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LTE/MIMO 표준기술 2
Books on LTE – cont’d
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 3
Contents
LTE Overview
LTE Radio Interface Architecture
Summary
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 4
LTE Overview
Terminology
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Evolution
of 3GPP Radio Access Technology
E-UTRA
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
Evolution
of 3GPP Core Network Technology
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
EPS (Evolved Packet System)
Evolutionof the complete 3GPP UMTS Radio Access, Packet
Core and its integration into legacy 3GPP/non-3GPP networks
E-UTRAN + EPC
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 6
3GPP LTE
LTE focus is on:
enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for
several years
LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP
technologies for the future (started at Nov. 2004)
Motivations
Need for PS optimized system
Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
Need for higher data rates
Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
Need for high quality of services
Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services
Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly)
Reduce round trip delay
Need for cheaper infrastructure
Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements
Most data users are less mobile
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 7
Detailed Requirements*
Peak data rate
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink
spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz)
Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s within a 20MHz uplink spectrum
allocation(2.5 bps/Hz)
Control-plane latency
Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6
Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6
CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
Control-plane capacity
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum
allocations up to 5 MHz
User-plane latency
Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for
small IP packet
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 9
Detailed Requirements
Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5
MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation
in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported
Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN)
Architecture and migration
Single E-UTRAN architecture
The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made
to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic
E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS
Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized
Radio Resource Management requirements
Enhanced support for end to end QoS
Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access
Technologies
Complexity
Minimize the number of options
No redundant mandatory features
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 10
LTE System Performance
Peak Data Rate
150.8
1)
302.8
51.0
2)
75.4
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 11
LTE System Performance – cont’d
Downlink Spectral Efficiency
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 12
LTE Key Features
Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Making MS cheap as
Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side much as possible by
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA) moving all the burdens
Less critical RX complexity in BS side from MS to BS
Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)
Single node RAN (eNB)
Support FDD (frame type 1) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA evolution) <cf> H-FDD MS
User data rates
DL (baseline): 150.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO
UL (baseline): 75.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO
Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots), Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots), Slot: 0.5 ms
TTI: 1 ms
HARQ
Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining strategy
Retransmission time: 8 ms
Modulation
DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Hard handover-based mobility
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 13
LTE Key Features – cont’d
MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity
Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable, MU-MIMO
UL: MU-MIMO
Resource block
12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz “180kHz”
24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)
Subcarrier operation
Frequency selective by localized subcarrier
Frequency diversity by distributed subcarrier & frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol)
Inter-TTI: across retransmissions
Bearer services
Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported
Voice must use VoIP or CS-Fallback
MBSFN
Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS)
Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration
The signal at MS will appear exactly as a signal transmitted from a single cell site and subject to multi-path
Not only “improve the received signal strength” but also “eliminate inter-cell interference”
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 14
Resource & Channel Estimation in OFDM
Time-frequency grid
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 15
E-UTRAN Architecture*
S1
S1
S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB eNB
X2
X2
eNB
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 16
Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*
eNB
RB Control
PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN EPC
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 17
Compare with WiMAX ASN-GW
WiMAX
Control Functions
(Similar to 3GPP MME)
ASN GW
WiMAX R4
WiMAX
Data-Path Functions ASN
(Similar to 3GPP S-GW)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 18
EPS is all PS (IP) based
TDD
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 21
LTE Modulation Schemes
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 22
UE-eNB Communication Link
“Single and same link of communication for DL and UL”
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 23
OFDMA: Interference Coordination
Cell-A
Power
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4
B5 C5
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-B
B1
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 24
ICIC* in LTE Standards
Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
To aid downlink ICIC
Relative narrowband transmission-power indicator
A cell can provide this information to neighboring cells, indicating the part of the
bandwidth where it intends to limit the transmission power. A cell receiving the indication
can schedule its downlink transmissions within this band, reducing the output power or
completely freeing the resources on complementary parts of the spectrum
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 25
OFDMA: Frequency Selective Gain
Loading gain by “frequency selective scheduling”
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 26
Multi-cell Broadcast in OFDM System
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 27
E-UTRA Frequency Band*
Japan, Korea?
Korea?
Europe?
Korea?
US?
China?
China?
