72 Current Electricity

temperature. Resistivity does not depend upon

Assertion and Reason shape.
 1 (1  t1 ) 1 (1  0.00125 27)
1 d 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 a 9. (d)   
6 c 7 b 8 c 9 a 10 c  2 (1  t2 ) 2 (1  0.00125 t)
11 a 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 a  t  854C  T  1127K
16 d 17 a
l 2l l
10. (c) R1   R2  i.e. R2 
A 2A A
 R1  R2
11. (d) In case of stretching of wire R  l 2
 If length becomes 3 times so Resistance
becomes 9 times i.e. R'  9  20  180
Electric Conduction, Ohm's Law and Resistance
12. (d) Resistivity is the property of the material. It
1. (a) Number of electrons flowing per second does not depend upon size and shape.
13. (a) Because with rise in temperature resistance of
n i
  4.8 / 1.6  1019  3  1019 conductor increase, so graph between V and i
t e becomes non linear.
J 14. (c) Because V-i graph of diode is non-linear.
2. (c) vd   vd  J (current density)
ne e V e El
15. (a) vd    or vd  .  (Since
i 2i i m l m l
J1  and J2   J 1;  V  El)
A 2A A
(vd )1  (vd )2  v  vd  E
3. (b) Order of drift velocity 16. (a) Resistance of conductor depends upon relation
4 2
 10 m/ sec 10 cm/ sec 1
as R  . With rise in temperature rms speed
4. (b) Density of Cu  9  10 kg/ m 3 3
(mass of 1 m 3 
of free electron inside the conductor increase,
of Cu)
so relaxation time decrease and hence
6.0  1023 atoms has a mass = 63  10–3 kg resistance increases
 Number of electrons per m3 are q 4
17. (c) i    2 ampere
6.0  10 23 t 2
  9  103  8.5  1028
63 10 3 3
18. (b) Volume Al  3  A 
i l
Now drift velocity  vd 
neA l   l l 2
Now R    3 
1.1 A 3/l 3
 9 3
8.5  10 28
 1.6  1019    (0.5  10 3 )2  l2  
 
 0.1  103 m/ sec
19. (c)
5. (c) Because 1 H.P. = 746 J/s = 746 watt
ne 62.5  1018  1.6  1019
R 2l i   10ampere
6. (a) R  l 2    t 1
R l 20. (b) In twisted wire, two halves each of resistance
R0 2 are in parallel, so equivalent resistance
%  2  0.1  0.2%
R 2
will be  1 .
2
l 50 102
7. (a) R   50 10 8   10 6 
A 2 2
(50 10 ) 1
21. (d) In stretching of wire R
8. (a) Resistivity of some material is its intrinsic r4
property and is constant at particular
 73 Current Electricity
L  1 34. (d) In the above question for calculating
R  0.7  equivalent resistance between two opposite
22. (b) A 22
(1  10 3 )2 square faces.
7 l = 100 cm = 1 m, A = 1 cm2 = 10–4 m2, so
  2.2 106 ohm-m. 1
resistance R = 3  10–7  = 3  10–3 
1 1 1 10 4
23. (b) R   R 2  2 [d = diameter of wire]
A r d i 20
35. (c) vd  
nAe 10  10  1.6  1019
29 6
24. (b) i =  1.6  1019  6.6  1015
q
 1.25 103m/ s
 10.56 104 A  1mA
l E
25. (d) R  36. (b) Specific resistance k 
2 j
r
R1 l1 r22 1 5  2
2 l l
  2       l 2  20m 37. (b) R  2 
R2 l 2 r1 1 l2  1  A d
2 2
R1 l1  d2  L  2d 
26. (c)       1
27. (b) In semiconductors charge carries are free
R2 l2  d1  4L  d 
electrons and holes
 R2 = R1 = R.
28. (b) Net current inet  i( )  i() i 1.344
38. (c) vd  
n()q( ) n()q() +2e nAe 10 6  1.6  1019  8.4  1022
  –
+
t t 1.344
–e   0.01cm/ s  0.1mm/ s
n() n() 10 1.6  8.4
inet
  2e  e 1
t t 39. (a) Internal resistance 
Temperatur
e
= 3.2  1018  2  1.6  10–19 + 3.6  1018  1.6 
10–19 40. (d) Charge = Current × Time =5 × 60 = 300 C
= 1.6 A (towards right) 41. (b) By R  l / A
29. (b) In the absence of external electric field mean 42. (b)
velocity of free electron (Vrms) is given by
43. (a)
3KT
Vrms   Vrms  T l l R
m 44. (b) R  for first wire and R’=  for
a 4a 4
30. (a) With rise in temperature specific resistance second wire.
increases
45. (c) For semiconductors, resistance decreases on
31. (c) For metallic conductors, temperature co- increasing the temperature.
efficient of resistance is positive.
32. (d) l n l
46. (a) R  2
.
33. (b) Length l = 1 cm  102 m
A ne  A
47. (b) Because as temperature increases, the
resistivity increases and hence the relaxation
 1
1 cm

time decreases for conductors    .

  
100 48. (b) In VI graph, we will not get a straight line in
cm case of liquids.
1 cm
l
Area of cross-section A = 1 cm  100 cm 49. (c) R  
A
= 100 cm2 = 10–2 m2
50. (a) Since R  l 2  If length is increased by 10%,
102 resistance is increases by almost 20%
Resistance R = 3  10–7  = 3  10–7 
10 2 Hence new resistance R'  10  20% of 10
 Current Electricity 74
20 66. (d) Resistivity depends only on the material of the
 10   10  12. conductor.
100
67. (a) A particular temperature, the resistance of a
R150 [1   (150)] 1 1
51. (c)  . Putting R150  133 superconductor is zero  G   
R500 [1   (500)] R 0
and   0.0045/ C, we get R500  258 68. (b) Net current
(n )(q ) (n )(q )
l 64  106  198 i  i  i      
R7 t t
52. (c) A 22 2 
r
7 e–
– +
r  0.024cm Ne+

i i J i r2 i
53. (b) Current density J   2  1  1 2
A r J 2 i2 r12 (n ) (n )
 i  e   e
But the wires are in series, so they have the t t
same current, hence i1  i2 . So

J 1 r22  2.9  1018  1.6  1019  1.2 1018  1.6  1019

  9 :1  i  0.66 A
J 2 r12
69. (d) If E be electric field, then current density j =
V E
54. (b) As
i
 R and R temperature
i
Also we know that current density j 
55. (b) R  l 2  If l doubled then R becomes 4 times. A
56. (a) Temperature coefficient of a semiconductor is Hence j is different for different area of cross-
negative. sections. When j is different, then E is also
57. (a) The reciprocal of resistance is called different. Thus E is not constant. The drift
conductance j
velocity vd is given by vd  = different for
Potentialdifference ne
58. 
(a) Resistance different j values. Hence only current i will be
Current constant.
59. (c) Ohm’s Law is not obeyed by semiconductors. 70. (d)
V l
60. (c) Drift velocity vd  ; vd does not 71. (a) R   and mass m = volume (V)  density
 l ne A
depend upon diameter. (d) = (A l) d
61. (a) Using RT2  RT1 [1   (T2  T1 )] Since wires have same material so  and d is
same for both.
 R100  R50[1   (100 50)] Also they have same mass  Al = constant 
 7  5[1  (  50)]  1
l
(7  5) A
  0.008/ o C
250 A  r 
2 4
R l A
 1  1  2  2  2
62. (b) This is because of secondary ionisation which 
R2 l2 A1  A1  r 
is possible in the gas filled in it.  1
63. (b) 4
34  r 
    R2  544
64. (c) R2  2r 
R1 (1  t1) 50 (1  3.92 103  20)
   l R A
R2 (1  t2) 76.8 (1  3.92 10 3 t) 72. (a) R  1  2 ( , L constant)
A R2 A1
 t  167C
A1 R2
  2
i A2 R1
65. (c) From vd   i  vd A  i  vd r 2
neA
 75 Current Electricity
Now, when a body dipped in water, loss of Q
weight  V L g  AL L g 83. (b) i   Q  1.6  1019  5  1015  0.8mA
T
(Lossof weight) A .
1
So,  1  2; so A has
(Lossof wight)
2 A2 riron  iron 1 107
84. (b)    2.4 .
more loss of weight. rCopper copper 1.7  10 8
73. (c) Q = it = 20 × 10–6 × 30 = 6× 10–4 C
85. (c)
74. (b) Ge is semiconductor and Na is a metal. The
i  e  1.6  1019  6.8  1015  1.1 103 amp
.
conductivity of semiconductor increases and
that of the metals decreases with the rise in 86. (b) Resistivity of the material of the rod
temperature. 3 2 2
RA 3  10  (0.3  10 )
3   =
ne it 1.6  10  1 l 1
75. (b) i   n  19
 1016 .
t e 1.6  10 27  109   m

