DC Motor Characteristics - Your Electrical Guide

11/12/2019 DC Motor Characteristics - your electrical guide
your electrical guide
The performance of a DC motor can be judged by its characteristics and a motor for
any particular application can be selected easily. In this article, dc motor
DC Motor
characteristics are discussed in detail.Characteristics
The performance characteristics of DC motor are
Torque versus armature current (T v/s Ia)

Speed versus armature current (N v/s Ia)
Torque versus speed (T v/s N)
DC Series Motor Characteristics and Applications
Torque – Current characteristics (T v/s Ia)
For a series motor,
Torque α Armature current x Field flux

T α Iaφ
Before saturation, φ α Ia
Therefore, T α Ia2
After magnetic saturation of core, flux (φ) is independent of Ia i.e. flux does not increase with
increase in armature current.
Therefore after saturation, T α Ia
Therefore, on light loads, the torque produced by the series motor is proportional to the
https://www.yourelectricalguide.com/2017/09/dc-motor-characteristics-and-applications.html 1/17
square of armature current and hence curve drawn between torque and armature current
your
up toelectrical
magneticguide
saturation is a parabola. But after magnetic saturation flux φ is
independent of excitation current and so torque is proportional to Ia and hence
characteristics become a straight line.
Speed – Current Characteristics (N v/s Ia)
We know that
E
3 b = (PφNZ)/60A
or N = (60AEb)/PφZ
In above equation, all quantities are constant except Eb and φ.

N α Eb / φ
also Eb = V – Ia Ra
Therefore, N α (V – IaRa) / φ
In a DC series motor, initially the field flux φ rises in proportion to the current but after saturation,
it is independent of armature current. Consequently, speed N is roughly proportional to the
current. The speed may become dangerously high if load reduces to a small value.
Hence, a DC series motor should not run on no-load. DC series motors are always
connected to loads by gears so that minimum load is always maintained to keep the
speed with in safe limits.

Speed – Torque Characteristics (N v/s T)
Since a series motor develops high starting torques at low speeds and low torque at high
speeds, therefore, speed – torque characteristics of a DC series motor is a hyperbola. High
starting torque enables, even a small series motor to start a heavy load.
Application
3 of DC Series Motor
DC series motors are used where high starting torque is required like hoists, cranes, electrical
locomotives, elevators etc.
DC Shunt Motor Characteristics and Applications
Torque – Current Characteristics (T v/s Ia)
We know that,
T α Iaφ
But flux of a shunt motor is practically constant.
Therefore, T α Ia
Therefore, torque current characteristics of a shunt motor is a straight line passing

through the origin. Although the field current remains practically constant, yet the field
flux becomes slightly weaker at heavy loads, due to armature reaction, hence the curve
bends slightly bends at heavy loads.
Speed Current Characteristic (N v/s Ia)
Back EMF of shunt motor is given by

Eb = V – IaRa = (PφNZ)/60A
Because P, N, Z and A are constant
Therefore, Eb α Nφ
or V – IaRa α Nφ
or N α (V – IaRa)/φ …….(1)
The field flux of shunt motor is almost constant. Therefore, the numerator of RHS of equation (1)
your electrical
decreases guide in load (or Ia).
with increase
So there is a little fall in speed with the increase in load, hence the curve bends slightly as the
load is increased due to increased IaRa voltage drop.
Speed – Torque Characteristics (N v/s T)
The speed torque characteristics are similar to speed current characteristics.
Applications of DC Shunt Motor
These motors are used where constant speed and low starting torque is required like centrifugal
pumps, fans, blowers, conveyers etc.
DC Compound Motor Characteristics and Applications
Torque – Current Characteristics
In the case of a cumulative compound motor, as the armature current increases, the series flux
increases, so flux per pole increases.
But T α Iaφ
Consequently torque also increases; however, this increase in torque is greater than that of the
shunt motor.
Whereas in the case of a differential compound motor, series field opposes the shunt field so the
total flux of such motor decreases with increase in current (i.e. load). Hence in a differential
compound motor, torque increases with increase in current.
3
Speed – Current Characteristics
In cumulative compound motors, series field aids the shunt field, so flux per pole increases as
the armature current increase and hence speed decreases.
Whereas in a differential compound motor, series field opposes the shunt field, so flux per pole
decreases as the armature current increase and hence speed increases.
Speed – Torque Characteristics
In a cumulative compound motor, the series excitation helps the shunt excitation hence speed
decreases with increase in torque whereas torque increases very slightly with the speed.
Applications of DC Compound Motor
A cumulative compound motor has a fairly constant speed and good starting torque. Such
your electrical
motors are usedguide
where series characteristics are required and the load is likely to be
removed totally. These motors are used in driving machines which are subject to the sudden
application of heavy loads; they are used in rolling mills, punching and shearing machines, mine-
hoists etc.
In a differential compound motor, the motor speed will increase with an increase in the
load, which leads to an unstable operation. Therefore, a differential compound motor is
rarely
3 used for any practical application.
Thanks for reading about dc motor characteristics.
DC Motors — 6 | Objective Type Question Answers
#1 A wide and very sensitive speed control is

usually required in case of
elevators
steel rolling mills
colliery winders
all of the above
#2 Regenerative braking on D.C. shunt motors is

used when
the load is variable
the load has overhauling characteristics
the load
your electrical guide also acts as a braking force
the load is constantly decreasing
#3 Which motor should be used for centrifugal