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 29
E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*
1RB = 180kHz 6RBs = 1.08MHz, 100RBs = 18MHz
6RBs (72 subcarriers) with 128 FFT, 100RBs (1200 subcarriers) with 2048 FFT
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 31
LTE Radio Interface Architecture
LTE Protocol Architecture (DL)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 33
PDCP and RLC
PDCP
Header compression and corresponding decompression
Ciphering and deciphering
RLC
Transferring PDUs from higher layers, i.e. from RRC or PDCP
Error correction with ARQ, concatenation/segmentation, in-sequence
delivery and duplicate detection
Protocol error handling (e.g. signalling error)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 34
EPS Bearer Service Architecture
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 35
EPS Bearer Terminology
Quality of service
GBR bearer: Guaranteed bit rate
Non-GBR bearer: No guaranteed bit rate
Establishment time
Default bearer
Established when UE connects to PDN
Provides always-on connectivity
Always non-GBR
Dedicated bearer established later
Can be GBR or non-GBR
Every EPS bearer
QoS class identifier (QCI): This is a number which describes the error rate and
delay that are associated with the service.
Allocation and retention priority (ARP): This determines whether a bearer can be
dropped if the network gets congested, or whether it can cause other bearers to be
dropped. Emergency calls might be associated with a high ARP, for example.
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 36
QCI (QoS Class Identifier)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 37
Logical Channels: “type of information it carries”
Control Channels
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
used for transmission of system information from the network to all UEs in a cell
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
used for paging of UEs whose location on cell level is not known to the network
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
used for transmission of control information in conjunction with random access, i.e.,
used for UEs having no RRC connection
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
used for transmission of control information to/from a UE, i.e., used for UEs having
RRC connection (e.g. handover messages)
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
used for transmission of control information required for reception of MTCH
Traffic Channels
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
used for transmission of user data to/from a UE
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
used for transmission of MBMS services
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 38
Transport Channels: “how”, “with what characteristics”
Downlink
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
A fixed TF
Used for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called MIB
Paging Channel (PCH)
Used for transmission of paging information from PCCH
Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Main transport channel used for transmission of downlink data in LTE
Used also for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called SIB
Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
Multicast Channel (MCH)
Used to support MBMS
Uplink
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Uplink counterpart to the DL-SCH
Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
Transport channel which doesn’t carry transport blocks
Collision risk
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 39
DL Physical Channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
실제 downlink user data를 전송하기 위한 transport channel인 DL-SCH와 paging 정보를 전송
하기 위한 transport channel인 PCH가 매핑
동적 방송 정보인 SI (System Information) 값들도 RRC 메시지 형태로 DL-SCH를 통해 전송되
므로 이 역시 PDSCH로 매핑
이 경우는 전체 셀 영역으로 도달될 수 있는 능력이 요구되기도 함
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
UE가 cell search과정을 마친 후에 최초로 검출하는 채널로서, 다른 물리 계층 채널들을 수신하
기 위하여 반드시 필요한 기본적인 시스템 정보들인 MIB (Master Information Block)를 전송하
기 위한 transport channel인 BCH가 매핑
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
방송형 데이터를 전송하기 위한 transport channel 인 MCH가 매핑
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
매 subframe마다 전송, only one PCFICH in each cell
Informs UE about CFI which indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs
transmission
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH
HARQ information related to DL-SCH
UL scheduling grant
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 40
UL Physical Channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
Carries UL-SCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission
Carries Scheduling Request (SR)
Carries channel status reports such as CQI, PMI and RI
At most one PUCCH per UE
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Carries the random access preamble
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 41
LTE Channel Mapping
Downlink
Uplink
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 42
<cf> WCDMA DL Channel Mapping
SCH,CPICH,AICH,
Physical Ch P- CCPCH S- CCPCH PRACH PDSCH PCPCH DPDCH PICH,DPCCH
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 43
BCCH and PCH on PDSCH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 46
Frame Structure: Type 2 for TDD
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
One subframe,
30720Ts
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 47
Frame Structure: FDD/TDD
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 48
DL Slot Structure One downlink slot Tslot
N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
DL
N RB
k 0
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 49
l0 l DL
N symb 1
Definitions
Resource Grid
DL
Defined as N RB NscRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
DL
OFDM symbols in time domain
The quantity N RB
DL
depends on the DL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6 N RB
DL
110
DL
The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
Resource Block (1 RB = 180 kHz)
Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
DL
“consecutive” OFDM
symbols in time domain
Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
Resource Element
Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l in a slot where k 0,..., N RB
DL
NscRB 1 and l 0,..., Nsymb
DL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 50
Normal CP & Extended CP
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 51
Resource Blocks Allocation
n+5
n+6
n+7
Basic unit for mapping of PCFICH,
PHICH, and PDCCH
Resource-element groups are used
for defining the mapping of control
n+3
n+4
channels to resource elements.