i 1 1 Resistance of disc
76. (c) Drift velocity vd   vd  or vd  2 (Thickness
)
neA A d R
(Areaof crosssection
)
2 2
vP  dQ 
  
d / 2 1 1
      vP  vQ . (103)
vQ  dP   d  4 4 = 27  10 9 
  (1  10 2)2
77. (c) Human body, though has a large resistance of  2.7  107 .
the order, of K  (say 10k ), is very
sensitive to minute currents even as low as a 87. (c) By using Rt  R0 (1  t)
few mA. Electrons, excites and disorders the
3  R0  R0 (1  4  103 t)  t  500o C .
nervous system of the body and hence one
fails to control the activity of the body. 88. (a) i  6  1015  1.6  1019  0.96mA.
78. (c) Rt  R0 (1   t)
ne n  1.6  1019
89. (a) i   16 10 3 
 4.2 = R0 (1  0.004 100)  1.4R0  R0  3 . t 1
 n  1017
l2
79. (d) R   V 100 0.5
m 90. (d) R    10  0.25 .
2 2 2 i 10  0.2
 l   l   l 
R1 : R2 : R3   1  :  2  :  3  V l 2 50 102
 m1   m2   m3  91. (a) R     
i A 4 (1 10 3)2
25 9 1 1
 : :  25 : 3 :  125: 15 : 1 .   1 106 m .
1 3 5 5
92. (c)
80. (b)
V Q Vt 20 2  60
4 4
93. (b) i   Q   240C .
R1  r2  R  nr  R R t R 10
81. (a)         R2  4 . 2
R2  r1  R2  r  n R1  l1 
94. (a) R  l 2   
R1 (1  t1) 5 (1    50) R2  l 2 
82. (d)    2
R2 (1  t2) 6 (1    100) R  l  R
     4  R2  .
R2  l/2  4
1
  per oC 95. (b)
200
i 40
Again by Rt  R0(1  t) 96. (b) Vd  
neA 1029  106  1.6  1019
 1  = 2.5  103 m/sec.
 5  R0  1   50  R0  4.
 200  i 5.4
97. (c) Vd  
nAe 8.4  10  10 6  1.6  1019
28
 Current Electricity 76
= 0.4  103 m/sec 0.4mm/sec. 113. (a) If suppose initial length l1  100 then
2 l2  100 100  200
R1  l1 
98. (a)  
R2  l 2  R1  l1 
2
 100
2

2
       R2  4R1
10  5  1 R2  l2   200
     R2  160 .
R2  20  16
R R  R1 4R1  R1
1  100 2  100  100
99. (c) R  ; where  = Relaxation time. R R1 R1

 300%.
When lamp is switched on, temperature of
filament increase, hence  decrease so R 114. (a) Ammeter is always connected in series and
Voltmeter is always connected in parallel.
increases
115. (c) Same mass, same material i.e. volume is same
100. (d) R  91 102  9.1k . or Al = constant
101. (c)
l
102. (a) Also, R  
A
l2
l12 l 22 l 32
103. (d) R  R1 : R2 : R3  : : R1 l1 A2  A2 
2
 d2 
4
m m1 m2 m3      
R2 l2 A1  A1  d 
 1
9 4 1
 R1 : R2 : R3  : :  27: 6 : 1 . 4
1 2 3 24  d 
    16  R2  1.5 .
1  103 R2  d/2 
104. (b) n 
19
 6.25 1015 .
1.6  10 116. (a) I  neqe  npqp  1mA towards right
2
i i v i r  117. (a) As steady current is flowing through the
105. (b) vd 
2
 vd  2   1   2  conductor, hence the number of electrons
ner r v' i2  r1 
entering from one end and outgoing from the
v other end of any segment is equal. Hence
 v'  .
2 charge will be zero.
4 1 A 1
R1  r2  118. (b) Conductance C   C 
106. (d)    R l l
R2  r1 
dQ
R  3r/4  81
4
256 119. (c) i   dQ  idt 
    R2  R dt
R2  r  256 81 t2 5
Q  t1 i dt  0 (1.2t  3)dt
107. (d)
i  1.2t2 
5
108. (a) vd     3t  30C
nAe
 2  0
8
4 4
8  10 28
 (2  10 3 )2  1.6  1019 R2  r1  R  2
120. (a) In stretching,     2   
= 0.156 103 m/sec. R1  r2  R  1
109. (d) Specific resistance doesn’t depend upon length  R2  16R
and area.
110. (d) Heating effect of current. 121. (d) R'  n2 R  R'  16R

Rr 2 122. (a)

111. (d) l  Significant figures Multiplier

Brown Brown
4.2 3.14 (0.2 103)2 Black
  1.1m
48 10 8 1 101
112. (d) For conductors, resistance  Temperature and 0
for semi-conductor, resistance   R = 10  101 = 100 
1
123. (a)
Temperatur
e
124. (d)
 77 Current Electricity
125. (c) R1  1 l1 A2 2 3 5 5
2        
R2  2 l 2 A1 3 4 4 8
l R2 l 2 r1  2  1 
2
1
126. (b) R 2
   =    
r R1 l1 r2 2  1   2 2
Grouping of Resistances
R
 R2  1 , specific resistance doesn't
2 1. (c) The given circuit can be redrawn as follows
depend upon length, and radius. 5 5 B 5
A C
127. (c) By using 2/3V 2/3V 2/3V

i 100
vd  
neA 1028  1.6  1019    (0.02)2 2V
4
A D C
5 5 5
 2  104 m / sec
For identical resistances, potential difference
l l distributes equally among all. Hence potential
128. (a) R . For highest resistance should be
r2 r2 difference across each resistance is
2
V, and
maximum, which is correct for option (a) 3
129. (a) Red, brown, orange, silver red and brown 4
represents the first two significant figures. potential difference between A and B is V.
3
Significant Multiplie Toleranc
2. (d) Equivalent resistance of parallel resistors is
figures r e
always less than any of the member of the
Red Orange Silver resistance system.
Brown 3. (a) Each part will have a resistance r  R / 10
2 1 103  10%
Let equivalent resistance be rR, then
 R = 21 103  10%
1 1 1 1
2    ...........10 times
R2 l 2 rR r r r
130. (c) In stretching R  l2   
R1 l12
1 10 10 100 R
R2  2 
2      rR   0.01R
  rR r R / 10 R 100
R1  1 
(30  30)30 60 30
 R2  4R1 . Change in resistance 4. (c) Requivalent   20
(30  30)  30 90
 R2  R1  3R1
V 2 1
Changein resistance 3R1 3 i    ampere
Now,   R 20 10
Originalresistance R1 1 R
5. (b) Resistance of parallel group 
2 2
R1  l1 
131. (c)    , If l1  100 then l2 = 110 R
R2  l2   Total equivalent resistance = 4  2R
2
2
R1  100 R 1
    R2  1.21R1 6. (c) Resistance of 1 ohm group   
R2  110 n 3
2
R2  R1 This is in series with  resistor.
% change  100  21% 3
R1
2 1 3
132. (b)  Total resistance      1
3 3 3
l 7. (c) Lowest resistance will be in the case when all
133. (c) Resistance  
A the resistors are connected in parallel.
 Current Electricity 78
1 1 1 So the equivalent resistance between points A
  ....... 10 times 6 3
R 0.1 0.1 and B is equal to R   2
6 3
1
 10  10.......10 times 14. (d) Potential difference across all resistors in
R parallel combination is same.
1 1 15. (b) Current through each arm DAC and DBC = 1A
 100 i.e. R  
R 100 VD  VA  2 and VD  VB  3 
2 VA  VB  1V
8. (b) Resistance across XY  
3 3r 5r
Total resistance 2 2V 16. (d) Reffective = r  
A 2 2
2 8 2
17. (c) If resistances are R1 and R2 then
 2   X Y
3 3 2 R1 R2 6
 …..(i)
Current through ammeter
2
R1  R2 8
2 6 3 Suppose R2 is broken then R1  2 …..(ii)
   A
8/3 8 4 On solving equations (i) and (ii) we get
9. (a) Equivalent resistance of the combination R2  6 / 5 
(2  2) 2 8 4 18. (c)
   
2 2 2 6 3

2 2

P Q 19. (b) Because all the lamps have same voltage.

