-How-To/what-is-a-board-foot
4. What tool or tools can you use when marking the wood? Explain why so.
- Tape Compass – it is used to mark or draw circles easily onto the material
- Wheel Marking gauge – it is used to mark on wood with accuracy
- Marking knife – it is used to mark wood for guidelines before cutting
- Precision marking t-rule – used to instantly locate your pencil exactly with zero uncertainty
- 6-inch combination square – used to measure angles, flatness, center of a circular bar, and
marking work surface
- Mortise gauge – used to mark the material to measure widths
- Offset marking tool – it is used to mark center line of a material; notches can also be used to
mark lines
https://ofwoodworking.com/wood-marking-tools/
https://www.amazon.com/Incra-T-RULE18-Precision-Marking-T-Rule/dp/B00004TRBY
https://www.rockler.com/rockler-center-offset-marking-tool

5. In making the flatback, what is the best way to cut the tapers? Explain your method.
- The best to cut the tapers is to use the rasp file to remove big chunks of wood so that you
can save time removing the excess. After filing the wood using the rasp file, used the flat file
to smooth the edges and flat surface from the rasp file. Use sandpaper to smooth the final
output.
6. How can you make a flatback accurately down to the specified dimensions? What specific steps
can you ensure that the final product will be according to the given dimensions?
- A. Draw a layout of the specified measurements
- B. Before cutting the excess wood, create an allowance to the specified dimensions so that
you can adjust to the measurements later
- C. After cutting and drilling holes on the inside, use a rasp file to remove coarsely shape the
wood and use the flat file for smoothening the edges of the surface.
7. What is another conventional way of determining the correct angle of a workpiece aside from
using a try square? Explain.
- Framing square – used to measure right angles that is used for square shapes
- Combination square – used to measure square edges, 90- and 45-degree angles and flat
surfaces
 - Sliding T-bevel – used to measure 90- and 45-degree angles and can be transferred to
another material
- Bevel Setting Protractor – used to measure angles up to 0- to 180-degrees accurately
- Angle Finder – used to measure an existing angle
https://www.houzz.com/magazine/7-must-have-measuring-tools-for-woodworking-
stsetivw-vs~4706383
https://www.craftsmanspace.com/knowledge/vernier-bevel-protractor.html
https://www.rockler.com/marking-measuring-tool-basics

8. Why is the bench vise an indispensable tool in the workshop? Explain.

- Bench vise is an indispensable tool in the workshop because it is convenient to use because
you do not have to use one hand to work on the material but use both of your hands. It is a
very helpful tool because the material can be hold safely and securely especially when using
a saw, drilling, and filing.
9. What is the difference of a hack saw, scroll saw, ripsaw and a back saw?
- Hack saw is a fine-toothed saw and especially used for cutting metal, and other various
materials such as plastic and wood. Scroll saw is an electric or pedal operated saw used to
cut delicate or intricate designs of wood. Rip saw is a wood saw used to designed for making
a rip cut, a cut parallel to the direction of the wood grain. Back saw has a thin blade, fine
teeth and straight handle used to cut straight, finer cuts.
https://home.howstuffworks.com/hacksaw.htm
https://www.scrollsawhero.com/the-ultimate-getting-started-guide-to-scroll-saws/
https://home.howstuffworks.com/backsaw.htm
https://home.howstuffworks.com/ripsaw.htm

10. How can you draw straight lines on a curved surface of a wood?
- By using a tape measure, aligning the it on the curved surface to make the marking easier by
tracing it.

CONCLUSION

After conducting the practical work, I therefore conclude that the given objectives are achieved.
The group was able to make and construct a flatback pattern successfully. Many tools are used during
the practical work were known and familiarized by the group specifically backsaw, keyhole saw, rasp and
flat files, steel brush, and the usage of bench vise and drill press safely. The individual skills I acquired
were improved by having technical knowledge and patience when creating the final product. As a group,
we were able to understand the instructions given by our instructor and being able to execute it
thoroughly.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

To my fellow schoolmates conducting this practical work, it is given to write down notes on the specified
measurements and instructions given by the instructor. Listen very carefully on how to use the specified
tools on the workpiece to be able to have a successful output. Also, create a strategy on how your group
will execute the given instructions and doing it the right way to avoid errors and injuries during the
activity.

REFERENCES

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.craftsmanspace.com/knowledge/vernier-bevel-protractor.html.

7 Must-Have Measuring Tools for Woodworking. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.houzz.com/magazine/7-must-have-measuring-tools-for-woodworking-stsetivw-

vs~4706383.

Club, F.-I. (2007, March 14). Hacksaw. Retrieved from

https://home.howstuffworks.com/hacksaw.htm.

Club, F.-I. (2007, March 14). Backsaw. Retrieved from

https://home.howstuffworks.com/backsaw.htm.

Club, F.-I. (2007, March 14). Ripsaw. Retrieved from https://home.howstuffworks.com/ripsaw.htm.

Danny, Fleming, L., Jost, F., Tim, & Danny. (2018, November 7). The Ultimate Getting Started

Guide to Scroll Saws. Retrieved from https://www.scrollsawhero.com/the-ultimate-getting-

started-guide-to-scroll-saws/.

Guastavino, J. A. (2019, February 27). Woodworking Marking Tools. Retrieved from

https://ofwoodworking.com/wood-marking-tools/.

homify, D. B.-. (2019, October 24). 7 types of wood you can use for your house. Retrieved from

https://www.homify.ph/ideabooks/2894378/7-types-of-wood-you-can-use-for-your-house.
M, W. E., S, R., Stanley, Enrique, Douglas, C, F., … C, R. (2019, November 15). Rockler

Center/Offset Marking Tool. Retrieved from https://www.rockler.com/rockler-center-offset-

marking-tool.

Marking and Measuring Tool Basics. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rockler.com/marking-

measuring-tool-basics.

What is a Board Foot?: Wood-Mizer USA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://woodmizer.com/us/Tips-

and-How-To/what-is-a-board-foot.