Mapping of a symbol-quadruplet
n+0
n+1
n+2
z(i), z(i 1), z(i 2), z(i 3) onto a resource
-element group is defined such that
elements z (i) are mapped to resource
elements (k , l ) of the resource-element
n+5
n+4
n+6
group not used for cell-specific
reference signals in increasing order
of l and k
n+3
n+0
n+1
n+2
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 53
DL Physical Channel Processing
code words layers antenna ports
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 54
Channel Coding
Turbo code
PCCC (exactly the same as in WCDMA/HSPA)
QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 55
Modulation
PDSCH, PMCH: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH: QPSK
PHICH: BPSK on I/Q
111
10
101
1
111
11
110
00 01 11 10 0 1
01
011
001
00 0
000
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 56
DL Layer Mapping and Precoding
Explained in MIMO session
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 57
DL OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Parameters
0 t N CP,l N Ts
N = 2048 for f=15kHz
N = 4096 for f=7.5kHz
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 58
DL Physical Channels & Signals
Physical channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Physical signals
Reference Signals
Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission
Aid coherent detection (pilot)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 59
Equivalent Channel/Signal Mapping
Across Different Systems
LTE WCDMA/HSPA WiMAX
PDSCH HS-PDSCH, SCCPCH DL Data Burst
PBCH PCCPCH DCD, Preamble
PMCH DL Data Burst
PCFICH FCH
PDCCH HS-SCCH, E-AGCH, DL-MAP, UL-MAP
E-RGCH
PHICH E-HICH DL Data Burst
Cell-specific CPICH Pilot Signal (common)
Reference Signal
UE-specific Reference With secondary Pilot Signal (dedicated)
Signal scrambling code
Sync Signal SCH Preamble
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 60
DL Reference Signals
Cell-specific reference signals
Are transmitted in every downlink subframe, and span entire cell BW
Used for coherent demodulation of any downlink transmission “except” when so-
called non-codebook-based beamforming is used
Used for initial cell search
Used for downlink signal strength measurements for scheduling and handover
Using antenna ports {0, 1, 2, 3}
MBSFN reference signals
Used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of signals being transmitted
by means of MBSFN
Using antenna port 4
UE-specific reference signals
Is specifically intended for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of DL-SCH
when non-codebook-based beamforming is used.
Are transmitted only within the RB assigned for DL-SCH to that specific UE
Using antenna port 5
* Antenna port is different from physical antenna. One designated RS per antenna port.
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 61
Cell-Specific Reference Signals
When estimating the channel for a certain RB, UE may not only use the
reference symbols within that RB but also, in frequency domain, neighbor
RBs, as well as reference symbols of previously received slots/subframes
Pseudo-random sequence generation
rl ,ns (m)
1
1 2 c(2m) j 1
1 2 c(2m 1), m 0,1,...,2 N RB
max,DL
1
2 2
is the slot number within a radio frame.
is the OFDM symbol number within the slot.
The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.
The complex values of cell-specific reference symbols is based on length-31
Gold pseudo-random sequence. The length-31 Gold psuedo-random
sequence is generated with the seed, based on the slot number, symbol
number, cell identity, and cyclic prefix type.
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 62
Cell-Specific Reference Signals – cont’d
While the sequence itself if 231-1
bits in length, the number of bits
from the sequence selected for
transmission is based on the largest
channel bandwidth, which is
currently 20 MHz.
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 64
Cell-Specific RS Mapping
R0 R0 Overhead Normal CP Extended CP
One antenna port
R0 R0
1 Tx ant 4.76% 5.56%
R0 R0
2 Tx ant 9.52% 11.11%
4 Tx ant 14.29% 15.87%
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
LTE/MIMO 표준기술
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
65
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
MBSFN RS Mapping
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 66
MBSFN RS Mapping
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 67
UE-specific RS on top of Cell-specific RS
UE-specific RS (antenna port 5)
12 symbols per RB pair
DL CQI estimation is always based on cell-specific RS (common RS)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 68
Cell ID with PSS & SSS
504 unique physical-layer cell identities
168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167)
3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)
Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)
0 1 2 3 … 167
• • • • •
SSS (Cell ID Group)
• • • • • • • • •
0 1 2 0 1 2 … 0 1 2
PSS (Cell ID index
within a Group)
• • • • • • • • •
0 1 2 3 4 5 501 502 503 Physical Layer Cell ID
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 69
Synchronization Signals
SS is using single antenna port
However, SS can be with UE-transparent transmit antenna scheme (e.g.