2
20. (d) Rseries  R1  R2  R3  ......
R
10. (b) In parallel, x  R  nx
n 2 1
21. (a) Current supplied by cell i   A
In series, R + R + R .... n times = nR = n (nx) 2 3 5 5
= n2x 2 3 5
11. (d) The circuit reduces to
3
i

3 3
2V
A B So potential difference across 3 will be
6 3 1
9  6 9  6 18 V  0.6V
R AB     3.6 5
9 6 15 5 22. (a) According to the problem, we arrange four
12. (d) As resistance  Length resistance as follows A
12 10 10
Resistance of each arm   4
3 D B
4 8 8
 Reffective  
4 8 3 10 10
13. (b) Given circuit is equivalent to C
6 3 3 20 20
A C Equivalent resistance   10
40
R1R2
A
6
C  3 23. (b) R1  R2  9 and  2  R1R2  18
R1  R2
3
3 3
B B R1  R2  (R1  R2)2  4R1R2  81 72  3
 79 Current Electricity
R1  6, R2  3
1.5
24. (b) i1  i2   1amp
3/ 2 RR2
  R1  R  2R  R  2  R 2  2R
1 2 R  R2
i1  R 2  R  2  0  R  1 or R  2ohm
i2 3
31. (b) Cut the series from XY and let the resistance
i towards right of XY be R0 whose value should
1.5 be such that when connected across AB does
V not change the entire resistance. The
combination is reduced to as shown below.
i1 3
  i1  i2  i2  0.5A  i1 E R X R R R C
i2 3 A

25. (c) R R R R R
 6 12 6 
Vp  Vq     (0.5)  (2  4)(0.5)  3V B
 3 12  6  F R Y R R R D
26. (b) 4 24 R
E
8 20 A

16 = R R0
4 20
A 16 B A B

B
F
6 6 R
9
6 The resistance across EF ,  R EF  (R0  2R)
12
6 18
24 12 (R0  2R)R R R  2R 2
R AB   8 Thus R AB   0  R0
(24  12) R0  2R  R R0  3R
27. (d) The network can be redrawn as follows
 R02  2RR0  2R 2  0  R0  R( 3  1)
3 3 3
A B 32. (d) The last two resistance are out of circuit. Now
8 is in parallel with (1  1  4  1  1) .
 Req  9
8
28. (d) Let the resistance of the wire be R, then we  R  8 || 8   4 
know that resistance is proportional to the 2
length of the wire. So each of the four wires R AB  4  2  2  8
will have R/4 resistance and they are
connected in parallel. So the effective 33. (a) The given circuit can be simplified as follows
resistance will be 2 18 2
4.5
1  4 R 7 
  4  R1  15V 15V
R1  R  16
6 1  6 18
29. (d) Equivalent resistance 0.5 0.5
4 4 6 6 10
   5ohm So the current in the
4 4 6 6 8 8
20
circuit   4 ampere Hence the current
5 On further solving equivalent resistance
flowing through each resistance = 2 ampere. R  15
30. (c) Let the resultant resistance be R. If we add one 15
more branch, then the resultant resistance Hence current from the battery i   1A
15
would be the same because this is an infinite
sequence. 34. (b) The circuit will be as shown
10V
R1 = 1 X
A
10
i  2A 5
R2 = 2 R 5 A

B
Y
 Current Electricity 80
Resistance of thick wire R1  10
8 4
35. (c) The current in the circuit    Resistance of thin wire R2  30
51 3
4 4 Total resistance in series = 10 + 30 = 40 
Now VC  VE   1  VE   V 42. (c) Similar to Q. No. 30
3 3
2 R
36. (d) According to the figure, (I  I1)R2  I1R R  2 2  2R  R2  8  4R  2R
I – I1 2 R
R2  R2  4R  8  0 

I1 4  16  32
R  2 2 3
R 2
I R cannot be negative, hence
R  2  2 3  5.46
+ – A
43. (b) P.d. across the circuit
Only two values satisfying the above relation 6 4
I  1.2  2.88volt
are and R 6 4
2 Current through 6 ohm resistance
37. (d) Effective resistance between the points A and 2.88
32 8   0.48 A
B is R    6
12 3 44. (d) Three resistances are in parallel.
10 1 1 1 1 3
38. (b) Req  5 , Current i   2A and current     
5 R' R R R R
in each branch = 1A
i/2 1 3 R
The equivalent resistance R'  
3 A 3
3 1 45. (c) Similar to Q. No. 30. By formula
i
i/2 B R2  R
10V R  R1 
R2  R
1 R
 R  1  R2  R  1  R  R
Potential difference between C and A, 1 R
VC  VA  1 1  1V .......(i) 1 1 4
Potential difference between C and B,
 R2  R  1  0 or R
2
VC  VB  1 3  3V ......(ii)
1 5
On solving (i) and (ii) VA  VB  2 volt 
2
Shot Trick : Since R cannot be negative, hence
i 2 1 5
(VA  VB )  (R2  R1)  (3  1)  2V R 
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 3 1 46. (d) Rl
39. (c)      R ohm
R 1 1 1 1 3 Hence every new piece will have a resistance
Now such three resistance are joined in series, R
. If two pieces are connected in series,
1 1 1 10
hence total R     1ohm
3 3 3 2R R
40. (b) To obtain minimum resistance, all resistors then their resistance  
10 5
must be connected in parallel.
If 5 such combinations are joined in parallel,
Hence equivalent resistance of combination
R R
r then net resistance  
 5  5 25
10
47. (c) 6
41. (a) For same material and same length
R2 A1 3
   R2  3R1
R1 A2 2

6
 81 Current Electricity
V 4.8  15
 I    2A
6 R 36
Req   3
2 3
54. (a) Equivalent resistance of the circuit R  
48. (b) Current in the given circuit 2
50  Current through the circuit
i  2A
(5  7  10 3) V 3
i   2A
Potential difference between A and B R 3/ 2
VA  VB  2 12 Rmax
55. (c) Rmax  nR and Rmin  R / n   n2
 VA  0  24V  VA  24 V Rmin
49. (b) If all are in series then Req  12 56. (d) According to the principle of Wheatstone’s
bridge, the effective resistance between the
4 given points is 4.
If all are in parallel then Req    1.33
3 B
If two are in series then parallel with third, 4 4
8
Req   2.6  A C
3 16
If two are in parallel then series with third, 4 4
Req  6 
D
50. (d) Equivalent external resistance of the given 57. (c)
circuit Req  4  58. (c) Current through 6 resistance in parallel with
Current given by the cell 3 resistance = 0.4 A
E 10 So total current = 0.8 + 0.4 = 1.2 A
i   2A
Req  r (4  1)
Potential drop across 4  1.2  4  4.8 V
Hence,
59. (d) Two resistances in series are connected
i 2
(VA  VB )   (R2  R1)  (2  4)  2 V. 1 1 1 3
2 2 parallel with the third. Hence   
Rp 4 8 8
R
51. (d) Resistance of each part will be ; such n
n 8
 Rp  
R 3
parts are joined in parallel so Req  .
n2 60. (c) Resistances at C and B are not in the circuit.
52. (c) Let equivalent resistance between A and B be Use laws of resistances in series and parallel
R, then equivalent resistance between C and D excluding the two resistance.
will also be R. 61. (d) After simplifying the network, equivalent
A 1 resistance obtained between A and B is 8.
C
62. (c) The circuit consists of three resistances (2R,
2R and R) connected in parallel.
R 1 R
63. (d) Resistance across the battery is
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
B D      R p  2 
Rp 3 6 6 6
R
R   2  R or R2  2R  2  0 2
R1 I  1A
2
2 4  8
 R  3 1 64. (c) The voltmeter is assumed to have infinite
2
resistance. Hence (1 + 2 + 1) + 4 = 8.
53. (d) 6 and 6 are in series, so effective resistance
is 12 which is in parallel with 3, so R 1
65. (c) R'    0.1
1 1 1 15 36 n 10
    R
R 3 12 36 15 66. (c) The given circuit can be redrawn as follows
2
2 2 2 1 2


2
 Current Electricity 82
 2  103 
V     10 103  10Volt.

 2 
9
 Req  5 . 73. (a) Equivalent resistance R   
9
R 2 R3 4 4 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A
67. (b) R AB  R1   R4 = 2   2  6 +
R 2  R3 44 9V 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
–
.
68. (c) Let equivalent resistance between A and B is A
R', so given circuit can be reduced as follows 9
R
Current i   9A
R R 1
A
Current passes through the ammeter = 5A.
R 2 2 2  74. (b) The figure can be drawn as follows
R R R
B
R D 7 C
A C