3
pumps?
Series motor
Shunt motor
Either of the above
None of the above
#4 Which of the following methods is most

effective in nding out the no load losses in a large
D.C. shunt motor ?
Field's test
Block rotor test
Swinburne's test
Hopkinson's test
your electrical
#5 The guide
main disadvantage of Hopkinson’s test for
nding e ciency of the shunt D.C. motors is that it
needs one motor and one generator
3
require two identical shunt machines
requires full-load power
ignores any change in iron loss
#6 Which losses can be determined by performing

the retardation test ?
Friction losses
Eddy current losses
Stray losses
Copper losses
#7 The generated e.m.f. and the current are in the

opposite direction in case of
D.C. generators
D.C. motors
D.C.
your electrical guide generators and D.C. motors
none of the above
#8 Hopkinson’s test is conducted at

3
no load
part load
low load
full load
#9 Which of the following tests can be conducted

on all types of D.C. machines ?
Hopkinson's test
Running down test
Block rotor test
Field's test
Brake test
your electrical
#10 In guide
case of a shunt motor if the supply voltage
is increased by 10% which of the following will
decrease?
full load current

3
full load speed
starting torque
none of the above
#11 Which of the following, in a D.C. motor can

sustain the maximum temperature rise?
Commutator
Armature windings
Slip-rings
Field windings
#12 Speed control by the variation of ux, in a D.C.

shunt motor, will give
constant torque drive
variable
your electrical guide torque drive
constant power drive
variable power drive
#13 A brake test on D.C. motors is usually

restricted to
small horse power motors
variable speed motors
high speed motors
open frame type motors
#14 Which D.C. motor will have least percentage

increase of input current for the same percentage
increase in the torque?
Shunt motor
Series motor
Cumulative compound motor
Separately excited motor
your electrical
#15 In guide
D.C. machines fractional pitch winding is
used
to improve cooling
3
to reduce copper losses
to increase the generated e.m.f.
to reduce the sparking
#16 A three point starter is considered suitable for
shunt motors
shunt as well as compound motors
shunt, compound and series motors
all D.C. motors
#17 Small D.C. motors up to 5 H.P. usually have
2 poles
4 poles
6 poles
8 poles
#18 A shearing machine has cyclic load consisting

of intermittent light and heavy loads. Which of the
3
following D.C. motor will be suitable for this
purpose?
Series motor
Shunt motor
Cumulative compound motor
Differential compound
#19 The ratio of starting torque to full load torque

is least in case of
series motors
shunt motors
compound motors
none of the above
FINISH
Do not forget to click the “finish” button to see the correct answers and result.
DC Motors | All Posts
3
Construction of a dc motor
Working principle of dc shunt motor
Types of dc motors
Speed control of dc shunt motor
Series motor speed control
DC motor characteristics and applications
Electric Braking of DC Motors
Brushless DC Motor Working Principle
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bunny · 04/30/2019 at
spped torque char. of commulative compound dc motor is wrong. please specify

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DC Motor Characteristics - Your Electrical Guide

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11/12/2019 DC Motor Characteristics - your electrical guide

your electrical guide

The performance characteristics of DC motor are

Torque versus armature current (T v/s Ia)

DC Series Motor Characteristics and Applications

Torque – Current characteristics (T v/s Ia)

For a series motor,

Torque α Armature current x Field flux

Therefore after saturation, T α Ia

Speed – Current Characteristics (N v/s Ia)

In above equation, all quantities are constant except Eb and φ.

your electrical guide

DC Shunt Motor Characteristics and Applications

Torque – Current Characteristics (T v/s Ia)

But flux of a shunt motor is practically constant.

Therefore, torque current characteristics of a shunt motor is a straight line passing

Speed Current Characteristic (N v/s Ia)

Back EMF of shunt motor is given by

Because P, N, Z and A are constant

Speed – Torque Characteristics (N v/s T)

The speed torque characteristics are similar to speed current characteristics.

Applications of DC Shunt Motor

DC Compound Motor Characteristics and Applications

Torque – Current Characteristics

Speed – Torque Characteristics

Applications of DC Compound Motor

Thanks for reading about dc motor characteristics.

DC Motors — 6 | Objective Type Question Answers

#1 A wide and very sensitive speed control is

steel rolling mills

all of the above

#2 Regenerative braking on D.C. shunt motors is

the load is variable

the load has overhauling characteristics

the load is constantly decreasing

#3 Which motor should be used for centrifugal

Either of the above

None of the above

#4 Which of the following methods is most

Block rotor test

needs one motor and one generator

requires full-load power

ignores any change in iron loss

#6 Which losses can be determined by performing

Eddy current losses

#7 The generated e.m.f. and the current are in the

none of the above

#8 Hopkinson’s test is conducted at

#9 Which of the following tests can be conducted

Running down test

Block rotor test

full load current

full load speed

none of the above

#11 Which of the following, in a D.C. motor can

#12 Speed control by the variation of ux, in a D.C.

constant torque drive

constant power drive

variable power drive

#13 A brake test on D.C. motors is usually

small horse power motors

variable speed motors

high speed motors