PVS, TSTD, CDD)
Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)
0.5ms slot
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 70
Primary Synchronization Signal
The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-
domain Zadoff-Chu sequence (Length-62)
j un( n 1)
e 63 n 0,1,...,30
d u (n) u ( n 1)( n 2)
e j 63 n 31,32,...,61
For frame structure type 1, PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10
No need to know CP length
The sequence is mapped to REs (6 RBs) according to
DL RB
ak ,l d n ,
N RB N sc
k n 31 , l N symb
DL
1, n 0,...,61
2
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 71
Secondary Synchronization Signal
The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation
of two length-31 binary sequences (X and Y)
The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by PSS
The combination of two length-31 sequences defining SSS differs between slot 0 (SSS1)
and slot 10 (SSS2) according to
s0 0 (n)c0 n in subframe 0
(m )
d ( 2n) ( m )
s1 (n)c0 n in subframe 5
1
where 0 n 30
Blind detection of CP-length (2 FFT operations are needed)
The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal
Mapped to 6 RBs
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 72
Synchronization Signals – cont’d
Cell ID group detection (the set of valid combination of X and Y for SSS are 168)
Frame boundary detection (the m-sequences X and Y are swapped b/w SSS1 and SSS2)
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 73
Structure of SSS
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 74
LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
Symbol timing acquisition
Frequency synchronization
Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3
hypotheses)
Half-frame boundary detection
Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)
BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition (Operation BW, SFN, etc…)
2 bits 32 bits (block coding) 32 bits (cell specific scrambling) 16 symbols (QPSK)
Mapping to resource elements: 4 REG (16 RE excluding RS) in the 1st OFDM symbol
Spread over the whole system bandwidth
To avoid the collisions in neighboring cells, the location depends on cell identity
Transmit diversity is applied which is identical to the scheme applied to BCH
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 76
PCFICH Processing
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 77
PHICH
HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission
HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (Walsh spreading) x 3 (repetition)
3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH)
BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing
SF4 x 2 (I/Q) = 8 PHICHs in normal CP
Cell-specific scrambling
Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
Typically, PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only
For FDD, an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be acknowledged on the
PHICH in subframe n+4
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 78
PHICH Processing
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 79
symbol
PCFICH/PHICH RE Mapping
Example for 5 MHz BW LTE
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 82
Downlink Assignment
Major contents of different DCI formats: not exhaustive
DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
Distributed transmission flag [1 bit]
Resource-block allocation [variable]
For the first (or only) transport block
MCS [5 bit]
New-data indicator [1 bit]
Redundancy version [2 bit]
For the second transport block (present in DCI format 2 only)
MCS [5 bit]
New-data indicator [1 bit]
Redundancy version [2 bit]
HARQ process number [3 bit for FDD]
Information related to SM (present in DCI format 2 only)
Pre-coding information [3 bit for 2 antennas, 6 bit for 4 antennas in CL-SM]
Number of transmission layer
HARQ swap flag [1 bit]
Transmit power control (TPC) for PUCCH [2 bit]
Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 83
Uplink Grants
Major contents of DCI format 0 for UL grants: not exhaustive
DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
Hopping flag [1 bit]
Resource-block allocation [variable]
MCS [5 bit]
New-data indicator [1 bit]
Phase rotation of UL demodulation reference signal [3 bit]
Channel-status request flag [1 bit]
Transmit power control (TPC) for PUSCH [2 bit]
Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
The time b/w reception of an UL scheduling grant on a PDCCH and the
corresponding transmission on UL-SCH are fixed
For FDD, the time relation is the same as for PHICH
Uplink grant received in downlink subframe n applies to uplink subframe n+4
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 84
PDCCH Processing
C-RNTI DL-SCH
SI-RNTI BCCH
P-RNTI PCH
RA-RNTI RA Response
TPC-RNTI TPC
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 85
System Information
Master information block (MIB) includes the following information:
Downlink cell bandwidth [4 bit]
PHICH duration [1 bit]
PHICH resource [2 bit]
System Frame Number (SFN) except two LBSs
Etc…
LTE defines different SIBs:
SIB1 includes info mainly related to whether an UE is allowed to camp on the cell. This includes info about the
operator(s) and about the cell (e.g. PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity, minimum required Rx
level in the cell, etc), DL-UL subframe configuration in TDD case, and the scheduling of the remaining SIBs.
SIB1 is transmitted every 80ms.
SIB2 includes info that UEs need in order to be able to access the cell. This includes info about the UL cell
BW, random access parameters, and UL power control parameters. SIBs also includes radio resource
configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS).
SIB3 mainly includes info related to cell-reselection.