 R 2 R 10
3  5
R 5
B 10
10

2R  R
A
A B 10 B
R'  R   R 2  RR  2R 2  0 10

(2R  R) C
10
On solving the equation we get R' 2R . 5
 5
R 2 8 2 
69. (d) R AB  R =  2  2  .
3 3 3 3 A B
A B 10
10
E 10  RAB 5 .
70. (b) i   0.5   10 = 0.5R + 1.5  R
Rr R3 1l1  l
= 17. 75. (a) R1  andR2  2 2 . In series
A A
3 6 Req  R1  R2
71. (a) Equivalent resistance R  4   6 and
3 6
E 3
 eq. (l1  l 2 )
 1l1  2l 2
main current i    0.5A  
R 6 A A A
Now potential difference across the  l   2l 2
combination of 3 and 6,   eq  1 1 .
l1  l 2
 3 6 
V  0.5     1Volt 76. (c) The figure can be drawn as follows
 3 6 100 C
The same potential difference, also develops D 
across 3 resistance.
72. (c) 100 100
i
 
10k
i/2 A B
A 100 
i/2
30V 10k
10k 200 200
R AC   100 .
B 200 200
10 77. (c)
Equivalent resistance R  10  15k
2 1 1 1 1 1
A B
30
Current i =  2  10 3 A
15
Hence, potential difference between A and B
 83 Current Electricity
1 1 7 1 1
R AB  2   2 . 83. (b)    R  3
3 3 12 4 R
1 r 84. (d) Suppose resistance of wires are R1 and R2
78. (b)   same,l  same,A2  A1 (as r2  1
4 2
6 R1 R2
) then  . If R2 breaks then
By using 5 R1  R2
l R A R 1 R1  2
R   1  2  1   R1  2
A R2 A1 8 4
6 2  R2
R1R2 2 8 8 Hence,   R2  3 .
Hence, Req    . 5 2  R2
R1  R2 (2  8) 5
85. (d) Potential difference across PQ i.e. p.d. across
79. (c) The given circuit can be simplified as follows the resistance of 20, which is V = i × 20
10
48
3 and i   0.16A
3 R
Q (100 100 80  20)
 V  0.16 20  3.2V .
10
86. (a) C
3 Series
 P Q 100+60 =
160
100 60
(3 + R)
160 40
10 (3  R) 30  10R R  32 .
R  3  3 160 40 A B
10  3  R 13  R 40

39  3R  30  10R 69  13R 87. (a)

R  A A
13  R 13  R 2
2
2 2
13R  R 2  69  13R  R  69 . 2 
2 2
80. (a) The circuit can be drawn as follows
A B B

2 2
3 3 R AB   1 .
2 2
i1
88. (a) Given circuit is a balance Wheatstone bridge
B C circuit.
i2 3
i 89. (b) All of three resistance are in parallel So,
R
R'  R/n  .
2V 3
3  (3  3)
Equivalent resistance R   2
3  (3  3)  ef.2l  1l  2l
90. (b) Req  R1  R2   
2 A A A
Current i  1A. So,
2 1   2
  ef.  .
 3  1 2
i1  1     A.
 3  6 3 91. (b) Two resistance are in ratio 1 : 2 and third
Potential difference between A and B = resistance is R
1
 3  1volt. 1 1 1 3 R 
3 So,    1 x   
x 2x R 2  R  1
1 1 1 1 4  2 1 8
81. (a)      R eq   . R
Req 2 4 8 8 7 As, resistance is not fractional  2
R1
82. (b) The given figure is balance wheat stone
bridge.  x  3, R  2, 2x  6
 Current Electricity 84
Hence, the value of largest resistance = 6. resistance. This resistance has no effect and
must be ignored in the calculations.
(3  3)  3 3 9
92. (c) R   2  i   1.5A .
(3  3)  3 2
5 4
93. (b) Given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge
circuit, hence it can be redrawn as follows A B

12 12 10 8
4 8 
14
a   b 9  18
a b RAB   6

27
2 4 101. (c) Potential difference between B and D is zero, it
6
6 means Wheatstone bridge is in balanced
condition
12 6 B
R AB   4 . X
(12  6) 21 6 3
8X
8 (8  X)
94. (d) The given circuit is a balanced wheatstone 15 3
bridge circuit. Hence potential difference
between A and B is zero. A C
95. (a) In the following circuit potential difference 18 15 4 6
between
6 4
C and A is VC  VA  1  4  4 ……(i) 6 4
D
1A 4 A 16
21 18
P R 
V So   8X 6  X  8
2 C Q S 3
(8  X)
A
1A 16 B 4 102. (a) This is a balanced Wheatstone bridge.
Therefore no current will flow from the
C and B is VC  VB  1  16  16 ……(ii) diagonal resistance 10

On solving equations (i) and (ii) we get  Equivalent resistance

VA  VB  12V . (10 10) (10 10)
  10
96. (d) As resistance  Length
(10 10)  (10 10)
103. (b) This is a balanced Wheatstone bridge circuit.
12 8
So potential at B and D will be same and no
 Resistance of each arm   4
3 current flows through 4R resistance.
4 4
104. (d) The equivalent circuits are as shown below
4 8 8
 Refective   C C
4 8 3 4
C
2 2
12 A B A B
97. (b) i   5A. A
(1  1)  0.4  
98. (b) By balanced Wheatstone bridge condition 2 2
16 4 D B D D
 Clearly, the circuit is a balanced Wheatstone
X 0.5
bridge. So effective resistance between A and
8 B is 2  .
 X  2
4 105. (a) By the concept of balanced Wheatstore bridge,
99. (d) Current through 2 the given circuit can be redrawn as follows
 (25 5)  30
 1.4   1A 5 10 15
 (10  2)  (25  5) 
100. (a) Since the given bridge is balanced, hence A B
there will be no current through 9

10 20 30

60
 85 Current Electricity
7

3 4
30 60
 R AB   20  A B
(30  60)
106. (a) The given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone 6 8
bridge type, hence it can be simplified as 14
follows
7  14 14
 Req   .
(7  14) 3
114. (a) For a balance Wheatstone bridge.
5 A D 10 4
2 3    (Unbalance
d)
B C 5 4

A' D A' 4
A
4 6
B
    A'  5
B C 5 4
107. (b) Let current through 5  resistance be i. Then
10 A' (5) is obtained by connecting a 10
i  25  (2.1  i)10 
resistance in parallel with A.
10 115. (d) Given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge
i  2.1  0.6 A
35 circuit. So there will be no change in
108. (d) Let the value of shunt be r. Hence the equivalent resistance. Hence no further
equivalent resistance of branch containing S current will be drawn.
Sr 116. (a) No current flow through vertical resistances
will be
Sr 3 9
3 3
P Sr /(S  r) A B A B
In balance condition,  . This 
Q R
gives r C8 2R 3 3 3 9
109. (b, c) R R
9
B R D B R D R AB  .
2
R  2R 117. (d) The given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone
R
bridge.
A
118. (c) The given circuit can be redrawn as follows

1 1 1 1 R A
    R BD  R
R BD 2R R 2R 2
Between A and C circuit becomes equivalent R R R
to balanced Wheatstone bridge so R AC  R .
1
110. (b) i  R B
R
111. (d) Equivalent resistance between P and Q Equivalent resistance between A to B is R.
1 1 1 1 48 119. (d) Equivalent resistance of the given circuit is
    RPQ  
R PQ (6  2) 3 (4  12) 25 3 .
Current between P and Q; i = 1.5A
So, potential difference between P and Q 120. (c)
R R
48
VPQ  1.5   2.88V . R R R R 2R/ 2R/
25 3 3
A R B  A R B
112. (c) Given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone bridge
i.e. potential difference between B and D is R R R
R
2R/ 2R/
zero. Hence, no current flows between B and 3 3
D. R R
113. (a) The given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone
bridge, hence it can be redrawn as follows
 Current Electricity 86
2R
Hence Req  .
3 i1 R2 l 2  r1 
2 2
3  2 1
121. (b) 128. (b)         
i2 R1 l1  r2  4  3 3
P R
122. (b) For balanced Wheatstone bridge  129. (c)
A
Q S A

12 x 6
   x  6 R=4 
(1 / 2) (1 / 2) R=4

123. (b) For maximum energy equivalent resistance of

combination should be minimum.
B B
10  R1 50
124. (c) For first balancing condition 
R2 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19
130. (a)        
Req R1 R2 R3 2 4 5 20
 R2  10  R1 . For second balancing
R1 40 R1 2
condition     20
R2 60 10  R1 3 Req  
19
R1  20
131. (a) Equivalent resistance of the given network
125. (b) Given R  6 . When resistor is cut into two
equal parts and connected in parallel, then Req  75
R/2 R 6
Req     1.5  i R1(50) i2 R1(50) i2
2 4 4
i1 R4 i1
126. (a) Resistance between P 60 R3
3V R2 (30)  R2
and Q 
50
(50) R5(30) (50)
5
R R
 R R 6 5
RPQ  R ||      R
 3 2 5 11 3
R R  Total current through battery i 
6 75
Resistance between Q and R 3 3
i1  i2  
R 4R 75 2 150

R  R 3  4 R 3 60
RQR  ||  R    2 Current through R4  
2  3 R 4R 11 150 (30  60)

2 3 3 60 2
   A
Resistance between P and R 150 90 150
R 3R 2 2
 V4  i4  R4   30  V  0.4 V
R R  2  3 R 150 5
RPR  ||   R   3
3 2  R 3R 11 10 10
 132. (a) i    5A
3 2 1.5  1|| 1 1.5  0.5
Hence it is clear that RPQ is maximum. 133. (c)
Parallel
127. (c) Given circuit can be redrawn as follows 3
2 2 2 2
1.5 
6
6
6V 3  6V 3
Req  4

1.5 1.5 134. (a) The equivalent resistance between C and D is

1 1 1 1 2 3
6     or R'   1.5 
 6V 3 3  i  4A R' 6 6 3 3 2
1.5
 87 Current Electricity
Now the equivalent resistance between A and 
B as R'  1.5  and 2.5  are connected Rresultant R1  R  100 18.75  118.75
in series, so
140. (b) When resistances 4 and 12 are
R"  1.5  2.5  4 
connected in series  4  12  16
Now by ohm's law, potential difference
When these resistance are connected in
between A and B is given by
parallel.
VA  VB  iR  2 4.0  8 volt
1 1 1 4  12 4  12
135. (b) The given circuit can be redrawn as follows    RP    3
RP 4 12 4  12 16
A
R
F C 141. (b) Since voltmeter records 5V, it means the
R R equivalent. Resistance of voltmeter and 100 
R
must be 50, because in series grouping if
resistances are equal, they share equal
D E
R potential difference. It conclude that resistance
B
Equivalent resistance between A and B is R of voltmeter must be 100 .
and
V Kirchoff's Law, Cells
current i 
R
136. (b) The given network is a balanced Wheatstone 1. (b) For no current through galvanometer, we have
bridge. It's equivalent resistance will be
 E1   12 
18  X  E   X  2  X =
R   500 X   500 X 
5
So current from the battery 100 
V V 5V 2. (d) Since E1(10 V)  E2(4V)
i  
R 18 / 5 18 So current in the circuit will be clockwise.
R/2 R
137. (a)  R AB   R/ a 1 E1 e E2 2
b
2 4 2
10 4V
i V
3
A R/ B
2 Applying Kirchoff's voltage law
1 i1 R2 5 (R  2)  1 i  10 4  2 i  3i  0 
138. (b) i      R = 8
R i2 R1 4 R i  1A(a to b viae)

139. (c) In given circuit three resistance R2, R4 and V 10  4

 Current    1.0 ampere
R3 are parallel. R 6
3. (c) For maximum power, external resistance =
1 1 1 1 R1 internal resistance.
  
R R2 R4 R3 4. (a) 0.9 (2 + r) = 0.3 (7 + r)  6 + 3r = 7 + r  r =
i R4
0.5 
1 1 1 R2 R3
   E 5. (a) Since both the resistors are same, therefore
50 50 75
E
75 75 50 potential difference VV  E  V 
 2
50 75
V
50 75 50 75 75 6. (b) Let the current in the circuit  i 
R     18.75 R
75 75 50 200 4
Across the cell, E  V  ir 
This resistance is in series with R1 EV EV EV
r   R
i V /R  V 
 Current Electricity 88
7. (a) For maximum energy, we have 21. (c) The voltage across cell terminal will be given
External resistance of the circuit by

= Equivalent internal resistance of the circuit E 2

 R   3.9  1.95V
r Rr (3.9  0.1)
i.e. R 
2 22. (c) E  2.2volt, V  1.8 volt, R  5R
8. (a) Kirchhoff's first law is based on the law of E   2.2 
conservation of charge. r    1 R    1  5  1.1
V   1.8 
9. (b) Kirchhoff's second law is based on the law of
conservation of energy. 23. (b) In parallel, equivalent resistance is low
10. (a) According to Kirchhoff's first law  
 E 
i  
At junction A, iAB  2  2  4 A  r 
 R 
 n
At junction B, iAB  iBC  1  3A
24. (d) Internal resistance  distance
2A 1A 1
1.3A   concentrat
ion
A B
Area
C
25. (a) Total e.m.f. = nE, Total resistance R + nr 
2A
t nE
i
R  nr
At junction C,
i  iBC  1.3  3  1.3  1.7 amp 26. (a) Current through R is maximum when total
internal resistance of the circuit is equal to
11. (c) In charging V > E. external resistance.
12. (d) In open circuit of a cell V = E 27. (b) Cells are joined in parallel when internal
resistance is higher then a external resistance.
13. (a) Zero (Circuit open means no current and
(R <<r)
hence no potential difference across
resistance). E
i
14. (d) Zero (No potential difference across r
voltmeter). R
n
15. (b) Let the e.m.f. of cell be E and internal 2E
E 28. (b) In series , i1 
resistance be r. Then 0.5  and 2  2r
(r  2)
E 2E
E i  
0.25  In parallel, 2 r 4 r
(r  5) 2
2
5 r 2E 2E
On dividing, 2   r  1 Since i1  i2    r  2
2 r 4  r 2  2r
16. (c) In short circuiting R = 0, so V = 0 29. (a) Applying Kirchhoff law
E 1.5 20
17. (c) Short circuit current iSC   3  (2  2)  (0.1  0.3  0.2)i  i  A
r r 3
Hence potential difference across A
r  0.5
20 4
50 50 5  2  0.1  V (less than 2V)
18. (c) i   r  10   1.1 3 3
Rr 4.5 4.5 Potential difference across
19. (d) (4  r)i  2.2 ......(i) 20
B  2  0.3  0
3
1
and 4i  2  i  30. (b) Here two cells are in series.
2
Therefore total emf = 2E.
Putting the value of i in (i), we get r = 0.4 ohm. Total resistance = R + 2r
20. (b) Let the internal resistance of cell be r, then 
E 1.5 2E 2 1.45 2.9 29
i  15   r  0.06 i     1.611amp
Rr 0.04  r R  2r 1.5  2 0.15 1.8 18
31. (a) E  V  ir
 89 Current Electricity
After short-circuiting, V  0; 
E 2
r   0.5 After applying KVL for loop (1) and loop (2)
i 4
1
32. (c) By Kirchhoff's current law. We get 28i1  6  8  i1   A
2
33. (b) For power to be maximum
1
External resistance = Equivalent internal and 54i2  6  12  i2   A
resistance of the circuit 3
E 1.5 5
34. (a) i    30A Hence i3  i1  i2   A
r 0.05 6
12 5X  2 10
35. (a) i   2A 43. (d) VAB  4   X  20
(4  2) X  10
Energy loss inside the source  i2r 44. (a) After short circuiting, R2 becomes meaningless.