SIB4-8 include neighbor-cell-related info. (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN, cdma2000)
SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier
SIB10/11 contains ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) notification
More to be added
MIB mapped to PBCH
Other SIBs mapped to PDSCH
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 86
BCH on PBCH
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
BCH transmission
The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes (slot #1 in subframe #0)
within a 40ms interval
40ms timing is blindly detected (no explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing)
Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a
single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 87
BCH on PBCH – cont’d
Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms)
No HARQ
Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK with ½ tail-biting Conv. Code, Tx diversity(1,2,4)
BCH mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within a subframe in time-domain at 6 RBs
(72 subcarriers) excluding DC in freq-domain
PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at eNB,
irrespective of the actual number of TX antenna
Different transmit diversity schemes per # of antennas
# of ant=2: SFBC
# of ant=4: SFBC + FSTD (Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity)
No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at eNB
PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of
configured TX antennas at eNB
Blind detection of the number of TX antenna using CRC masking by UE
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 88
PBCH Processing
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 89
LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
Symbol timing acquisition
Frequency synchronization
Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3
hypotheses)
Half-frame boundary detection
Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)
BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition (Operation BW, SFN, etc…)
1.4
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 91
PDSCH Processing
1) RS
3) PCFICH
4) PHICH
5) PDCCH
6) PDSCH
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 92
Resource Block Allocations
Localized allocation
Distributed allocation
„Simple bitmap‟ whose size is equal to the number of RBs of the system
Merit: The most flexible signaling of resource block allocation
Demerit: High overhead
Not used in LTE
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 93
Resource Allocation Type0
Reduce the size of bitmap by grouping (RBG)
Bitmap points the group, not the individual RB
Cannot allocate 1RB in wide system BW
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 94
Resource Allocation Type1
Reduce the size of bitmap by grouping (RBG)
Bitmap points the individual RB within a selected subset
The number of subsets is equal to RBG size in type0
Can allocate 1RB in wide system BW
3 fields
Subset ID: used to indicate the selected RBG subset among P subsets
Frequency shift bit: one bit to indicate whether to consider a shift of PRB within an RBG
Bitmap: each bit of the bitmap addresses a single PRB in the selected RBG subset
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 95
Resource Allocation Type2
Does not rely on a bitmap
Basically „frequency-contiguous‟ allocation
Using VRB to PRB mapping, distributed allocation can be enabled
2 values
Start: a RIV (resource indication value) defines the index of the starting VRB
Length: length of virtually contiguously allocated resource blocks
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 96
PRB and VRB (LVRB, DVRB)
DL
Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N RB 1 in the frequency domain.
The relation between the physical resource block number nPRB in the frequency domain
and resource elements (k , l ) in a slot is given by
k
nPRB RB
N sc
A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block.
Two types of virtual resource blocks are defined: LVRB and DVRB
Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to PRBs such that virtual
resource block nVRB corresponds to physical resource block nPRB nVRB .
Virtual resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N VRB
DL
1 , where N VRB
DL DL .
N RB
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 97
DVRB
Virtual resource blocks of distributed type are mapped to PRBs as follows
Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain
Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain
The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell BW
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 98
Resource Allocation Overhead
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 99
DL Frame Structure Type 1
* Agilent 표준기술
LTE/MIMO 101
LTE Uplink Transmission
UL Slot Structure One uplink slot Tslot
UL
N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,
expressed in units of N scRB UL
N symb SC-FDMA symbols
UL
N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in
an uplink slot
N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
UL
N RB
k 0
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 103
l0 l UL
N symb 1
Definitions
Resource Grid
UL UL
Defined as N RB NscRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL
The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6 N RB
UL
110
Resource Element
Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l in a slot where k 0,...,N RB Nsc 1 and
UL RB
l 0,...,N symb
UL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
UL physical signals
An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not
carry information originating from higher layers
Two types of reference signals
UL demodulation reference signal (DRS) for PUSCH, PUCCH
UL sounding reference signal (SRS) not associated with PUSCH,
PUCCH transmission
Format 2x
* Typical value with 6 different rotations (choosing every second cyclic shift)
5 symbols are modulated by QPSK after being multiplied by a phase rotated length-12
cell specific sequence.
Resource consumption of one channel-status report is 3x of HARQ acknowledgement
The resource defined by a scheduling grant (VRBs) is not the actual set of RBs for transmission.
The resource to use for transmission (PRBs) is the resource provided in the scheduling grant “shifted” a
number of subbands according to a cell-specific hopping pattern.
일반적 환경 (~15km)
TDD 모드용
Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)
BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition (Operation BW, SFN, etc…)
1 RB
* Agilent 표준기술
LTE/MIMO 131
Summary
E-UTRA UE Capabilities*