 (2)2  2  8W 45. (c) V  E  IR  15  10 0.05  14.5V

nE n 1.5
36. (b) V2  V1  E  ir  5  2  0.5  4volt 46. (c) In series i   0.6  
nr  R n 0.5  20
 V2  4  V1  4  10  14volt n = 10
37. (a) If m = Number of rows 47. (b)
and n = Number of cells in a row W
48. (a) P   Vi 
Then m  n = t
100 .....(i)
W 1000
nr V   1.38 V
Also condition of maximum current is R  it 2 6  60
m 49. (a) Applying Kirchoff's voltage law in the given
1 n loop.
 25   n = 25 m ..... 4V i 8V 2
m P 1 Q
(ii)
4V
On solving (i) and (ii) m = 2 i
38. (b) According to Kirchhoff's law iCD  i2  i3 9

 E 
39. (b) Since i   , we get 1
 Rr 2i  8  4  1 i  9i  0  i  A
3
E 1
0.5  ......(i)
Potential difference across PQ   9  3V
2 r 3
E 50. (d) Because cell is in open circuit.
0.25  .....(ii)
5 r
51. (b) In parallel combination Eeq  E  12V
5 r
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get 2   52. (d)
2 r
r  1 E 6
53. (b) i    12amp.
E r 0.5
 0.5   E  1.5V
2 1 54. (c) Strength = 5 × 18 = 90AH.
r E 5
40. (c) Because Eeq  E and req  55. (a) i    1A
2 R  r 4.5  0.5
41. (d) In parallel combination Eeq  E  6V V  E  ir  5  1  0.5  4.5 Volt
42. (d) Suppose current through different paths of the 56. (b) The circuit can be simplified as follows
circuit is as follows. C
B
28 54
i1 30
i3 i3
6V A D
1 2 40 40V
i3 i2
F E
40 80V
8V 12 V
 Current Electricity 90
64. (b) W  qV  6  106  9  54  106 J .
Applying KCL at junction A
V2
i3  i1  i2 .….(i) 65. (a) P  ; for P to be maximum Req should
Req
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law for the loop
be less. Hence option (a) is correct.
ABCDA
30i1  40i3  40  0 E2 (2)2
66. (c) Pmax    2W
4r 4  0.5
  30i1  40(i1  i2 )  40  0 67. (a)
 7i1  4i2  4 .….(ii) 68. (d) Applying Kirchhoff law in the first mesh
10
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law for the loop 10  5  i  i   2A
ADEFA. 5
69. (b) Applying Kirchhoff law in the first mesh
40i2  40i3  80  40  0
10  5i1  i .....(i)
i – i1 i
  40i2  40(i1  i2 )  120
i1

r = 1
10V
 i1  2i2  3 …….(iii) A
4
On solving equation (ii) and (iii) i1  0.4 A . 5

57. (c) V  E  ir = 12  60 5  102 = 9V.

58. (a) Applying Kirchoff's voltage law in the loop
5V
Applying in the second mesh
10
5i1  4i  4i1 ......(ii)
i
Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get
A B
i 40
i1  A
2V 20
29
70. (a) Given problem is the case of mixed grouping
10i  5  20i  2  0  i  0.1A
of cells
59. (d) V  E  ir  1.5  2  0.15  1.20Volt.
nE
E 4 i
60. (b) i   1  r  2 So total current produced nr
Rr 2 r R
m
Short circuit when terminals of battery
connected directly then current flows which is Here m  100, n  5000, R  500
E 4 E  0.15V and r  0.25
iSC    2A .
r 2
5000 0.15
2 2 4 i 750
61. (c) i   A  5000 0.25 
1  1.9  0.9 3.8 500 512.5
100
4  1.5 A
For cell A E  V  ir  V  2   1.9  0
3.8 71. (a)
.
Dischargin
g energy
E 72. (d) Watt hour efficiency 
62. (c) By using i  Chargingenergy
Rr
E 14  5  15
 0.5   E  5.5  0.5r ..…(i)
  0.875  87.5%
11 r 15 8  10

E 73. (c) From Kirchoff's junction Law

and 0.9   E  4.5  0.9r ..…(ii)
5 r  4  2 i  5  3  0 i  2A
On solving these equation, we have 74. (b) In the given case cell is in open circuit (i = 0)
r  2.5 so voltage across the cell is equal to its e.m.f.
63. (c) 75. (b) The internal resistance of battery is given by
 91 Current Electricity
E   40  9  10  20 
r    1 R    1  9   3
V   30  30  3 
 i  1  
E E 2R  20  60
(b) i   P  i2 R  P 
76.
rR (r  R)2  3 
= 0.1 A
Power is maximum when r = R 
82. (d) Maximum current will be drawn from the
Pmax  E 2 / 4r
circuit if resultant resistance of all internal
77. (c) Since the current coming out from the positive resistances is equal to the value of external
terminal is equal to the current entering the resistance if the arrangement s mixed. In
negative terminal, therefore, current in the series, R  nr and in parallel, the external
respective loop will remain confined in the loop resistance is negligible.
itself. 83. (c) On applying Kirchoff's current law i = 13 A.
current through 2 resistor = 0 84. (c) Total cells = m  n = 24 .... (i)
78. (c) Reading of voltmeter mr
For maximum current in the circuit R 
E1r2  E 2r1 18 1  12 2 n
 E eq    14V m
r1  r2 1 2  3  (0.5)  m = 6n ..... (ii)
n
2E On solving equation (i) and (ii), we get m = 12,
79. (d) i  n =2
R  R1  R2
2
 E 
From cell (2) E  V  iR2  0  iR2 85. (a) Power dissipated  i2R    R
R  r
R
2 2
 E   E 
   R1  


 R  r  R2
i R
 1  r   2 
2 2 2
 R1(R2  r2  2R2r)  R2(R1  r  2R1r)

E, R1 E, R2 
(1) (2) R22R1  R1r 2  2R2r  R12R2  R2r 2  2R1R2r
2E 
 E  R2  R  R2  R1
R  R1  R2 (R1  R2)r 2  (R1  R2)r 2  (R1  R2)R1R2
80. (d)  r R1R2
81. (a) Applying Kirchoff's law in following figure.
At junction A : Different Measuring Instruments
60
i  i1  i2  1 .... (i) I 1. (a) In meter bridge experiment, it is assumed that
15 1 5 the resistance of the L shaped plate is
For Loop (i) A B
negligible, but actually it is not so. The error
I1
 60i  (15 5)i1 1A
0 2
1A created due to this is called, end error. To
I2 remove this the resistance box and the
 i1  3i ...(ii) unknown resistance must be interchanged and
10
then the mean reading must be taken.
For loop (2)
2. (c) To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter a
– (15 + 5) i1 + 10 i2 = 0 low value resistance is to be connected in
 i2 = i1 = (3 i) = 6i parallel to it called shunt.
3. (d) Balance point has some fixed position on
On solving equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get i =
potentiometer wire. It is not affect by the
0.1 A
addition of resistance between balance point
Short Trick : Branch current = and cell.
4. (d) Resistance of voltmeter should be greater than
the external circuit resistance. An ideal
 Resistance 
of oppositebranch

maincurrent  voltmeter has infinite resistance.
 Total
(Branch resistance
60 
current)
igG 100 0.01 1
I 5. (c) S     0.1
i  ig (10 0.01) 10

1A 15 5
10

20/3 
 Current Electricity 92
6. (c) Equivalent resistance of the circuit P R
Req  100 19. (c)  (For balancing bridge)
Q S
2.4 B
current through the circuit i  A 4  11 44
100  S   P = 9 Q = 11
9 9
P.D. across combination of voltmeter and 100 A C
1 1 1
2.4   
 resistance   50  1.2V S r 6
6
100 R = 4
9 1 1 r
Since the voltmeter and 100  resistance are  
 D
in parallel, so the voltmeter reads the same 44 6 r S'
value i.e. 1.2V.
132
e R  r  26.4 
7. (a) Potential gradient  . 5
(R  Rh  r) L
l l   25 
2 5 V V 20. (a) r   1 2  R    2  0.5 
   0.5  0.005 l  100
(15 5  0) 1 m cm  2 
21. (b) The sensitivity of potentiometer can be
igG G i  ig 10 1 9 increased by decreasing the potential gradient
8. (d) S     
(i  ig) S ig 1 1 i.e. by increasing the length of potentiometer
wire.
9. (c) Ammeter is used to measure the current
through the circuit. 1
(Sensitivity   Length)
igG P .G.
10. (c) S  22. (b) In balance condition, potentiometer doesn't
(i  ig)
take the current from secondary circuit.
1 0.018 0.018 23. (a) Here same current is passing throughout the
   0.002
10 1 9 length of the wire, hence V  R  l
11. (d) Potentiometer works on null deflection V1 l1 6 300
method. In balance condition no current flows      V2 =1 V.
in secondary circuit. V2 l2 V2 50
12. (c) Shunt resistances igG 10 0.01 10
igG 10 99 24. (a) S    ohm
S   11 i  ig 10 0.01 999
(i  ig) (100 10)
25. (a) Ratio will be equal to the ratio of no deflection
V E1 l1 2
13. (d) By using R G  lengths i.e.  
ig E2 l2 3
100
R  5  19,995 Potentialdifference
5  10 3 26. (a) Potential gradient 
Length
14. (a) Potential gradient = Change in voltage per unit
length 27. (a) Wheatstone bridge is balanced, therefore

V2  V1 P

R
or 1 
10
 S  10ohm
 10   V2  V1  3 volt Q S
30 / 100 S
V 5 28. (a) When the length of potentiometer wire is
15. (d) R G  2 increased, the potential gradient decreases
ig 100/ 103 and the length of previous balance point is
5000 increased.
  2  48 29. (b)
100
30. (b)
iS 50 12
16. (c) ig   10   12 G  60  31. (b) The actual circuit is same.
SG 12 G
i
G  48 32. (b)  ig  10% of i 
17. (a) To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a 10
high value resistance is to be connected in G 90
series with it.
S   10
(n  1) (10 1)
18. (b)
 93 Current Electricity
E1 l1  l2 (8  2) 5 998
33. (b)     Measured value  V
E2 l1  l2 (8  2) 3 500
998
34. (b) Suppose resistance R is connected in series  Error  2   4  10 3volt
with voltmeter as shown. 500
By Ohm's law ig ig R
G 44. (d) The emf of the standard cell must be greater
ig.R  (n  1)V than that of experimental cells, otherwise
V (n – balance point is not obtained.
V
nV 1)V
45. (a)
 R  (n  1)G (where ig  )
G 46. (b) In general, ammeter always reads less than
35. (c) Ammeter is always connected in series with the actual value because of its resistance.
circuit.
R AC 20
36. (c) If resistance of ammeter is r then 47. (c) By Wheatstone bridge,   
80 BC 80
20  (R  r)4  R  r  5  R  5 
R  20
ig  G 10 103  50 50
37. (b) S     in 48. (a) E  l (balancing length)
i  ig 1  10 3  10 99
l l   l  2
parallel. 49. (b) r   1 2   R'   1 5 ... (i)
i  l2   2 
38. (b) ig  (100 90)% of i 
10  l  3
 Required shunt and r 1   10 ... (ii)
 3 
G 900
S   100 On solving (i) and (ii) r = 10 
(n  1) (10 1)
50. (a)
V 100 51. (b) In the part c b d,
39. (d) R  G   25  9975
ig 10 10 3
Vc  Vd
Vc  Vb  Vb  Vd  Vb 
V iR 2
40. (b) Potential gradient x  
L L In the part c a d
2 15 3 Vc  Vd
 x   volt/ cm Vc  Va  Va  Vd   Va 
(15 5) 10 2000 2
G 25 Vb  Va
S 
41. (a) i 5 52. (c) In balance condition, no current will flow
1 1
ig 50 10 6 through the branch containing S.
53. (b) Resistance in parallel
25 25
 5
 5
 2.5  104  Gig 50 100 106
10  1 10 S 
i  ig (10 100 10 6)
42. (b) In balanced Wheatstone bridge, the arms of
galvanometer and cell can be interchanged  S  5  104 
without affecting the balance of the bridge.
V iR
43. (c) Error in measurement = Actual value – 54. (b) E  x l   l 
Measured value l L
998  e R
V
E  l
(R  Rh  r) L
i 10 5
Actual value = 2V E   3  3V
(5  4  1) 5
2 1 V iR iL i
i  A + – 55. (a) Potential gradient    
998 2 500 2V 2
L L AL A
Since E  V  ir 
0.2 40 108
1 998   10 2 V / m
V  E  ir  2  2 V 8  10 6
500 500
 Current Electricity 94
i 2.5 20 V
56. (b) ig  2% of i    x   5  10 5
50 (20 80 0) 10 mm
G G G 68. (b) Given ig  2mA, i  20mA, G  180
S  
(n  1) (50 1) 49
ig S
57. (d) The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is   180 S  10S 
considered as infinite. i GS
58. (c) 180
20×103
S  20
R 9
V
GS
69. (c) Resistance of shunted ammeter 
5V GS
i
110V i G GS ig.G
Also  1  
110 ig S GS i
Here i
20 103  R GS 0.05 120
  = 0.6 
 110  GS 10
 V  iR  5  3
  20 103 (l1  l2)  60 50
 20 10  R  70. (c) r  R'     6  1.2 
l2  50 
 105  5R  22 105 
i G
105 71. (d) By using  1
R  21  420K  ig S
5
59. (c) Due to the negligible temperature co-efficient i 1000
  1 
of resistance of constantan wire, there is no 100 10 3
S
change in it's resistance value with change in
temperature. 1000
S  111
60. (d) The resistance of voltmeter is too high, so that 9
it draws negligible current from the circuit, V e R
hence potential drop in the external circuit is 72. (c) Potential gradient x   
also negligible.
L (R  Rh  r) L
61. (a) By connecting a series resistance 3 2.2
 2.2  10   1  R  990
V 10 (10 Rh)
R G   7  3
ig 1 i GS ig S 2.5 1
73. (a)     
62. (a) Since potential difference for full length of wire ig S i G  S 27.5 11
=2V 74. (c) Total resistance of the circuit
2 V 80
 P.D. per unit length of wire   0.5   20  60
4 m 2
X 20 1 2 1
63. (d)   X    0.25 .  Main current i   A
1 80 4 60 30
64. (a) Reading of galvanometer remains same Combination of voltmeter and 80 resistance
whether switch S is open or closed, hence no is connected in series with 20, so current
current will flow through the switch i.e. R and through 20 and this combination will be same
G will be in series and same current will flow 1
through them. I R  IG .  A.
30
65. (d) Pressing the key does not disturb current in all Since the resistance of voltmeter is also 80,
resistances as the bridge is balanced. so this current is equally distributed in 80
Therefore, deflection in the galvanometer in
whatever direction it was, will stay.
1
resistance and voltmeter (i.e. A through
60
66. (b) igS  (i  ig)G  ig(S  G)  iG each)
ig G 8 P.D. across 80 resistance
    0.8 1
i S  G 2 8   80  1.33V
60
e R
67. (a) Potential gradient x  
(R  Rh  r) L
 95 Current Electricity

 L  Equivalent resistance Req  5 so current

i 
75. (a) Potential gradient V iR  A  i drawn from battery i 
5
 1A .
x   
L L L A 5
10 V
76. (d) Here n  5 90. (a) (R  G) ig  V  (R  G) 
2 i
i g R
g
 R  (n  1)G  (5  1)2000 8000 G
3
  6.25k
l l  30 16 10 6
77. (b) r   1 2  R  0.5  .
 l1   Value of R is nearly equal to 6k
78. (a)
This is connected in series in a voltmeter.
79. (b)
e 2 91. (d) V1 V2
V  i.R.  . R  10 3   10
(R  Rh  r) (10 R  r)
R1 = 16k R2 = 32k
 R  19,989 .
V1 = 80V
80. (a)
81. (c) 2R  20  R  10 . V

i G 4 R R1  80 200 16000  16k

 1   1 R
82. (c) S .
ig S 1 S 3 Current flowing through V1 = Current flowing
83. (a) When ammeter is connected in parallel to the 80
circuit, net resistance of the circuit decreases. through V2 =  5  10 3 A .
16 103
Hence more current is drawn from the battery,
which damages the ammeter. So, potential differences across V2 is
 l1  l2  55  50 V2  5  103  32 103  160volt
84. (a) r     R'  r     10  1 .
  50 
 l2  Hence, line voltage
V  V1  V2  80  160 240V .
V 18
85. (b) R  G   12  5988 92. (d) V  xl  iR  xl
ig 3  10 3
86. (d)  2  103 
 i  10   2
  50 10 2  0.1

V 6  10 
87. (c) R  G   25  975 (In
ig 6  10 3  i  10 103 A  10mA .
series).
S S e R
88. (d) i g  i  0.01 10 93. (d) E  l
GS 25  S (R  Rh  r) L
25 2 10
 1000S  25  S  S  .    0.4  0.16V .
999 (10 40 0) 1
89. (c) X 6 i G 5 12
94. (c)  1   1  S  8. (In
ig S 2 S
G parallel).

A
4 6
B ig S 5 S G
C 95. (d)     S
i GS 100 G  S 19
96. (a) R  G(n  1)  50 103 (3  1)  105  .
5V
E1 l1  l2 58  29 3
Resistance of the part AC 97. (c)   
R AC  0.1  40  4 and E2 l1  l2 58  29 1
RCB  0.1  60  6 V 10
98. (a) R  G   1  999 .
X 4 ig 10 10 3
In balanced condition   X  4
6 6 99. (d) For conversion of galvanometer (of
resistances) into voltmeter, a resistance R is
connected in series.
 Current Electricity 96
V1 V2 i G
 ig  and ig  111. (a)  1
RG 2R  G ig S

V1 V2 i.G G 100 103  40 40

  1   1
   Vg S 800 10 3
S
R  G 2R  G
V2 2R  G 2(R  G)  G
 S  10 .
  S
V1 RG (R  G) 112. (a) i g  i 
GS
G V1G S
 2  V2  2V1   10 10 3   100 10 3
(R  G) (R  G) 100 S
V2  2V1 1000
90S  1000 S   11.11 .
100. (d) If the voltmeter is ideal then given circuit is an 90
open circuit, so reading of voltmeter is equal
113. (c) Before connecting the voltmeter, potential
to the e.m.f. of cell i.e., 6V.
difference across 100 resistance
ig S 4 1 10 100
101. (c)    i.e.10%.
i G  S 36 4 10
102. (d) After connecting a resistance R in parallel with Vi
voltmeter its effective resistance decreases.
Hence less voltage appears across it i.e. V will
decreases. Since overall resistance decreases V
so more current will flow i.e. A will increase. 100 10
Vi  V  V
e R (100 10) 11
103. (c) Potential gradient x  .
(R  Rh  r) L Finally after connecting voltmeter across
100 Equivalent resistance
103 2 3
    Rh  57 . 100 900
10 2
(3  Rh  0) 1  90
(100 900)
i G Final potential difference
104. (c)  1
ig S 900
90 9
1 20 20 Vf  V  V
  1 S  0.02 . (90 10) 10
3
10 S 999 10 100
Vi  Vf
105. (a) Resistance of voltmeter should be high. % error =  100 Vf
106. (c) If ammeter is used in place of voltmeter (i.e. in Vi
parallel) it may damage due to large current in V
circuit. Hence to control this large amount of 10 9
V V
current a high resistance must be connected in
series.  11 10  100  1.0.
10
e R
V
107. (c) Potential gradient x  . 11
(R  Rh  r) L e.R
114. (b) Potential gradient = =
3 20 (R  r).L
   0.2
(20  10  0) 10 10  3
.
(3  3)  5
E1 l1  l2 (6  2) 2
108. (d)     1V/ m  10mV / cm.
E2 l1  l2 (6  2) 1
i G 1 100
109. (c) Manganin or constantan are used for making 115. (c)  1  5
 1
the potentiometer wire.
ig S 10 S
110. (a) 100
 S  103  .
105
 97 Current Electricity
ig S 4 4 1 i G 10 0.81
116. (d)     123. (a)  1   1  S  0.09 .
i G  S 36  4 40 10 ig S 1 S
V 6 6 124. (a) From the principle of potentiometer Vl
i  2 
6 3  R1 .
 R 2 R
117. (a) R V l
  ; where V = emf of battery, E = emf
6 3 E L
S 0.01 5 of standard cell, L = Length of potentiometer
118. (b) ig  i    wire
GS 10 50  S
El 30E
50 V  .
S  0.05 . L 100
999
e R
 100 l  125. (b) E  . l
119. (d) S   .R (R  Rh  r) L
 l 
2 10
 100 l   10 10 3    0.4  R =
Initially, 30     10  l  25cm (10  R  0) 1
 l  790
 100 l  l 
Finally, 10     30  l  75cm  150 
 l  126. (b) Using r  R  1  1  2   1  1
 l2   100 
So, shift = 50cm.
127. (d) Resistance between A and B
i
120. (c) Potential gradient (x) 
A
1000 500 1000
0.1 107  
  10 2 V/m (1500) 3
10 6
So, equivalent resistance of the circuit10V
121. (d) Before connecting voltmeter potential
difference across 400 resistance is 1000 2500
Req  500 
10,000 3 3 1000
V V
 Current drawn from the cell
10 3 A 500 B
A 400 B 800 i  A 500C
400 (2500/ 3) 250
Vi   6  2V Parallel
(400 800) Reading of voltmeter i.e.
potential difference across
6V
3 1000
AB    4V
250 3
After connecting voltmeter equivalent
resistance between A and B i
128. (d) ig   Required shunt
400 10,000 10
  384.6
(400 10,000) G 90
S   10
Hence, potential difference measured by (n  1) (10  1)
384.6 50
voltmeter Vf   6  1.95V
(384.6  800) 129. (b) ig   40  4960
10 10 3
Error in measurement = Vi  Vf  2 1.95 = 130. (c) Post office box is based on the principle of
0.05V. Wheatstone's bridge
i G 5 50 131. (d) Full deflection current ig  25 4  10
4
122. (c)  1   1
ig S 0.05 S
 100 104 A
50   l V 25
 S   Using R G   50
99 A Ig 100 10 4
50 2.97 102  104  2450 in series.
l   3m .
99 5  10 7
 Current Electricity 98
R1 l1 l1 From equations (i) and (ii) R  9
132. (a) In balancing condition,  
R2 l 2 100 l1 142. (a) According to following figure
2
X 20 1
   .....(i) A B
Y 80 4 A
i=0.1
4X l A
and  .....(ii)
Y 100 l
4 l V
   l  50cm
4 100 l Reading of voltmeter = Potential difference
between A and B = i (R + 2) 12 = 0.1 (R + 2)
133. (c)
 R = 118 .
 ig 
134. (d) S   G
143. (a) Potential gradient x 
e
.
R
 i  ig 
  (R  Rh  r) L
100 106
  50  0.5  (in 0.2 103 2 R
(10 10 3  100 10 6 )  2
   R =
10 (R  490 0) 1
parallel)
4.9 .
e R
135. (d) E  . l 
(R  Rh  r) L
Critical Thinking Questions
5 5
0.4   l 1. (a) Initially : Resistance of given cable
(5  45 0) 10
l
R
l=8m   (9  10 3 )2
136. (a) Potential difference per unit length ... (i)
V 2 Finally : Resistance of each insulated copper
   0.5 V / m wire is
L 4
l
137. (a) R '  . Hence equivalent
  (3  10 3 )2
l   240  resistance of cable
138. (b) r  R  1  1  2  1  2
 l2   120  R' 1  l 
Req       ….(ii)
6 6    (3  10 ) 
 3 2
V
139. (d) E  ; E is constant (volt. gradient).
l l l

V1 V2 
1.1 V 
    
l1 l2 140 180 9 mm

180 1.1 On solving equation (i) and (ii) we get Req =

V  1.41V
140 7.5 
4 4
 G RA  rB  RA  1  1
140. (a) IG  G   I  IG  S  I =  1  I G  I = 2. (a)       
 S RB  rA  RB  2  16
100.1 mA RB  16RA
141. (c) Let S be larger and R be smaller resistance When RA and RB are connected in parallel then
connected in two gaps of meter bridge. equivalent resistance
 100 l  100 20 RA RB 16
 S R  R  4R .....(i) Req   RA
 l  20 (RA  RB ) 17
When 15 resistance is added to resistance If RA  4.25 then Req  4 i.e. option
R, then (a) is correct.
3. (c) The given circuit can be simplified as follows
 100 40 6
S (R  15)  (R  15) ....
 40  4
(ii)
A B C D
 99 Current Electricity

5R
 RAD  After proper distribution, the current through
6
4 resistance is 0.25 A.
4. (c) Suppose n resistors are used for the required
10. (b) Maximum number of resistance
job. Suppose equivalent resistance of the
n1 3 1
combination is R' and according to energy 2 2 4
conservation it's current rating is i'. 11. (d) The given circuit can be simplified as follows.
Energy consumed by the combination = n  r
r r
(Energy consumed by each resistance) r
 i'2 R'  n i2R  r r r  r r
2 2 r
 i'   R'   4   5  r r
n         8 r r
 i   R   1   10
A B A  B
1 1 1 1 8r 2r/3
5. (c) Resistance across AB    
R' R R R1 3  r r
6 R
R1  2 10 

and R    1 106  R1 2r B
A 2r B A
A B
On solving,
R 8r
R'  0.88 106  7
6. (b) No current flows through the capacitor branch 
A B
in steady state. Total current supplied by the 20V, 1.5
5
battery 12. (d) Req  
6 3 2
i   . i 3 2
i
2.8  1.2 2 20
i  5A i/2 P
3 3 5
Current through 2  resistor    0.9A  1.5 X 2 3
2 5 2
7. (d) At time t = 0 i.e. when capacitor is charging, i/2 Q
2
current i   2mA Potential difference between X and P,
1000
When capacitor is full charged, no current will  5
VX  VP     3  7.5V
pass through it, hence current through the  2
2 ....(i)
circuit i   1mA
2000
P 4.5
8. (d) Current in the bulb    3A
V 1.5
1.5
Current in 1  resistance   1.5A
1
Hence total current from the cell
i  3  1.5  4.5A
By using E  V  ir 
E  1.5  4.5  (2.67)  13.5V
9. (d) Equivalent resistance of the circuit R  9
V 9
 Main current i    1A
R 9
3 2 2

1 0.5 A 0.25
A A
9V 8 8 4

2 2 2